A PROJECT ON CAPITAL MARKET

Submitted To: Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. In partial fullfilment of the degree in Master of Business Administration (MBA).
Projectsubmittedto: Executive director Ludhiana stock exchange SubmittedBy: . Hiresh Ahluwalia MBA 3rd semester Roll noLse code no: A-92 (Session 2010-2011) DAV Institute of ENGG. & Technology, Jalandhar

DECLARATION
This project entitled Empirical Study on CAPITAL MARKET is submitted in partial ,fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of master of business administration of Punjab technical university, Jalandhar. This research work is done by JASPREET SINGH, .This research work has been done only for MBA only and none of this research work has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help during the execution of the project has been fully acknowledged.

Hiresh Ahluwalia MBA 3rd SEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all our friends and seniors who helped and guide me to complete this project successfully. I am highly grateful and indebted to our project guide MS POOJA M KOHLI , Mr.SADHU RAM (guide & co-ordinator) and MrAtulchikersal (guide & co-ordinator) for their excellent and expert guidance in helping us in completion of project report.

Hiresh Ahluwalia

PREFACE
The successful completion of this project was a unique experience for us because by visiting many place and interacting various person, I achieved a better knowledge about this project. The experience which I gained by doing this project was essential at this turning point of my carrier this project is being submitted which content detailed analysis of the research under taken by me. The research provides an opportunity to the student to devote her skills knowledge and competencies required during the technical session. The research is on the topic Capital market.

Index
Serial No. 1 Particulars Page No.

About Ludhiana Stock Exchange. Capital market

functions and importance of Capital Market

Role of capital market in India

Capital Market Instruments

Factors affecting capital market in India

India stock exchange overview

10

11

About Ludhiana Stock Exchange.

The Ludhiana Stock Exchange Limited was established in 1981, by Sh. S.P. Oswal of Vardhman Group and Sh. B.M. Lal Munjal of Hero Group, leading industrial luminaries, to fulfill a vital need of having a Stock Exchange in the region of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Union Territory of Chandigarh. Since its inception, the Stock Exchange has grown phenomenally. The Stock Exchange has played an important role in channelising savings into capital for the various industrial and commercial units of the State of Punjab and other parts of the country. The Exchange has facilitated the mobilization of funds by entrepreneurs from the public and thereby contributed in the overall, economic, industrial and social development of the States under its jurisdiction. Ludhiana Stock Exchange is one of the leading Regional Stock Exchange and has been in the forefront of other Stock Exchange in every spheres, whether it is formation of subsidiary for providing the platform of trading to investors, for brokers etc. in the era of Screen based trading introduced by National Stock Exchange and Bombay

Stock Exchange, entering into the field of Commodities trading or imparting education to the Public at large by way of starting Certification Programmes in Capital Market. The vision and mission of Stock Exchange is: "Reaching small investors by providing services relating to Capital Market including Trading, Depository Operations etc and creating Mass Awareness by way of education and training in the field of Capital Market. To create educated investors and fulfilling the gap of skilled work force in the domain in Capital Market." Further, the Exchange has 295 members out of which 162 are registered with National Stock Exchange as Sub-brokers and 121 with Bombay Stock Exchange as subbrokers through our subsidiary.

Governance and management: LSE has a strong governance and administration, which encompasses a right balance of Industry Experts with highest level educational background, practicing professionals and independent experts in various fields of Financial Sector. The administration is presently headed by Sr. General Manager CUM Company Secretary and team of persons having indepth knowledge of Secretarial, Legal and Education & Training. The Governing Board of our Exchange comprises of eleven members, out of which two are Public Interest Directors, who are eminent persons in the fields of Finance and Accounts, Education, Law, Capital Markets and other related fields, Six are Shareholder Directors, and Three are Broker Member Director and the Exchange has four Statutory Committees namely Disciplinary Committee, Arbitration Committee, Defaults Committee and Investor Services Committee. In addition, it has advisory and standing committees to assist the administration. LSE has a Code of Conduct in place that governs the elected Board Members and the Senior Management Team. The same is monitored through periodic disclosure procedures. The Exchange has an Ethics Committee, which looks into any issue of

conflict of interest and has in place general code of conduct for the Senior Officials. The composition of the Governing Board is as under:Composition of the Governing Board
Sr. No. 1 Name of Director Prof. Padam Parkash Kansal Category Chairman (Shareholder Director) Vice Chairman (Shareholder Director) Shareholder Director Shareholder Director Shareholder Director Shareholder Director Registrar of Companies (Public Interest Director) Public Interest Director Public Interest Director Trading member Director Trading Member Director Trading member Director

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sh. Joginder Kumar Sh. Rajinder Mohan Singla Sh. Satish Nagpal Sh. Vikas Batra Sh. Varun Chhabra Dr. Raj Singh Sh. Ashwani Kumar Sh. V.P. Gaur Sh. Jaspal Singh Sh. Sunil Gupta Sh. Sanjay Anand

Strength of LSE group 1. LSE brand is popular among masses. The brand image of LSE can be capitalized. 2. We have requisite infrastructure for the Capital Market activities which includes a

multi-storeyed, centrally air conditioned building situated in the financial hub of the city i.e. Feroze Gandhi Market. 3. We have well experienced staff handling operations of Stock Exchange. 4. We have competent Board and professional management. 5. We have much needed networking of sub brokers in the entire region, who are having rich experience in Stock Market operations for the last 25 years. 6. We have more than 40,000 clients spread across Punjab, Himachal Pardesh, Jammu & Kashmir and adjoining areas of Haryana and Rajasthan. 7. The turnover of our subsidiary is the highest amongst all subsidiaries of Regional Stock Exchanges in India.

Status of subsidiary LSE Securities Limited Due to Nation-wide reach of bigger Stock Exchanges, the trading volumes at Ludhiana Stock Exchange declined and ultimately, the trading stopped in February, 2002, but the Stock Exchange converted the threat of bigger Exchanges into opportunities and acquired the corporate membership of these exchanges through its subsidiary company i.e. LSE Securities Limited.
We have now been providing Trading Platforms of Bigger Stock Exchanges to the Investors of the region. The vast network of Brokers of the Exchange is servicing millions of Investors. The subsidiary company is also providing depository services in the State of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. The allied services like PAN Service Centre, Investor Service Centres are also being provided at major locations of the

region. The turnover of subsidiary is highest amongst all the subsidiaries of Regional Stock Exchanges. The growth of subsidiary is swift and it has been providing a range of services to the public at large such as Trading, Depository, IPO bidding collection Centre. The Company in its continuous endeavour to provide qualitative services to its valued clients, has started e-broking trading services for its clients, thereby increasing the geographical reach of the company. LISTING OF SECURITIES OF COMPANIES AT LUDHIANA STOCK EXCHANGE At present, Ludhiana Stock Exchange has 330 listed companies, out of which 214 are regional and 116 are Non-regional. The total listed capital of aforesaid companies is Rs. 3168.91 Crores appx. The market capitalization of the said companies is more than Rs. 3372.34 crores. The Stock Exchange is covering the vast investor base through the listing of above said companies, which are situated in the region comprising of Punjab, Himachal Pardesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Chandigarh. Despite the fact, the implementation of SEBI (Delisting of Securities) guidelines, 2003 has resulted into the Delisting of good companies listed at Exchange, however still there are leading Companies listed with our Exchange, notable among them are United Breweries Limited, Vardhman Acrlyics Limited, SMC global securities limited, Himachal Futuristic Communications Limited etc. Ludhiana Stock Exchange has facilitated the capital generation for agro based industries as Punjab is a agricultural led economy. It will continue to do so, once it gets approval for a tie up with bigger Exchanges for commencing trading operations.

INVESTOR RELATED SERVICES

The Exchange has been providing a variety of services for the benefit of investing public. The services include Investor Service Centres, Investor Protection fund and Investor Educational Seminars. (i).Investor Service Centres The Exchange has set-up Investor Service Centres at various DP branches of its subsidiary for providing information relating to Capital Market to the general public. The Centres subscribe to leading economic, financial dailies and periodicals. They also store the Annual Reports of the companies listed at the Stock Exchange. The Investor Service Centres are also equipped with a Terminal for providing live rates of trading at NSE and BSE. A large number of the investors visit the centres to utilize the services being provided by the Exchange. (ii).Investor Awareness Seminars The Exchange has been organizing Investor Awareness Seminars for the benefit of Investors of the region comprising State of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Chandigarh and adjoining areas of Haryana and Rajasthan. This massive exercise of organizing Investor Awareness Seminars has been launched as a part of Securities Market Awareness Campaign launched by SEBI in January, 2003. The Exchange apprises the investors about Dos and Donts to be observed while dealing in Securities Market. Till date, Exchange has organized more than 200 workshops in the region mentioned above. (iii).Website of the Exchange: www.lse.co.in The Exchange has its own website with the domain name www.lse.co.in. The website provides valuable information about the latest market commentary, research reports about companies, daily status of International markets, a separate module for Internet trading, information about listed companies and brokers and sub-brokers of the

Exchange and its subsidiary. The website also contains many useful links on portfolio management, investor education, frequently asked questions about various topics relating to Primary and Secondary Market, information about Mutual Funds, Financials of the Company including Quarterly Results, Share Prices, Profit and Loss Accounts, Balance Sheet and Many More. The website also contains daily Technical Charts of various scrips being traded in BSE and NSE EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES OF EXCHANGE LSE has carved out its unique position among the Stock Exchanges of the country for the Knowledge Management. It has set up an Education and Training Cell and the same has emerged as a leading facility in various Financial Services in India. The Exchange has been conducting a unique certification programme in Capital Market in association with Centre for Industry Institute Partnership Programme Panjab University, Chandigarh for the last three year. This programme has widened the horizons of participants vis--vis Capital Market Operations as practical skill based knowledge is provided by Stock Brokers, Stock Exchange Officials, Professors of Finance and Business Management and above all Professionals working in different areas of Capital Market. We have completed series of batches of this programme and we now want to scale up this programme and are planning to launch various other programmes on areas relating to Securities Market. We have edge over others as far as Education and Training in Financial Services is concerned due to following factors: a. Directly connected with the Industry as Regional Stock Exchange. b. Connected with large base of Investors as they use the Stock Exchange as a Trading Platform for their liquidity needs c. Presence in the region of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Chandigarh through our branches Network and the area being under the jurisdiction of our Exchange. d. Already running Certification programmes in Capital Market successfully. e. Continuously holding Investor Awareness Programmes for Investors & Investor Groups through association with Brokers, Sub-brokers, Colleges, Universities and

Consumer Groups.

CAPITAL MARKET

DEFINATION OF CAPITAL MARKET The market where investment instruments like bonds, equities and mortgages are traded is known as the capital market. The primal role of this market is to make investment from investors who have surplus funds to the ones who are running a deficit INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL MARKET
Markets exist to facilitate the purchase and sale of goods and services. The financial market exists to facilitate sale and purchase of financial instruments and comprises of two major markets, namely the capital market and the money market. The distinction between capital market and money market is that capital market mainly deals in medium and longterm investments (maturity more than a year) while the money market deals in short term investments (maturity upto a year). The capital market is the market for securities, where Companies and governments can raise long-term funds. It is a market in which money is lent for periods longer than a year. A nation's capital market includes such financial institutions as banks, insurance companies, and stock exchanges that channel long-term investment funds to commercial and industrial borrowers. Unlike the money market, on which lending is ordinarily short term, the capital market typically finances fixed investments like those in buildings and machinery.

Nature and Constituents:

The capital market consists of number of individuals and institutions (including the government) that canalize the supply and demand for long- term capital and claims on capital. The stock exchange, commercial banks, co-operative banks, saving banks, development banks, insurance companies, investment markets. trust or companies, etc., are important constituents of the capital

The capital market, like the money market, has three important Components, namely the suppliers of loanable funds, the borrowers and the Intermediaries who deal with the leaders on the one hand and the Borrowers on the other.

The demand for capital comes mostly from agriculture, industry, trade The government. The predominant form of industrial organization developed Capital Market becomes a necessary infrastructure for fast industrialization. Capital market not concerned solely with the issue of new claims on capital, But also with dealing in existing claims.

CAPITAL MARKET

DEBT 0R BOND MARKET STOCK MARKET

Debt or Bond market

INTRODUCTION

The bond market (also known as the debt, credit, or fixed income market) is a financial market where participants buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bonds. As of 2009, the size of the worldwide bond market (total debt outstanding) is an estimated $82.2 trillion [1], of which the size of the outstanding U.S. bond market debt was $31.2 trillion according to BIS (or alternatively $34.3 trillion according to SIFMA). Nearly all of the $822 billion average daily trading volume in the U.S. bond market takes place between broker-dealers and large institutions in a decentralized, over-the-counter (OTC) market. However, a small number of bonds, primarily corporate, are listed on exchanges. References to the "bond market" usually refer to the government bond market, because of its size, liquidity, lack of credit risk and, therefore, sensitivity to interest rates. Because of the inverse relationship between bond valuation and interest rates, the bond market is often used to indicate changes in interest rates or the shape of the yield curve.

Advantages of bond market

It is considered a wise move to invest in bonds as part of a considered diversified investment portfolio that also consists of stocks and cash. They are considered to be a relatively safe investment for increasing capital and receiving a reliable interest income. The principal and interest are set at the time the bond is

purchased. If the owner collects the coupon and holds it to maturity, the market is irrelevant to final payout. As a long-term investment, bonds may be considered a wise choicebearing in mind the disadvantages.

Disadvantages of bond market

Bonds are not advisable for short-term savings for the individual participant in the market. Long-term commitment is essential as the participant who cashes in before maturity is open to the risk of fluctuations in interest rates. Whenever there is an increase in interest rates, there is a corresponding decrease in the value of existing bonds. Conversely, a decrease in interest rates will correspond to a rise in the value of existing bonds. This is due to the fact that new issues pay out a lower yield. The basic concept of bond market volatility is that the value of bonds and changes in interest rates run inversely to each other.

When interest rates drop, investors have to reinvest their interest income and return of principal at lower rates. The final purchasing power of an investment in bonds is reduced by a corresponding increase in inflation, which also results in higher interest rates and correspondingly lower bond prices.

If there is a decline in the bond market as a whole, individual securities also fall in value. Timing is crucial: a security may in the future unexpectedly underperform relative to the market. A bond may perform poorly after purchase, or it may improve after you sell it. Corporate bonds have relatively low liquidity compared with government bonds, which usually have a short lock-in period (i.e. they can be cashed in quickly).

The major reforms in the bond market in India

The system of auction introduced to sell the government securities. The introduction of delivery versus payment (DvP) system by the Reserve Bank of India to nullify the risk of settlement in securities and assure the smooth functioning of the securities delivery and payment.

The computerization of the SGL. The launch of innovative products such as capital indexed bonds and zero coupon bonds to attract more and more investors from the wider spectrum of the populace.

Sophistication of the markets for bonds such as inflation indexed bonds. The development of the more and more primary dealers as creators of the Government of India bonds market.

The establishment of the a powerful regulatory system called the trade for trade system by the Reserve Bank of India which stated that all deals are to be settled with bonds and funds.

A new segment called the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) was established at the NSE to report the trading volume of the Government of India bonds market.

Issue of ad hoc treasury bills by the Government of India as a funding instrument was abolished with the introduction of the Ways And Means agreement.

Market structure Bond markets in most countries remain decentralized and lack common exchanges like stock, future and commodity markets. This has occurred, in part, because no two bond issues are exactly alike, and the variety of bond securities outstanding greatly exceeds that of stocks. However, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest centralized bond market, representing mostly corporate bonds. The NYSE migrated from the Automated Bond System (ABS) to the NYSE Bonds trading system in April 2007 and expects the number of traded issues to increase from 1000 to 6000. Besides other causes, the decentralized market structure of the corporate and municipal bond markets, as distinguished from the stock market structure, results in higher transaction costs and less liquidity. A study performed by Profs Harris and Piwowar in 2004, Secondary Trading Costs in the Municipal Bond Market, reached the following conclusions: (1) "Municipal bond trades are also substantially more expensive than similar sized equity trades. We attribute these results to the lack of price transparency in the bond markets. Additional cross-sectional analyses show that bond trading costs decrease with credit quality and increase with instrument complexity, time to maturity, and time since issuance." (2) "Our results show that municipal bond trades are significantly more expensive than equivalent sized equity trades. Effective spreads in municipal

bonds average about two percent of price for retail size trades of 20,000 dollars and about one percent for institutional trade size trades of 200,000 dollars." Types of bond markets The Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) classifies the broader bond market into five specific bond markets.

Municipal Bond Market Government and Agency Bond Market Funding Bond Market Mortgage Backed and Corporate Bond Market Collateral Debt Obligation Bond Market

Bond market participants Bond market participants are similar to participants in most financial markets and are essentially either buyers (debt issuer) of funds or sellers (institution) of funds and often both. Participants include: Institutional investors Governments Traders Individuals Because of the specificity of individual bond issues, and the lack of liquidity in many smaller issues, the majority of outstanding bonds are held by institutions like pension funds, banks and mutual funds. In the United States, approximately 10% of the market is currently held by private individuals.

Bond market size Amounts outstanding on the global bond market increased 10% in 2009 to a record $91 trillion. Domestic bonds accounted for 70% of the total and international bonds for the remainder. The US was the largest market with 39% of the total followed by Japan (18%). Mortgage-backed bonds accounted for around a quarter of outstanding bonds in the US in 2009 or some $9.2 trillion. The sub-prime portion of this market is variously estimated at between $500bn and $1.4 trillion. Treasury bonds and corporate bonds each accounted for a fifth of US domestic bonds. In Europe, public sector debt is substantial in Italy (93% of GDP), Belgium (63%) and France (63%). Concerns about the ability of some countries to continue to finance their debt came to the forefront in late 2009. This was partly a result of large debt taken on by some governments to reverse the economic downturn and finance bank bailouts. The outstanding value of international bonds increased by 13% in 2009 to $27 trillion. The $2.3 trillion issued during the year was down 4% on the 2008 total, with activity declining in the second half of the year. Bond market volatility For market participants who own a bond, collect the coupon and hold it to maturity, market volatility is irrelevant; principal and interest are received according to a pre-determined schedule. But participants who buy and sell bonds before maturity are exposed to many risks, most importantly changes in interest rates. When interest rates increase, the value of existing bonds fall, since new issues pay a higher yield. Likewise, when interest rates decrease, the value of existing bonds rise, since new issues pay a lower yield. This is the fundamental concept of bond market volatility: changes in bond prices are inverse to changes in interest rates. Fluctuating interest rates are part of a country's monetary policy and bond market volatility is a response to expected monetary policy and economic changes. Economists' views of economic indicators versus actual released data contribute to market volatility. A tight consensus is generally reflected in bond prices and there is little price movement in the market after the release of "in-line" data. If the economic release differs from the consensus view the market usually undergoes rapid price movement as participants interpret the data. Uncertainty (as measured by a wide

consensus) generally brings more volatility before

and after an economic release. Economic releases vary in importance and impact depending on where the economy is in the business cycle. Bond market influence Bond markets determine the price in terms of yield that a borrower must pay in able to receive funding. In one notable instance, when President Clinton attempted to increase the US budget deficit in the 1990s, it led to such a sell-off (decreasing prices; increasing yields) that he was forced to abandon the strategy and instead balance the budget.

I used to think that if there was reincarnation, I wanted to come back as the president or the pope or as a .400 baseball hitter. But now I would like to come back as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody. James Carville, political advisor to President Clinton, Bloomberg
[6]

Bond investments Investment companies allow individual investors the ability to participate in the bond markets through bond funds, closed-end funds and unit-investment trusts. In 2006 total bond fund net inflows increased 97% from $30.8 billion in 2005 to $60.8 billion in 2006.Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are another alternative to trading or investing directly in a bond issue. These securities allow individual investors the ability to overcome large initial and incremental trading sizes. Bond indices Main article: Bond market index A number of bond indices exist for the purposes of managing portfolios and measuring performance, similar to the S&P 500 or Russell Indexes for stocks. The most common American benchmarks are the Barclays Aggregate, Citigroup BIG and Merrill Lynch Domestic Master. Most indices are parts of families of broader indices that can be used to measure global bond portfolios, or may be further subdivided by maturity and/or sector for managing specialized portfolios.

STOCK OR EQUITY MARET

A stock market or equity market is a public market (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) for the trading of company stock and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36.6 trillion US at the beginning of October 2008. The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value, 11 times the size of the entire world economy. The value of the derivatives market, because it is stated in terms of notional values, cannot be directly compared to a stock or a fixed income security, which traditionally refers to an actual value. Moreover, the vast majority of derivatives 'cancel' each other out (i.e., a derivative 'bet' on an event occurring is offset by a comparable derivative 'bet' on the event not occurring). Many such relatively illiquid securities are valued as marked to model, rather than an actual market price. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The largest stock market in the United States, by market cap is the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE, while in Canada, it is the Toronto Stock Exchange. Major European examples of stock exchanges include the London Stock Exchange, Paris Bourse, and the Deutsche Brse. Asian examples include the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the Bombay Stock Exchange. In Latin America, there are such exchanges as the BM&F Bovespa and the BMV.

Contents
1 History 2 Hours of operation 3 Timeline 4 Indices 5 Importanceofstockmarket 5.1 Importance of stock market and How stock market is important for countries economy
o o

5.2 Relationofthestockmarkettothemodernfinancialsystem 5.3 Thestockmarket,individualinvestors,andfinancialrisk

HISTORY OF BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to the 1850s, when 4 Gujarati and 1 Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number of brokers constantly increased. The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as 'The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'. In 1956, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. The Bombay Stock Exchange developed the BSE SENSEX in 1986, giving the BSE a means to measure overall performance of the exchange. In 2000 the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading SENSEX futures contracts. The development of SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system in 1995. It took the exchange only fifty days to make this transition. This automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-line trading (BOLT) currently has a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced the world's first centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx.co.in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform.[5] The BSE is currently housed in Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers at Dalal Street, Fort area

Hours of operation
Session Timing

Beginning of the Day Session 8:00 - 9:00 pre-open trading session Trading Session Position Transfer Session 9:00 - 9:15 9:15 - 15:30 15:30 - 15:50

Closing Session Option Exercise Session Margin Session Query Session End of Day Session

15:50 - 16:05 16:05 - 16:35 16:35 - 16:50 16:50 - 17:35 17:30

The hours of operation for the BSE quoted above are stated in terms the local time (i.e. GMT +5:30) in Mumbai , India. BSE's normal trading sessions are on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. [4]

Timeline
Following is the timeline on the rise of the SENSEX through Indian stock market history. 1830's Business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses started in Mumbai. 1860-1865 Cotton price bubble as a result of the American Civil War. 1870 - 90's Sharp increase in share prices of jute industries followed by a boom in tea stocks and coal 1978-79 Base year of SENSEX, defined to be 100. 1986 SENSEX first compiled[6] using a market Capitalization-Weighted methodology for 30 component stocks representing well-established companies across key sectors. 30 October 2006 The SENSEX on October 30, 2006 crossed the magical figure of 13,000 and closed at 13,024.26 points, up 117.45 points or 0.9%. It took 135 days for the SENSEX to move from 12,000 to 13,000 and 123 days to move from 12,500 to 13,000.

5 December 2006 The SENSEX on December 5, 2006 crossed the 14,000-mark to touch 14,028 points. It took 36 days for the SENSEX to move from 13,000 to the 14,000 mark. 6 July 2007 The SENSEX on July 6, 2007 crossed the magical figure of 15,000 to touch 15,005 points in afternoon trade. It took seven months for the SENSEX to move from 14,000 to 15,000 points. 19 September 2007 The SENSEX scaled yet another milestone during early morning trade on September 19, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the SENSEX crossed 16,000, rising by 450 points from the previous close. The 30-share Bombay Stock Exchange's sensitive index took 53 days to reach 16,000 from 15,000. Nifty also touched a new high at 4659, up 113 points. The SENSEX finally ended with a gain of 654 points at 16,323. The NSE Nifty gained 186 points to close at 4,732. 26 September 2007 The SENSEX scaled yet another height during early morning trade on September 26, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the SENSEX crossed the 17,000-mark. Some profit taking towards the end saw the index slip into red to 16,887 down 187 points from the day's high. The SENSEX ended with a gain of 22 points at 16,921. 9 October 2007 The BSE SENSEX crossed the 18,000-mark on October 9, 2007. It took just 8 days to cross 18,000 points from the 17,000 mark. The index zoomed to a new alltime intra-day high of 18,327. It finally gained 789 points to close at an all-time high of 18,280. The market set several new records including the biggest single day gain of 789 points at close, as well as the largest intra-day gains of 993 points in absolute term backed by frenzied buying after the news of the UPA and Left meeting on October 22 put an end to the worries of an impending election. 15 October 2007 The SENSEX crossed the 19,000-mark backed by revival of fundsbased buying in blue chip stocks in metal, capital goods and refinery sectors. The index gained the last 1,000 points in just four trading days. The index touched a fresh all-time intra-day high of 19,096, and finally ended with a smart gain of 640 points at 19,059.The Nifty gained 242 points to close at 5,670.

29 October 2007 The SENSEX crossed the 20,000 mark on the back of aggressive buying by funds ahead of the US Federal Reserve meeting. The index took only 10 trading days to gain 1,000 points after the index crossed the 19,000-mark on October 15. The major drivers of today's rally were index heavyweights Larsen and Toubro, Reliance Industries, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and SBI among others. The 30-share index spurted in the last five minutes of trade to fly-past the crucial level and scaled a new intra-day peak at 20,024.87 points before ending at its fresh closing high of 19,977.67, a gain of 734.50 points. The NSE Nifty rose to a record high 5,922.50 points before ending at 5,905.90, showing a hefty gain of 203.60 points. 8 January 2008 The SENSEX peaks. It crossed the 21,000 mark in intra-day trading after 49 trading sessions. This was backed by high market confidence of increased FII investment and strong corporate results for the third quarter. However, it later fell back due to profit booking. 13 June 2008 The SENSEX closed below 15,200 mark, Indian market suffer with major downfall from January 21, 2008 25 June 2008 The SENSEX touched an intra day low of 13,731 during the early trades, then pulled back and ended up at 14,220 amidst a negative sentiment generated on the Reserve Bank of India hiking CRR by 50 bps. FII outflow continued in this week. 2 July 2008 The SENSEX hit an intra day low of 12,822.70 on July 2, 2008. This is the lowest that it has ever been in the past year. Six months ago, on January 10, 2008, the market had hit an all time high of 21206.70. This is a bad time for the Indian markets, although Reliance and Infosys continue to lead the way with mostly positive results. 6 October 2008 The SENSEX closed at 11801.70 hitting the lowest in the past 2 years. 10 October 2008 The SENSEX today closed at 10527, 800.51 points down from the previous day having seen an intraday fall of as large as 1063 points. Thus, this week turned out to be the week with largest percentage fall in the SENSEX 18 May 2009 After the result of 15th Indian general election SENSEX gained 2100.79 points from the previous close of 12173.42, a record one-day gain. In the opening trade itself the SENSEX evinced a 15% gain over the previous close which led to a two-hour

suspension in trading. After trading resumed, the SENSEX surged again, leading to a full day suspension of trading. 19 October 2010 BSE introduced the 15-minute special pre-open trading session, a mechanism under which investors can bid for stocks before the market opens. The mechanism, known as 'pre-open session call auction', lasted for 15 minutes (from 9:009:15 am).[7] 5 November 2010 BSE SENSEX crossed the 21000 mark (exactly 21004.96).

27 December 2010 BSE SENSEX is at 20,028.93

INDICES The graph of SENSEX from July 1997 to March 2011 The launch of SENSEX in 1986 was later followed up in January 1989 by introduction of BSE National Index (Base: 1983-84 = 100). It comprised 100 stocks listed at five major stock exchanges in India - Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Madras. The BSE National Index was renamed BSE-100 Index from October 14, 1996 and since then, it is being calculated taking into consideration only the prices of stocks listed at BSE. BSE launched the dollar-linked version of BSE-100 index on May 22, 2006. BSE launched two new index series on 27 May 1994: The 'BSE-200' and the 'DOLLEX-200'. BSE-500 Index and 5 sectoral indices were launched in 1999. In 2001, BSE launched BSE-PSU Index,

DOLLEX-30 and the country's first free-float based index - the BSE TECk Index. Over the years, BSE shifted all its indices to the free-float methodology (except BSE-PSU index). BSE disseminates information on the Price-Earnings Ratio, the Price to Book Value Ratio and the Dividend Yield Percentage on day-to-day basis of all its major indices. The values of all BSE indices are updated on real time basis during market hours and displayed through the BOLT system, BSE website and news wire agencies. All BSE Indices are reviewed periodically by the BSE Index Committee. This Committee which comprises eminent independent finance professionals frames the broad policy guidelines for the development and maintenance of all BSE indices. The BSE Index Cell carries out the day-to-day maintenance of all indices and conducts research on development of new indices.[8] SENSEX is significantly correlated with the stock indices of other emerging markets[9][10]

Importance of stock market and How stock market is important for countries economy

Stock market is an important part of the economy of a country. The stock market plays a play a pivotal role in the growth of the industry and commerce of the country that eventually affects the economy of the country to a great extent. That is reason that the government, industry and even the central banks of the country keep a close watch on the happenings of the stock market. The stock market is important from both the industrys point of view as well as the investors point of view. Whenever a company wants to raise funds for further expansion or settling up a new business venture, they have to either take a loan from a financial organization or they have to issue shares through the stock market. In fact the stock market is the primary source for any company to raise funds for business expansions. If a company wants to raise some capital for the business it can issue shares of the company that is basically part ownership of the company. To issue shares for the investors to invest in the stocks a company needs to get listed to a stocks exchange and through the primary market of the stock exchange they can issue the shares and get the funds for business requirements. There are certain rules and regulations for getting listed at a stock exchange and they need to fulfill some criteria to issue stocks and go public. The stock market is primarily the place where these companies get listed to issue the shares and raise the fund. In case of an already listed public company, they issue more shares to the market for collecting more funds for business expansion. For the companies which are going public for the first time, they need to start with the Initial Public Offering or the IPO. In both the cases these companies have to go through the stock market. This is the primary function of the stock exchange and thus they play the most important role of supporting the growth of the industry and commerce in the country. That is the reason that a rising stock market is the sign of a developing industrial sector and a growing economy of the country.

Of course this is just the primary function of the stock market and just an half of the role that the stock market plays. The secondary function of the stock market is that the market plays the role of a common platform for the buyers and sellers of these stocks that are listed at the stock market. It is the secondary market of the stock exchange where retail investors and institutional investors buy and sell the stocks. In fact it is these stock market traders who raise the fund for the businesses by investing in the stocks. For investing in the stocks or to trade in the stock the investors have to go through the brokers of the stock market. Brokers actually execute the buy and sell orders of the investors and settle the deals to keep the stock trading alive. The brokers basically act as a middle man between the buyers and sellers. Once the buyer places a buy order in the stock market the brokers finds a seller of the stock and thus the deal is closed. All these take place at the stock market and it is the demand and supply of the stock of a company that determines the price of the stock of that particular company. So the stock market is not only providing the much required funds for boosting the business, but also providing a common place for stock trading. It is the stock market that makes the stocks a liquid asset unlike the real estate investment. It is the stock market that makes it possible to sell the stocks at any point of time and get back the investment along with the profit. This makes the stocks much more liquid in nature and thereby attracting investors to invest in the stock market.

Relation of the stock market to the modern financial system

The financial systems in most western countries has undergone a remarkable transformation. One feature of this development is disintermediation. A portion of the funds involved in saving and financing, flows directly to the financial markets instead of being routed via the traditional bank lending and deposit operations. The general public's heightened interest in investing in the stock market, either directly or through mutual funds, has been an important component of this process. Statistics show that in recent decades shares have made up an increasingly large proportion of households' financial assets in many countries. In the 1970s, in Sweden, deposit accounts and other very liquid assets with little risk made up almost 60 percent of households' financial wealth, compared

to less than 20 percent in the 2000s. The major part of this adjustment in financial portfolios has gone directly to shares but a good deal now takes the form of various kinds of institutional investment for groups of individuals, e.g., pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds, insurance investment of premiums, etc. The trend towards forms of saving with a higher risk has been accentuated by new rules for most funds and insurance, permitting a higher proportion of shares to bonds. Similar tendencies are to be found in other industrialized countries. In all developed economic systems, such as the European Union, the United States, Japan and other developed nations, the trend has been the same: saving has moved away from traditional (government insured) bank deposits to more risky securities of one sort or another.

The stock market , individual investors , and financial risk

Riskier long-term saving requires that an individual possess the ability to manage the associated increased risks. Stock prices fluctuate widely, in marked contrast to the stability of (government insured) bank deposits or bonds. This is something that could affect not only the individual investor or household, but also the economy on a large scale. The following deals with some of the risks of the financial sector in general and the stock market in particular. This is certainly more important now that so many newcomers have entered the stock market, or have acquired other 'risky' investments (such as 'investment' property, i.e., real estate and collectables).

With each passing year, the noise level in the stock market rises. Television commentators, financial writers, analysts, and market strategists are all overtaking each other to get investors' attention. At the same time, individual investors, immersed in chat rooms and message boards, are exchanging questionable and often misleading tips. Yet, despite all this available information, investors find it increasingly difficult to profit. Stock prices skyrocket with little reason, then plummet just as quickly, and people who have turned to investing for their children's education and their own retirement become frightened. Sometimes there appears to be no rhyme or reason to the market, only folly.
This is a quote from the preface to a published biography about the long-term value-oriented stock investor Warren Buffett.[9] Buffett began his career with $100, and $100,000 from seven limited partners consisting of Buffett's family and friends. Over the years he has built himself a multi-billion-dollar fortune. The quote illustrates some of what has been happening in the stock market during the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.

PrimaryMarket
also called the new issue market, is the market for issuing new securities. Many companies, especially small and medium scale, enter the primary market to raise money from the public to expand their businesses. They sell their securities to the public through an initial public offering. The securities can be directly bought from the shareholders, which is not the case for the secondary market. The primary market is a market for new capitals that will be traded over a longer period. In the primary market, securities are issued on an exchange basis. The underwriters, that is, the investment banks, play an important role in this market: they set the initial price range for a particular share and then supervise the selling of that share.

Investors can obtain news of upcoming shares only on the primary market. The issuing firm collects money, which is then used to finance its operations or expand business, by selling its shares. Before selling a security on the primary market, the firm must fulfill all the requirements

regarding the exchange.

After trading in the primary market the security will then enter the secondary market, where numerous trades happen every day. The primary market accelerates the process of capital formation in a country's economy.

The primary market categorically excludes several other new long-term finance sources, such as loans from financial institutions. Many companies have entered the primary market to earn profit by converting its capital, which is basically a private capital, into a public one, releasing securities to the public. This phenomena is known as "public issue" or "going public." There are three methods though which securities can be issued on the primary market: rights issue, Initial Public Offer (IPO), and preferential issue. A company's new offering is placed on the primary market through an initial public offer.

FunctioningofPrimaryMarket

Primary Mortgage Market Primary Target Market Transaction Costs In Primary Market PL in Primary Market Revival Of Indian Primary Market primary Securities Market

Problems Of Indian Primary Market Investment In Primary Market Primary Money market International Primary Market Association IPO Primary Market Primary Capital Market

SecondaryMarket
is the market where, unlike the primary market, an investor can buy a security directly from another investor in lieu of the issuer. It is also referred as "after market". The securities initially are issued in the primary market, and then they enter into the secondary market.

All the securities are first created in the primary market and then, they enter into the secondary market. In the New York Stock Exchange, all the stocks belong to the secondary market.

In other words, secondary market is a place where any type of used goods is available. In the secondary market shares are maneuvered from one investor to other, that is, one investor buys an asset from another investor instead of an issuing corporation. So, the secondary market should be liquid. Example of Secondary market: In the New York Stock Exchange, in the United States of America, all the securities belong to the secondary market .

Importance of Secondary Market:

Secondary Market has an important role to play behind the developments of an efficient capital market. Secondary market connects investors' favoritism for liquidity with the capital users' wish of using their capital for a longer period. For example, in a traditional partnership, a partner can not access the other partner's investment but only his or her investment in that partnership, even on an emergency basis. Then if he or she may breaks the ownership of equity into parts and sell his or her respective proportion to another investor. This kind of trading is facilitated only by the secondary market

Functions And Importance of Capital Market

Capital market plays an important role in mobilising resources, and diverting them in productive channels. In this way, it facilitates and promotes the process of economic growth in the country. Various functions and significance of capital market are discussed below: 1. Link between Savers and Investors: The capital market functions as a link between savers and investors. It plays an important role in mobilising the savings and diverting them in productive investment. In this way, capital market plays a vital role in transferring the financial resources from surplus and wasteful areas to deficit and productive areas, thus increasing the productivity and prosperity of the country. 2. Encouragement to Saving: With the development of capital, market, the banking and non-banking institutions provide facilities, which encourage people to save more. In the less- developed countries, in the absence of a capital market, there are very little savings and those who save often invest their savings in unproductive and wasteful directions, i.e., in real estate (like land, gold, and jewellery) and conspicuous consumption. 3. Encouragement to Investment: The capital market facilitates lending to the businessmen and the government and thus encourages investment. It provides facilities through banks and nonbank financial institutions. Various financial assets, e.g., shares, securities, bonds, etc., induce savers to lend to the government or invest in industry. With the development of financial institutions, capital becomes more mobile, interest rate falls and investment increases. 4. Promotes Economic Growth: The capital market not only reflects the general condition of the economy, but also smoothens and accelerates the process of economic growth. Various institutions of the capital market, like nonbank financial intermediaries, allocate the resources rationally in accordance with the development needs of the country. The proper allocation of resources results in the expansion of trade and industry in both public and private sectors, thus promoting balanced economic growth in the country. :

5. Stability in Security Prices

The capital market tends to stabilise the values of stocks and securities and reduce the fluctuations in the prices to the minimum. The process of stabilisation is facilitated by providing capital to the borrowers at a lower interest rate and reducing the speculative and unproductive activities. 6. Benefits to Investors: The credit market helps the investors, i.e., those who have funds to invest in long-term financial assets, in many ways: (a) It brings together the buyers and sellers of securities and thus ensure the marketability of investments, (b) By advertising security prices, the Stock Exchange enables the investors to keep track of their investments and channelize them into most profitable lines, (c) It safeguards the interests of the investors by compensating them from the Stock Exchange Compensating Fund in the event of fraud and default

ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKET

What Is the role of capital markets in an economy?

Provides an important alternative source of long-term finance for long-term productive investments. This helps in diffusing stresses on the banking system by matching long-term investments with long-term capital.

Provides equity capital and infrastructure development capital that has strong socio-economic benefits - roads, water and sewer systems, housing, energy, telecommunications, public transport, etc. - ideal for financing through capital markets via long dated bonds and asset backed securities.

Provides avenues for investment opportunities that encourage a thrift culture critical in increasing domestic savings and investment ratios that are essential for rapid industrialization. The Savings and investment ratios are too low, below 10% of GDP.

Encourages broader ownership of productive assets by small savers to enable them benefit from Kenyas economic growth and wealth distribution. Equitable distribution of wealth is a key indicator of poverty reduction.

Promotes public-private sector partnerships to encourage participation of private

sector in productive investments. Pursuit of economic efficiency shifting driving force of economic development from public to private sector to enhance economic productivity has become inevitable as resources continue to diminish.

Assists the Government to close resource gap, and complement its effort in financing essential socio-economic development, through raising long-term project based capital.

Improves the efficiency of capital allocation through competitive pricing mechanism for better utilization of scarce resources for increased economic growth. Provides a gateway to Kenya for global and foreign portfolio investors, which is critical in supplementing the low domestic saving ratio.

The Primary and Secondary Markets The capital market is also dependent on two sub-markets the primary market and the secondary market. The primary market deals with newly issued securities and is responsible for generating new longterm capital. The secondary market handles the trading of previously-issued securities, and must remain highly liquid in nature because most of the securities are sold by investors.

ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA:

Indias growth story has important implications for the capital market, which has grown sharply with respect to several parameters amounts raised number of stock exchanges and other intermediaries, listed stocks, market capitalization, trading volumes and turnover, market instruments, investor population, issuer and intermediary profiles. The capital market consists primarily of the debt and equity markets. Historically, it contributed significantly to mobilizing funds to meet public and private companies financing requirements. The introduction of exchange-traded derivative instruments such as options and futures has enabled investors to better hedge their positions and reduce risks. Indias debt and equity markets rose from 75 per cent in 1995 to 130 per cent of GDP in 2005. But the growth relative to the US, Malaysia and South Korea remains low and largely skewed, indicating immense latent potential. Indias debt markets comprise government bonds and the corporate bond market (comprising PSUs, corporates, financial institutions and banks). India compares well with other emerging economies in terms of sophisticated market design of equity spot and derivatives market, widespread retail participation and resilient liquidity. SEBIs measures such as submission of quarterly compliance reports, and company valuation on the lines of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have enhanced corporate governance. But enforcement continues to be a problem because of limited trained staff and companies not being subjected to substantial fines or legal sanctions. Given the booming economy, large skilled labour force, reliable business community, continued reforms and greater global integration vindicated by the investment-grade ratings of Moodys

and Fitch, the net cumulative portfolio flows from 2003-06 (bonds and equities) amounted to $35 billion. The number of foreign institutional investors registered with SEBI rose from none in 1992-93 to 528 in 2000-01, to about 1,000 in 2006-07. Indias stock market rose five-fold since mid-2003 and outperformed world indices with returns far outstripping other emerging markets, such as Mexico (52 per cent), Brazil (43 per cent) or GCC economies such as Kuwait (26 per cent) in FY-06. In 2006, Indian companies raised more than $6 billion on the BSE, NSE and other regional stock exchanges. Buoyed by internal economic factors and foreign capital flows, Indian markets are globally competitive, even in terms of pricing, efficiency and liquidity.

Role of capital market during the present crisis: In addition to resource allocation, capital markets also provided a medium for risk management by allowing the diversification of risk in the economy. The well-functioning capital market improved information quality as it played a major role in encouraging the adoption of stronger corporate governance principles, thus supporting a trading environment, which is founded on integrity.

liquid markets make it possible to obtain financing for capital-intensive projects with long gestation periods..

For a long time, the Indian market was considered too small to warrant much attention. However, this view has changed rapidly as vast amounts of international investment have poured into our markets over the last decade. The Indian market is no longer viewed as a static universe but as a constantly evolving market providing attractive opportunities to the global investing community. Now during the present financial crisis, we saw how capital market stood still as the symbol of better risk management practices adopted by the Indians. Though we observed a huge fall in the

sensex and other stock market indicators but that was all due to low confidence among the investors. Because balance sheet of most of the Indian companies listed in the sensex were reflecting profit even then people kept on withdrawing money. While there was a panic in the capital market due to withdrawal by the FIIs, we saw Indian institutional investors like insurance and mutual funds coming for the rescue under SEBI guidelines so that the confidence of the investors doesnt go low. SEBI also came up with various norms including more liberal policies regarding participatory notes, restricting the exit from close ended mutual funds etc. to boost the investment. While talking about currency crisis, the rupee kept on depreciating against the dollar mainly due to the withdrawals by FIIs. So , the capital market tried to attract FIIs once again. SEBI came up with many revolutionary reforms to attract the foreign investors so that the depreciation of rupee could be put to hault.

CAPITAL MARKET INSTRUMENTS

A capital market is a market for securities (debt or equity), where business enterprises and government can raise long-term funds. It is defined as a market in which money is provided for periods longer than a year, as the raising of short-term funds takes place on other markets (e.g., the money market). The capital market is characterized by a large variety of financial instruments: equity and preference shares, fully convertible debentures (FCDs), non-convertible debentures (NCDs) and partly convertible debentures (PCDs) currently dominate the capital market, however new instruments are being introduced such as debentures bundled with warrants, participating preference shares, zero-coupon bonds, secured premium notes, etc. 1. SECURED PREMIUM NOTES

SPN is a secured debenture redeemable at premium issued along with a detachable warrant, redeemable after a notice period, say four to seven years. The warrants attached to SPN gives the holder the right to apply and get allotted equity shares; provided the SPN is fully paid. There is a lock-in period for SPN during which no interest will be paid for an invested amount. The SPN holder has an option to sell back the SPN to the company at par value after the lock in period. If the holder exercises this option, no interest/ premium will be paid on redemption. In case the SPN holder holds it further, the holder will be repaid the principal amount along with the additional amount of interest/ premium on redemption in installments as decided by the company. The conversion of detachable warrants into equity shares will have to be done within the time limit notified by the company. Ex-TISCO issued warrants for the first time in India in the year 1992 to raise 1212 crore. 2. DEEP DISCOUNT BONDS

A bond that sells at a significant discount from par value and has no coupon rate or lower coupon rate than the prevailing rates of fixed-income securities with a similar risk profile. They are designed to meet the long term funds requirements of the issuer and investors who are not looking for immediate return and can be sold with a long maturity of 25-30 years at a deep discount on the face value of debentures. Ex-IDBI deep discount bonds for Rs 1 lac repayable after 25 years were sold at a discount price of Rs. 2,700. 3. EQUITY SHARES WITH DETACHABLE WARRANTS

A warrant is a security issued by company entitling the holder to buy a given number of shares of stock at a stipulated price during a specified period. These warrants are separately registered with the stock exchanges and traded separately. Warrants are frequently attached to bonds or preferred stock as a sweetener, allowing the issuer to pay lower interest rates or dividends. Ex-Essar Gujarat, Ranbaxy, Reliance issue this type of instrument.

4.

FULLY CONVERTIBLE DEBENTURES WITH INTEREST

This is a debt instrument that is fully converted over a specified period into equity shares. The conversion can be in one or several phases. When the instrument is a pure debt instrument, interest is paid to the investor. After conversion, interest payments cease on the portion that is converted. If project finance is raised through an FCD issue, the investor can earn interest even when the project is under implementation. Once the project is operational, the investor can participate in the profits through share price appreciation and dividend payments

5.

EQUIPREF

They are fully convertible cumulative preference shares. This instrument is divided into 2 parts namely Part A & Part B. Part A is convertible into equity shares automatically /compulsorily on date of allotment without any application by the allottee. Part B is redeemed at par or converted into equity after a lock in period at the option of the investor, at a price 30% lower than the average market price. 6. SWEAT EQUITY SHARES

The phrase `sweat equity' refers to equity shares given to the company's employees on favorable terms, in recognition of their work. Sweat equity usually takes the form of giving options to employees to buy shares of the company, so they become part owners and participate in the profits, apart from earning salary. This gives a boost to the sentiments of employees and motivates them to work harder towards the goals of the company. The Companies Act defines `sweat equity shares' as equity shares issued by the company to employees or directors at a discount or for consideration other than cash for providing know- how or making available rights in the nature of intellectual property rights or value additions, by whatever name called. 7. TRACKING STOCKS

A tracking stock is a security issued by a parent company to track the results of one of its subsidiaries or lines of business; without having claim on the assets of the division or the parent company. It is also known as "designer stock". When a parent company issues a tracking stock, all revenues and expenses of the applicable division are separated from the parent company's financial statements and bound to the tracking stock. Oftentimes, this is done to separate a subsidiary's high-growth division from a larger parent company that is presenting losses. The parent company and its shareholders, however, still control the operations of the subsidiary. Ex- QQQQ, which is an exchange-traded fund that mirrors the returns of the Nasdaq 100 index 8. DISASTER BONDS

Also known as Catastrophe or CAT Bonds, Disaster Bond is a high-yield debt instrument that is usually insurance linked and meant to raise money in case of a catastrophe. It has a special condition that states that if the issuer (insurance or Reinsurance Company) suffers a loss from a particular predefined catastrophe, then the issuer's obligation to pay interest and/or repay the principal is either deferred or completely forgiven. Ex- Mexico sold $290 million in catastrophe bonds, becoming the first country to use a World Bank program that passes the cost of natural disasters to investors. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Swiss Reinsurance Co. managed the bond sale, which will pay investors unless an earthquake or hurricane triggers a transfer of the funds to the Mexican government. 9. MORTGAGE BACKED SECURITIES(MBS)

MBS is a type of asset-backed security, basically a debt obligation that represents a claim on the cash flows from mortgage loans, most commonly on residential property. Mortgage- backed securities represent claims and derive their ultimate values from the principal and payments on the loans in the pool. These payments can be further broken down into different classes of securities, depending on the riskiness of different mortgages as they are classified under the MBS. Mortgage originators to refill their investments New instruments to collect funds from the market, very economic and more effective Conversion of assets into funds

Financial companies save on the costs of maintenance of the assets and other costs related to assets, reducing overheads and increasing profit ratio. Kinds of Mortgage Backed Securities: Commercial mortgage backed securities: backed by mortgages on commercial property

Collateralized mortgage obligation: a more complex MBS in which the mortgages are ordered into tranches by some quality (such as repayment time), with each tranche sold as a separate security Stripped mortgage backed securities: Each mortgage payment is partly used to pay down the loan's principal and partly used to pay the interest on it Residential mortgage backed securities: backed by mortgages on residential property

10.

GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS/ AMERICAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS

A negotiable certificate held in the bank of one country (depository) representing a specific number of shares of a stock traded on an exchange of another country. GDR facilitate trade of shares, and are commonly used to invest in companies from developing or emerging markets. GDR prices are often close to values of related shares, but they are traded and settled independently of the underlying share. Listing on a foreign stock exchange requires compliance with the policies of those stock exchanges. Many times, the policies of the foreign exchanges are much more stringent than the policies of domestic stock exchange. However a company may get listed on these stock exchanges indirectly using ADRs and GDRs. If the depository receipt is traded in the United States of America (USA), it is called an American Depository Receipt, or an ADR. If the depository receipt is traded in a country other than USA, it is called a Global Depository Receipt, or a GDR. But the ADRs and GDRs are an excellent means of investment for NRIs and foreign nationals wanting to invest in India. By buying these, they can invest directly in Indian companies without going through the hassle of understanding the rules and working of the Indian financial market since ADRs and GDRs are traded like any other stock, NRIs and foreigners can buy these using their regular equity trading accounts! Ex- HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Infosys have issued both ADR and GDR 11. DERIVATIVES

A derivative is a financial instrument whose characteristics and value depend upon the characteristics and value of some underlying asset typically commodity, bond, equity, currency, index, event etc. Advanced investors sometimes purchase or sell derivatives to manage the risk associated with the underlying security, to protect against fluctuations in value, or to profit from periods of inactivity or decline. Derivatives are often leveraged, such that a small movement in the underlying value can cause a large difference in the value of the derivative. Derivatives are usually broadly categorised by: The relationship between the underlying and the derivative (e.g. forward, option, swap) The type of underlying (e.g. equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives and credit derivatives) The market in which they trade (e.g., exchange traded or over-the-counter) Futures A financial contract obligating the buyer to purchase an asset, (or the seller to sell an asset), such as a physical commodity or a financial instrument, at a predetermined future date and price. Futures contracts detail the quality and quantity of the underlying asset; they are standardized to facilitate trading on a futures exchange. Some futures contracts may call for physical delivery of the asset, while others are settled in cash. The futures markets are characterized by the ability to use very high leverage relative to stock markets. Some of the most popular assets on which futures contracts are available are equity stocks, indices, commodities and currency. Options A financial derivative that represents a contract sold by one party (option writer) to another party (option holder). The contract offers the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call) or sell (put) a security or other financial asset at an agreed-upon price (the strike price) during a certain period of

time or on a specific date (excercise date). A call option gives the buyer, the right to buy the asset at a given price. This 'given price' is called 'strike price'. It should be noted that while the holder of the call option has a right to demand sale of asset from the seller, the seller has only the obligation and not the right. For eg: if the buyer wants to buy the asset, the seller has to sell it. He does not have a right. Similarly a 'put' option gives the buyer a right to sell the asset at the 'strike price' to the buyer. Here the buyer has the right to sell and the seller has the obligation to buy. So in any options contract, the right to exercise the option is vested with the buyer of the contract. The seller of the contract has only the obligation and no right. As the seller of the

contract bears the obligation, he is paid a price called as 'premium'. Therefore the price that is paid for buying an option contract is called as premium.

The primary difference between options and futures is that options give the holder the right to buy or sell the underlying asset at expiration, while the holder of a futures contract is obligated to fulfill the terms of his/her contract.

12.

PARTICIPATORY NOTES

Also referred to as "P-Notes" Financial instruments used by investors or hedge funds that are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India to invest in Indian securities. Indianbased brokerages buy India-based securities and then issue participatory notes to foreign investors. Any dividends or capital gains collected from the underlying securities go back to the investors. These are issued by FIIs to entities that want to invest in the Indian stock market but do not want to register themselves with the SEBI. RBI, which had sought a ban on PNs, believes that it is tough to establish the beneficial ownership or the identity of ultimate investors.

13.

HEDGE FUND

A hedge fund is an investment fund open to a limited range of investors that undertakes a wider range of investment and trading activities in both domestic and international markets, and that, in general, pays a performance fee to its investment manager. Every hedge fund has its own investment strategy that determines the type of investments and the methods of investment it undertakes. Hedge funds, as a class, invest in a broad range of investments including shares, debt and commodities. As the name implies, hedge funds often seek to hedge some of the risks inherent in their investments using a variety of methods, with a goal to generate high returns through aggressive investment strategies, most notably short selling, leverage, program trading, swaps, arbitrage and derivatives. Legally, hedge funds are most often set up as private investment partnerships that are open to a limited number of investors and require a very large initial minimum investment. Investments in hedge funds are illiquid as they often require investors keep their money in the fund for at least one year. 14. FUND OF FUNDS

A "fund of funds" (FoF) is an investment strategy of holding a portfolio of other investment funds rather than investing directly in shares, bonds or other securities. This type of investing is often referred to as multi-manager investment. A fund of funds allows investors to achieve a broad diversification and an appropriate asset allocation with investments in a variety of fund categories that are all wrapped up into one fund. 15. EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS

FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA

The capital market is affected by a range of factors . Some of the factors which influence capital market are as follows:1)EnvironmentalFactors:Environmental Factor in Indias context primarily means- Monsoon . In India around 60 % of agricultural production is dependent on monsoon. Thus there is heavy dependence on monsoon. The major chunk of agricultural production comes from the states of Punjab , Haryana & Uttar Pradesh.

Thus deficient or delayed monsoon in this part of the country would directly affect the agricultural output in the country. Apart from monsoon other natural calamities like Floods, tsunami, drought,

earthquake, etc. also have an impact on the capital market of a country. 2)Performance of domestic companies:The performance of the companies or rather corporate earnings is one of the factors which has direct impact or effect on capital market in a country. Weak corporate earnings indicate that the demand for goods and services in the economy is less per capita income of people due to slow growth in

. Because of slow growth in demand there is slow growth in

employment which means slow growth in demand in the near future. Thus weak corporate earnings indicate average or not so good prospects for the economy as a whole in the near term. In such a scenario the investors ( both domestic as well as foreign ) would be wary to invest in the capital market and thus there is bear market like situation. The opposite case of it would be robust corporate earnings and its positive impact on the capital market. The corporate earnings for the April June quarter for the current fiscal has been good. The companies like TCS, Infosys,Maruti Suzuki, Bharti Airtel, ACC, ITC, Wipro,HDFC,Binani cement, IDEA, Marico Canara Bank, Piramal Health, India cements , Ultra Tech, L&T, Coca- Cola, Yes Bank, Dr. Reddys Laboratories, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Ranbaxy, Fortis, Shree Cement ,etc have registered growth in net profit compared to the corresponding quarter a year ago. Thus we see companies from Infrastructure sector, Financial Services, Pharmaceutical sector, IT Sector, Automobile sector, etc. doing well . This across the sector growth indicates that the Indian economy is on the path of recovery which has been positively reflected in the stock market( rise in sensex & nifty) in the last two weeks. (July 13-July 24).

The Indian Met Department (IMD) on 24th

June stated that India would receive only 93 %

rainfall of Long Period Average (LPA). This piece of news directly had an impact on Indian capital market with BSE Sensex falling by 0.5 % on the 25th June . The major losers were automakers and consumer goods firms since the below normal monsoon concerns that demand in the crucial rural heartland would forecast triggered

take a hit. This is because a for everything from

deficient monsoon could seriously squeeze rural incomes, reduce the demand motorbikes to soaps and worsen a slowing economy. . 3)GlobalCues:-

In this world of globalization various economies are interdependent and interconnected. event in one part of the world is bound to affect other parts of the world , however the magnitude and intensity of impact would vary.

An

Thus capital market in India is also affected by developments in other parts of the world i.e. U.S. , Europe, Japan , etc. Global cues includes corporate earnings of MNCs, consumer confidence index in developed countries, jobless claims in developed countries, global growth outlook given by various

4)MacroEconomicNumbers :The macro economic numbers also influence the capital market. It includes Index of Industrial

Production (IIP) which is released every month, annual Inflation number indicated by Wholesale Price Index (WPI) which is released every week, Export Import numbers which are declared every month, Core Industries growth rate ( It includes Six Core infrastructure industries Coal, Crude oil, refining, power, cement and finished steel) which comes out every month, etc. This macro economic indicators indicate the state of the economy and the direction in which the economy is headed and therefore impacts the capital market in India.

A case in the point was declaration of core industries growth figure. The six Core Infrastructure Industries Coal, Crude oil, refining, finished steel, power & cement grew 6.5% in June , the figure came on the 23 rd of July and had a positive impact on the capital market with the Sensex and nifty rising by 388 points & 125 points respectively

agencies like IMF, economic growth of major economies, price of crude oil, credit rating of various economies given by Moodys, S & P, etc. An obvious example at this point in time would be that of subprime crisis & recession. Recession started in U.S. and some parts of the Europe in early 2008 .Since then it has impacted all the countries of the world- developed, developing, less- developed and even emerging economies.

5)Growth prospectus of an economy:When the national income of the country increases and per capita income of people increases it

is said that the economy is growing. Higher income also means higher expenditure and higher savings. This augurs well for the economy as higher expenditure means higher demand and higher savings means higher investment. Thus when an economy is growing at a good pace capital market of the country attracts more money from investors, both from within and outside the country and vice -versa. So we can say that growth prospects of an economy do have an impact on capital markets.

6)InvestorSentimentandriskappetite:Another factor which influences capital market is investor sentiment and their risk appetite

.Even if the investors have the money to invest but if they are not confident about the returns from their investment , they may stay away from investment for some time.At the same time if the investors have low risk appetite , which they were having in global and Indian capital market some four to five months back due to global financial meltdown and recessionary situation in U.S. & some parts of Europe , they may stay away from investment and wait for the right time to come.

7)Political stability and government policies:For any economy to achieve and sustain growth it has to have political stability and pro- growth government policies. This is because when there is political stability there is stability and consistency in governments attitude which is communicated through various government policies. The viceversa is the case when there is no political stability .So capital market also reacts to the nature of government, attitude of government, and various policies of the government. The above statement can be substantiated by the fact the when the mandate came in UPA

governments favor ( Without the baggage of left party) on May 16 2009, the stock markets on Monday , 18th May had a bullish rally with Sensex closing 800 point higher over the previous days close. The reason was political stability. Also without the baggage of left party government can go ahead with reforms.

INDIAN STOCK MARKET AN OVERVIEW

Evolution Indian Stock Markets are one of the oldest in Asia. Its history dates back to nearly 200 years ago. The earliest records of security dealings in India are meagre and obscure. The East India Company was the dominant institution in those days and business in its loan securities used to be transacted towards the close of the eighteenth century. By 1830's business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses took place in Bombay. Though the trading list was broader in 1839, there were only half a dozen brokers recognized by banks and merchants during 1840 and 1850. The 1850's witnessed a rapid development of commercial enterprise and brokerage business attracted many men into the field and by 1860 the number of brokers increased into 60. In 1860-61 the American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from United States of Europe was stopped; thus, the 'Share Mania' in India begun. The number of brokers increased to about 200 to 250. However, at the end of the American Civil War, in 1865, a disastrous slump began (for example, Bank of Bombay Share which had touched Rs 2850 could only be sold at Rs. 87). At the end of the American Civil War, the brokers who thrived out of Civil War in 1874, found a place in a street (now appropriately called as Dalal Street) where they would conveniently assemble and transact business. In 1887, they formally established in Bombay, the "Native Share and Stock Brokers' Association" (which is alternatively known as " The Stock Exchange "). In 1895, the Stock Exchange acquired a premise in the same street and it was inaugurated in 1899. Thus, the Stock Exchange at Bombay was consolidated. Other leading cities in stock market operations Ahmedabad gained importance next to Bombay with respect to cotton textile industry. After 1880, many mills originated from Ahmedabad and rapidly forged ahead. As new mills were

floated, the need for a Stock Exchange at Ahmedabad was realized and in 1894 the brokers formed "The Ahmedabad Share and Stock Brokers' Association". What the cotton textile industry was to Bombay and Ahmedabad, the jute industry was to Calcutta. Also tea and coal industries were the other major industrial groups in Calcutta. After the Share Mania in 1861-65, in the 1870's there was a sharp boom in jute shares, which was followed by a boom in tea shares in the 1880's and 1890's; and a coal boom between 1904 and 1908. On June 1908, some leading brokers formed "The Calcutta Stock Exchange Association". In the beginning of the twentieth century, the industrial revolution was on the way in India with the Swadeshi Movement; and with the inauguration of the Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited in 1907, an important stage in industrial advancement under Indian enterprise was reached. Indian cotton and jute textiles, steel, sugar, paper and flour mills and all companies generally enjoyed phenomenal prosperity, due to the First World War. In 1920, the then demure city of Madras had the maiden thrill of a stock exchange functioning in its midst, under the name and style of "The Madras Stock Exchange" with 100 members. However, when boom faded, the number of members stood reduced from 100 to 3, by 1923, and so it went out of existence. In 1935, the stock market activity improved, especially in South India where there was a rapid increase in the number of textile mills and many plantation companies were floated. In 1937, a stock exchange was once again organized in Madras - Madras Stock Exchange Association (Pvt) Limited. (In 1957 the name was changed to Madras Stock Exchange Limited). Lahore Stock Exchange was formed in 1934 and it had a brief life. It was merged with the Punjab Stock Exchange Limited, which was incorporated in 1936. Indian Stock Exchanges - An Umbrella Growth The Second World War broke out in 1939. It gave a sharp boom which was followed by a slump. But, in 1943, the situation changed radically, when India was fully mobilized as a supply base.

On account of the restrictive controls on cotton, bullion, seeds and other commodities, those dealing in them found in the stock market as the only outlet for their activities. They were anxious to join the trade and their number was swelled by numerous others. Many new associations were constituted for the purpose and Stock Exchanges in all parts of the country were floated. The Uttar Pradesh Stock Exchange Limited (1940), Nagpur Stock Exchange Limited (1940) and Hyderabad Stock Exchange Limited (1944) were incorporated. In Delhi two stock exchanges - Delhi Stock and Share Brokers' Association Limited and the Delhi Stocks and Shares Exchange Limited - were floated and later in June 1947, amalgamated into the Delhi Stock Exchange Association Limited. Post-independence Scenario Most of the exchanges suffered almost a total eclipse during depression. Lahore Exchange was closed during partition of the country and later migrated to Delhi and merged with Delhi Stock Exchange. Bangalore Stock Exchange Limited was registered in 1957 and recognized in 1963. Most of the other exchanges languished till 1957 when they applied to the Central Government for recognition under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. Only Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Ahmedabad, Delhi, Hyderabad and Indore, the well-established exchanges, were recognized under the Act. Some of the members of the other Associations were required to be admitted by the recognized stock exchanges on a concessional basis, but acting on the principle of unitary control, all these pseudo stock exchanges were refused recognition by the Government of India and they thereupon ceased to function. Thus, during early sixties there were eight recognized stock exchanges in India (mentioned above). The number virtually remained unchanged, for nearly two decades. During eighties, however, many stock exchanges were established: Cochin Stock Exchange (1980), Uttar Pradesh Stock Exchange Association Limited (at Kanpur, 1982), and Pune Stock Exchange Limited

(1982), Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association Limited (1983), Gauhati Stock Exchange Limited (1984), Kanara Stock Exchange Limited (at Mangalore, 1985), Magadh Stock Exchange Association (at Patna, 1986), Jaipur Stock Exchange Limited (1989), Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange Association Limited (1989), Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange Limited (at Rajkot, 1989), Vadodara Stock Exchange Limited (at Baroda, 1990) and recently established exchanges Coimbatore and Meerut. Thus, at present, there are totally twenty one recognized stock exchanges in India excluding the Over The Counter Exchange of India Limited (OTCEI) and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSEIL). The Table given below portrays the overall growth pattern of Indian stock markets since independence. It is quite evident from the Table that Indian stock markets have not only grown just in number of exchanges, but also in number of listed companies and in capital of listed companies. The remarkable growth after 1985 can be clearly seen from the Table, and this was due to the favoring government policies towards security market industry.

Growth Pattern of the Indian Stock Market Sl.No. As on 31st December No. of Stock Exchanges No. of Listed Cos. No. of Stock Issues of Listed Cos. 4 Capital of Listed Cos. (Cr. Rs.) Market value of Capital of Listed Cos. (Cr. Rs.) Capital per 6 Listed Cos. (4/2) (Lakh Rs.) Market Value of 7 Capital per Listed Cos. (Lakh Rs.) (5/2) Appreciated value of Capital per Listed Cos. (Lak Rs.) Trading Pattern of the Indian Stock Market 358 170 148 126 170 260 344 803 86 107 167 211 298 582 1770 5564 24 63 113 168 175 224 514 693 971 1292 2675 3273 6750 25302 110279 478121 270 753 1812 2614 3973 9723 32041 59583 1506 2111 2838 3230 3697 6174 8967 11784 1125 1203 1599 1552 2265 4344 6229 8593 1946 1961 1971 1975 1980 1985 1991 1995

14

20

22

Trading in Indian stock exchanges are limited to listed securities of public limited companies. They are broadly divided into two categories, namely, specified securities (forward list) and non- specified securities (cash list). Equity shares of dividend paying, growth-oriented companies with a paid-up capital of at least Rs.50 million and a market capitalization of at least Rs.100 million and having more than 20,000 shareholders are, normally, put in the specified group and the balance in nonspecified group. Two types of transactions can be carried out on the Indian stock exchanges: (a) spot delivery transactions "for delivery and payment within the time or on the date stipulated when entering into the contract which shall not be more than 14 days following the date of the contract" : and (b) forward transactions "delivery and payment can be extended by further period of 14 days each so that the overall period does not exceed 90 days from the date of the contract". The latter is permitted only in the case of specified shares. The brokers who carry over the outstanding pay carry over charges (cantango or backwardation) which are usually determined by the rates of interest prevailing. A member broker in an Indian stock exchange can act as an agent, buy and sell securities for his clients on a commission basis and also can act as a trader or dealer as a principal, buy and sell securities on his own account and risk, in contrast with the practice prevailing on New York and London Stock Exchanges, where a member can act as a jobber or a broker only. The nature of trading on Indian Stock Exchanges are that of age old conventional style of faceto-face trading with bids and offers being made by open outcry. However, there is a great amount of effort to modernize the Indian stock exchanges in the very recent times. Over The Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) The traditional trading mechanism prevailed in the Indian stock markets gave way to many functional inefficiencies, such as, absence of liquidity, lack of transparency, unduly long settlement periods and benami transactions, which affected the small investors to a great extent. To provide improved services to investors, the country's first ringless, scripless, electronic stock exchange - OTCEI - was created in 1992 by country's premier financial institutions - Unit Trust of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation

of India, SBI Capital Markets, Industrial Finance Corporation of India, General Insurance Corporation and its subsidiaries and CanBank Financial Services. Trading at OTCEI is done over the centers spread across the country. Securities traded on the OTCEI are classified into: Listed Securities - The shares and debentures of the companies listed on the OTC can be bought or sold at any OTC counter all over the country and they should not be listed anywhere else Permitted Securities - Certain shares and debentures listed on other exchanges and units of mutual funds are allowed to be traded Initiated debentures - Any equity holding at least one lakh debentures of a particular scrip can offer them for trading on the OTC. OTC has a unique feature of trading compared to other traditional exchanges. That is, certificates of listed securities and initiated debentures are not traded at OTC. The original certificate will be safely with the custodian. But, a counter receipt is generated out at the counter which substitutes the share certificate and is used for all transactions. In the case of permitted securities, the system is similar to a traditional stock exchange. The difference is that the delivery and payment procedure will be completed within 14 days. Compared to the traditional Exchanges, OTC Exchange network has the following advantages: OTCEI has widely dispersed trading mechanism across the country which provides greater liquidity and lesser risk of intermediary charges. Greater transparency and accuracy of prices is obtained due to the screen-based scripless trading. Since the exact price of the transaction is shown on the computer screen, the investor gets to know the exact price at which s/he is trading.

Faster settlement and transfer process compared to other exchanges. In the case of an OTC issue (new issue), the allotment procedure is completed in a month and trading commences after a month of the issue closure, whereas it takes a longer period for the same with respect to other exchanges. Thus, with the superior trading mechanism coupled with information transparency investors are gradually becoming aware of the manifold advantages of the OTCEI. National Stock Exchange (NSE) With the liberalization of the Indian economy, it was found inevitable to lift the Indian stock market trading system on par with the international standards. On the basis of the recommendations of high powered Pherwani Committee, the National Stock Exchange was incorporated in 1992 by Industrial Development Bank of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, Industrial Finance Corporation of India, all Insurance Corporations, selected commercial banks and others. Trading at NSE can be classified under two broad categories: (a) Wholesale debt market and

(b) Capital market. Wholesale debt market operations are similar to money market operations - institutions and corporate bodies enter into high value transactions in financial instruments such as government securities, treasury bills, public sector unit bonds, commercial paper, certificate of deposit, etc.

There are two kinds of players in NSE: (a) trading members and

(b) participants. Recognized members of NSE are called trading members who trade on behalf of themselves and their clients. Participants include trading members and large players like banks who take direct settlement responsibility. Trading at NSE takes place through a fully automated screen-based trading mechanism which adopts the principle of an order-driven market. Trading members can stay at their offices and execute the trading, since they are linked through a communication network. The prices at which the buyer and seller are willing to transact will appear on the screen. When the prices match the transaction will be completed and a confirmation slip will be printed at the office of the trading member. NSE has several advantages over the traditional trading exchanges. They are as follows: NSE brings an integrated stock market trading network across the nation.

Investors can trade at the same price from anywhere in the country since inter-market operations are streamlined coupled with the countrywide access to the securities. Delays in communication, late payments and the malpractices prevailing in the traditional trading mechanism can be done away with greater operational efficiency and informational transparency in the stock market operations, with the support of total computerized network. Unless stock markets provide professionalized service, small investors and foreign investors will not be interested in capital market operations. And capital market being one of the major source of long-term finance for industrial projects, India cannot afford to damage the capital market path. In this regard NSE gains vital importance in the Indian capital market system.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
NEWS PAPERS OUTLOOK MONEY TELEVISION CHANNEL (CNBC AAWAJ) MUTUAL FUND HAND BOOK

FACT SHEET AND STATEMENT WWW.SBIMF.COM

WWW.MONEYCONTROL.COM WWW.AMFIINDIA.COM WWW.ONLINERESEARCHONLINE.COM

..