LESSO N XIV L ESSON XIV

14.1 Introduction In this lesson we recapitulate the m aterial from lessons 8 - 13. Further we give an overview of cardinal and ordinal nu mbers. It is not necessary that you learn all these nume rals by h eart. Bu t it is very a dvisa ble at lea st to learn to reco gnise them. So pay spec ial attentio n to w heth er or n ot they are infle cted. 14.2 Repetition of lesson 8: the simple past tense of regular verbs The simple past tense is formed by prefixing an augment to the root and by suffixing the respective end ings. We give the column s singular and plural of lev gw with the endings written in italics. e!legon e!lege" e!lege(n) ejlevg omen ejlevg ete e!legon

Whe n the ro ot beg ins with a vow el, then the au gme nt con tracts w ith that v owe l: e + aj- > hj-, example: ajkouvw- I hear, 1st p. sing./3rd p.pl. simple past tense. h!kouon e + ej- > hj-, example: ej sqiv w- I eat, 1st p. sing./3rd p. pl. simple past tense. h!sqion or: e + ej- > ej*-, example: e! cw- I have, 1st p. sing./3rd p. pl. simple past tense ei!con e + oj- > wj-, example: oj neidivz w- I defame, 1st p. sing./3rd p. pl. simple past tense wjneivdizon An i or a u rema in un altered , but thro ugh con traction they d o be com e long . When the root begins with a preposition, then the augment comes between the preposition and the roo t: prosfevrw: root prosfer- > pros-e-fer-on > prosevferon If such a prefix ed p repo sition e nds in a vow el, then it contra cts with the au gme nt: ajpofevrw: root ajpofer- > ajpo-e-fer-on > ajpevferon 14.3 Repetition of lesson 8: personal pronouns 1st c. 2nd c. 3rd c. 4th c. ej g wv (ej)mou' (ej)moiv (ej)mev suv sou' soiv sev

14.4 Repetition of lesson 8: reflexive pronouns 2nd c. 3rd c. 4th c. ejmautou' / ejmauth'" ejmautw/' / ejmauth'/ ejmautovn / ejmauthvn s(e)autou' / s(e)auth '" s(e)autw '/ / s(e)auth '/ s(e)autovn / s(e)auth vn eJaut ou' / eJaut h'" eJaut w'/ / eJaut h'/ eJautovn / eJaut hvn

LESSO N XIV 14.5 Re petition of lesso n 9: the sim ple future tense of eijm iv e! s omai e!sh/ e! s tai ejsovmeqa e!sesqe e!sontai

14.6 Re petition lesson 9: the infinitive sim ple prese nt and future ten se of eijm iv ei^nai e!sesqai The infinitive often occurs in a construction in which the fourth case is followed by the infinitive. This construction is to be translated with a clause beg innin g with that. With in this construction the subject is in the fourth case and the verb is the infinitive. The infinitive is to be translated as a predicate in which the form of the person is the same tense as the infinitive . Example: kalovn ejstin hJma'" w%de ei^nai hJma'" w%de ei^nai : hJma '" becom es the sub ject of ei^nai ei^ n ai is a simple present tense and so the verb person of the predicate must also be in the simple present tense. Translation: It is good that we are here. 14.7 Repetition of lesson 9: influence of position on the way prepositions are written When a prep osition en ding in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, the end vowel of the preposition is dropped. A so-called apostrophe (upper comma) is put betw een the p repo sition and the fo llowin g wo rd. Exam ple: ajpoV ejmautou' > ajp j ejmautou' When a preposition is followed by a word with a spiritu s aspe r on th e vo wel (it starts with an h-sound), the remaining consonant of the preposition is aspired. metav ejmou' > met j ejmou' : the end vowel of the preposition is dropped metav uJmw'n > meq j uJm w'n : the end vowel of the preposition is dropped and the remaining consonant is aspired: the t (t) becomes a q (th). Also a p (p) can be aspired, it becomes a f (ph): ajpoV uJm w'n > ajf j uJm w'n 14.8 Repe tition of lesson 10: the simple futur e tense ending s of regular ve rbs -sw -sei" -sei -somen -sete -sousin

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14.9 Repetition of lesson 10: the simple future tense of verbs ending in lab ials, de ntals or guttura ls dentals (t, d, q, z) : dental is dropped before the -s- Example: baptivzw > baptivsw labials (p, b, f) : labial + -s- > -y- Exam ple: pevmpw > pevm yw gutturals (k, g, c) : guttur al + -s- > -x- Example: proav g w > proavxw

14.10 Repetition of lessons 11 and 12: the inflexion of the first declension Words of the first declension ending in -h are inflected as follows: ajrchv ajrch' " ajrch' / ajrchv n ajrcaiv ajrcw' n ajrcai'" ajrcav "

Words of the first declension ending in -a are inflected as follows: dovx a dovx h" dovx h/ dovx an dovx ai doxw' n dovx ai" dovx a"

Words of the first declension ending in -a (with an e, i, r in front of the alpha) are inflected as follows: hJme vra hJme vra" hJme vra/ hJme vran hJme vrai hJmerw' n hJme vrai" hJme vra"

Words of the first declension ending in -h" are inflected as follows: prof hvt h" prof hvt ou prof hvt h/ prof hvt hn prof h't ai profhtw' n prof hvt ai" prof hvt a"

Words of the first declension ending in -a" are inflected as follows: neaniva " neanivo u neaniva / neanivan neaniva i neaniw' n neaniva i" neaniva "

LESSO N XIV 14.11 Repetition of lessons 11 and 12: the fifth case of words of the first declension The fifth case singular of words ending in -h and -a is equal to the first case sing ular. The fifth case singular of words ending in -h" and -a" ends in an -a. Exam ple: neaniva" > 5th c. sing. neaniva The fifth case plural is equal to the first case plural in all other cases.

14.12 Repetition of lesson 12: double negations When more than one negation occur in a sentence, the following rules apply: - when the second negation is a combination (ou*+ ...), then they corroborate each other - when the second negation is not a combination, then they cancel each other

14.13 Repetition of lesson 12: the verb oi!d a oi!da oi!sqa oi!d e(n) oi!damen oi! d ate oi!dasi(n)

N.B. In classical Greek the plural forms are: i!smen i! s te i!sasi(n) In the New Testamen t the forms i!ste and i! s asi(n) are used a few times (i! s te twice, i!sasi(n) once). The form i!smen doe s not o ccur in the N ew Te stame nt. 14.14 Repetition of lesson 13: the inflexion of the second declension Words of the second declension ending in -o" are inflected as follows: lovg o" lovg ou lovg w/ lovg on lovg oi lovg wn lovg oi" lovg ou"

Words of the first declension ending in -on are inflected as follows: e!rgon e!rgou e!rgw/ e!rgon e!rga e!rgwn e!rgoi" e!rga

14.15 Con grue nce o f verb perso n an d sub ject. Norm ally verb perso n an d sub ject ag ree. Th at is to say , a sub ject in th e singular goes with a verb person in the singular and a subject in the plural goes with a verb person in the plural. An e xcep tion to th is rule is a neu ter plur al. Then the ve rb pe rson is in the s ingu lar.

LESSO N XIV 14.1 6 Ov ervie w of o rdin al an d ca rdin al nu mer als Cardinals av br gv dv ev "v zv hv qv ir iar ib v ig v id v ie v i" v iz v ih v iq v kv lv mv nv xv ov pv rv sv tv uv fv cv yv wv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Ordin als ei%", mia, eJn prw'to", --h, --on duvo deuvtero", --a, --on trei' " , tria trivto", --h, --on tevssare", tessara tevtarto", --h, --on pev nte pevmpto" e@x (", end sigma) e@kto" eJptav e@bdomo" oj k twv o!gdoo" ejnneva e!nato" dev k a devkato" e@ ndeka eJndevkato" dwvdeka, dek aduo dwdevkat o" dekatrei" trivt o" kaiV dev k ato" (does no t occur) dekatessare" tevtarto" kaiV devk ato" dekapente pentekaide vkato" dek a eJx deka eJp ta deka ojk tw, deka kai oj k tw deka ejnnea (does no t occur) ei!kosi(n) triavk onta tessarav k onta, tesserav k onta penthvk onta pent hkosto v" eJ x hvk onta eJ b domhv k onta oj g dohvk onta ejnenhvkonta $koppa; ancient symbol% eJkatovn diakovsioi, --ai, --a triakovsioi, --ai, --a tetrakovsioi, --ai, --a pentakovsioi eJxakovsioi eJptakovsioi oj k takovs ioi ejnakovsioi $parakuisma; ancient symbol, written in different ways%

sa sb sg sd se s"

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

civlioi discivlioi triscivlioi tetrakiscivlioi pentakiscivlioi, ciliade" pente (lit. five multiples of thousand, five thousandfold) 6000 eJxakiscivlioi

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sz sh si sib sk sn

7000 8000

eJ p takiscivl ioi, ciliade" eJp ta ojktakiscivlioi

10 000 muvrioi, --ai, --a, deka ciliade" 12 000 dwvdeka ciliade" 20 000 ei!kosi ciliade" 50 000 muriade" pente 100 000 000 muriade" muriadw n

Adverbs: a@pax (onc e), div " (twice) , triv" (thrice), tetrav k i" (four tim es), pentav k i" (five times), eJ ptav k i" (seve n times ), eJ b domhkontavk i" (seventy time s).

The first cardinals are inflected as follows: m. f. neu t. 1st c. ei%" miva e!n 2nd c. eJnov" mia'" eJnov" 3rd c. eJ n iv mia'/ eJ n iv 4th c. e@na mivan e@n m./f./ne ut. duvo duoi 'n duoi 'n duvo m./f. trei '" triw'n trisiv(n) trei '" neu t. triva triw'n trisiv(n) triva neut. tevssara tessav r wn tevssarsi(n) tevssara

1st c. 2nd c. 3rd c. 4th c.

1st c. 2nd c. 3rd c . 4th c.

1st c. 2nd c. 3rd c. 4th c.

m./f. tevssare" tessav r wn tevssarsi(n) tevssara"

Take a good loo k at all these numerals and their inflexions. Take your time to familiarize you rself with them. As you cou ld hav e no ticed, G reek letters ha ve a n ume rical va lue. So in Revelation 13.18 you can read in the Greek cx" v (that is 666) or eJxakosioi eJxhkonta eJx. Jesus, by the way, is 888= j I HSOUS not jIhsou" , for the most an cient manu scripts were written in capitals, the so-ca lled majuscu les (later uncials; of abou t the fourth cen tury)! 14.17 The background of the New Testament: Summa ry We summ arize in short the information from the previous lesson s. The Jewish council was comprised of 70 members, supervised by the high priest. He was the main representative of the Je wish n ation o ver ag ainst th e loca l Rom an lea der an d wa s in

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char ge o f religiou s solem nities in J erusa lem. Important groups within the Jewish nation were: a) the Pharisees (Farisai'oi). They formed a se ceded group. Besides the written laws they also a ccep ted or al traditio ns. b) the Sadduc ees (Saddouk ai'oi). They accepted only the written laws and ma inly th e M osaic law . They denied the resu rrection and did not believe in an gels and spirits. The Pharisees did affirm both of these . When these matters became the subject of discussion, con trove rsy an d disc ord b roke out (se e e.g. A cts 23 .6). c) the Scribes (grammatei'" ). They possessed great knowledge of the Old Testament and the Mosaic laws. They p assed their knowledg e on to students. All three grou ps are regu larly ex pose d in the New Testam ent for their hy poc risy. The G reek religio n, jus t as the Rom an o ne, was cha racterize d by the ser vice a nd w orsh ip of many gods. The gods were represented in human form and also pictured so in their acts. The service of the g ods con sisted particularly of rituals (the offering of sacrifices, oblations and the utterance of standard pray ers). In add ition to th ese ch aracte ristics, in w hich both religions were very similar, the Romans also venerated the household gods and the guardian spirit of th e emp eror. Important philosophical trends were tho se of Plato, the S toics and o f Epicurus. Platos inquiry centered around the question as to the real nature of things. The Stoics searched for human happiness in a disengagement from earthly matters. Epicurus sought this in a balance between positive and negative feelings, pain and pleasure. If an act would only yield temporary pleas ure o ver ag ainst p ossib le long term n egativ e con sequ ence s, then one shou ld absta in.

NOTES: