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GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES-THE FUTURE ENERGY

PRESENTED BY

P.VENKATAKUMAR CH.VENKATESH
III/IV EEE III/IVEEE
Email:pvk_eee254@yahoo.com Email:venki_chunduri@yahoo.com

Cell#9963851850 cell#9849456549

ST.ANN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

CHIRALA
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ABSTRACT:

Geothermal energy is a powerful energy source, right under our feet.

The internal heat which drives this form of electrical energy production is derived from the upper
mantle of the earth

. Electrical energy production by the use of steam turning a turbine is common, but the use of
earth’s internal heat is what makes this form of energy production possible.

To do this, a large power plant has to be used.

We can generate geothermal energy by drilling deep holes into the earths crust, pumping cold water
through one end, and then by the time it rises back to the surface, the water can be hundreds of
degrees Celsius, which we then use as steam to drive a turbine which drives a generator, creating
power.

Geothermal energy is one of the best natural energies around.

.
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HOT SPOTS:

INTRODUCTION:

Indian geothermal provinces have

the capacity to produce 10,600 MW of
power- a figure which is five time
greater than the combined power being
produced from non-conventional energy
sources such as wind, solar and biomass.
But yet geothermal power projects have
not seen the sunlight due the availability
of 192 billion tones of recoverable coal
reserves They are often described as
clean and green forms of energy because
of their minimal environmental impact
compared to fossil fuels. Examples are
the use of sunshine, wind, flowing water,
biological- and geothermal processes.
Because its source is the almost
unlimited amount of heat generated by
the Earth's core. Even in geothermal
areas dependent on a reservoir of hot
water, the volume taken out can be
reinjected, making it a sustainable
energy source.
Indian has 400 medium to high enthalpy
geothermal springs, clustered in seven province
shown in Figure 1. The most promising
provinces are i) The Himalaya, ii) Sohana,
iii) Cambay, iv) Son-Narmada-Tapi
(SONATA) and v) the Godavari. With the
recent volcanic eruption, the Barren Island, a part
of the Andaman-Nicobar chain of islands, is
added to the above list. Total power generating
capacity of these provinces is estimated to be of
the order of 10,000 MW. The chart below
summarizes the temperatures, heat flow values
and geothermal gradients of the geo thermal
provinces of India
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HOW DOES GEOTHERMAL the fluid (whether steam or water) and its
ENERGY COME TO THE temperatur
SURFACE? e.

• Flow of magma up into

volcanoes, which discharge it as Steam
lava plants
• Flow of underground water, or :
steam, naturally heated deep in
the Earth They
• Flow of water, or steam, injected use Pacific Gas & Electric
and retrieved by human effort very
hot (more than 300° F) steam and hot
NEW INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES water resources. The steam either comes
FOR FINDING "HIDDEN" directly from the resource, or the very
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS: hot, high-pressure water is depressurized
("flashed") to produce steam. The only
Geothermal Exploration and Drilling significant emission from these plants is
can be done using these techniques: steam (water vapor). Minute amounts of
carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and sulfur
Ø Reconnaissance for Hidden are emitted, but almost 50 times less
Resources than at traditional, fossil-fuel power
Ø Basin and Range Exploration plants.
Ø Innovative Geothermal Exploration
Techniques
Ø 3-D Magnetotelluric Modeling
Ø Geothermal Resource Exploration
and Definition Solicitation
Ø High-Temperature Instrumentation
Ø Well bore Integrity and Lost
Circulation
Ø Hard-Rock Drill Bit Technology
Ø Cost Database and Simulators
Ø Diagnostics-while-Drilling (DWD)
Ø Acid-Resistant Cements
Ø Cement Structural Response
Analysis

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS:

Geothermal power plant technologies

being used to convert hydrothermal fluids to
electricity. The conversion technologies are
dry steam, flash, and binary cycle. The type
of conversion used depends on the state of
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Binary plants :
They use lower-temperature, but
much more common, hot water
resources (100° F – 300° F). The hot
water is passed through a heat exchanger
in conjunction with a secondary (hence,
"binary plant") fluid with a lower boiling
point usually a hydrocarbon such as
isobutane or isopentane. The secondary
fluid vaporizes, which turns the turbines,
which drive the generators. The
remaining secondary fluid is simply
recycled through the heat exchanger.
The geothermal fluid is condensed and
returned to the reservoir. Because binary
plants use a self-contained cycle,
nothing is emitted. Energy produced by
binary plants currently costs about 5 to 8
cents per kWh. Because these lower-
temperature reservoirs are far more
common, binary plants are the more
prevalentamounts of gases.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
GEOTHEMAL ENERGY :
In 1997, 'Kyoto protocol'
says that industrialized countries will
reduce emission of Green House Gases
(GHGs) by at least 5% compared to
1990 levels by the period extending from
2008 to 2012. Consequence to the Kyoto
protocol, all the industrial countries are
encouraging development of new
renewable energy technologies.
Geothermal energy is gaining
importance as alternate source of energy.
Geothermal energy based power
production over the world has gone up
from 5800 MW to 8400 MW from 1998
to 1999. Thus all the countries, except
India, have started using geothermal
energy to generate power and support a
variety of industries. Nearly 70% of
India's power production is based on
coal due to the availability of huge coal
reserves in the country. Excessive use of
this source, without the use of strategies
to mitigate its effects, will have
deteriorating effect on the quality of
human life. In another decade, according
to the World Bank, emission of CO2,
SO2 and Nx will exceed 1500 million
tones, 1900 kilo tones and 1200 kilo
tones respectively. This means CO2
emissions will be 775 million metric
tones per year as compared to 1000
million metric tones per year produced
in the entire European Union! This may
lead to severe droughts, especially in
developing countries like India, and
reduce supplies of clean, fresh water to
the point where there are major threats to
public health. With global water
resources already under severe strain
from rapid population growth and
expanding economic activity, the danger
is clear.
Though India has been exempted
from signing the Kyoto protocol, in
future it has to be a part of this
convention and reduce emission of CO2-
which means reduction in usage of coal
and other fossil fuels.
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This is the time for India to launch
its geothermal energy resources
programme in a big way to implement
clean development mechanism (CDM).
The country has enormous resources,
which are lying untapped. World
funding organizations and developed
countries, which are using extensively
geothermal energy, are keen to promote
this energy sources to reduce GHGs by
India.
WHY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
There is no doubt that the cost of
electricity produced from coal is far less
expensive compared with other fuels.
The present day cost of one unit of
power is less than a rupee in the case of
coal based power while liquid fuel based
power costs about Rs. 2 per unit and
hydro power costs about Rs. 1.50. But
the expenditure spent to meet the
consequences (like disposal of fly ash;
treating the coal with high ash content
etc) is high which automatically
increases one rupee a unit to several
rupees. Now a time has come to look
into those alternate energy sources
which were not viable a decade ago due
to non availability of technical know-
how. At present 1.5 percent of total
power generation capacity comes from
non-conventional energy sources like
wind, solar and bio-mass. In the next
fifteen years, according to the World
Bank report, this energy supply could
increase by seven times and above from
non-conventional energy sources
Systems for use of geothermal
energy have proven to be extremely
reliable and flexible. Geothermal plants
are modular and can be transported
conveniently to any site. Both baseline
and peaking power can be generated.
Construction time can be as little as 6
months for plants in the range 0.5 to 10
MW and as little as 2 years for clusters
of plants totaling 250 MW or more. One
such binary power plant in operation at
Wineagel Developers geothermal site in
California, USA, generating 750 kW is
shown in figure 2. This plant consists of
two binary units with a gross efficiency
of 8.5% and a capacity factor of 109%.
Several such plants exists in China
across Indian's border. The Yangbajain
Geothermal Power Station in Tibet has
an installed generating capacity of 25
MW ranking 10th in the world
WHY INDIA IS NOT ABLE TO
CASH AND BE THE WORLD BEST
PROCESSED FOOD EXPORTERS?
One of the India’s proudest
accomplishment has been achieving self
sufficiency in food production and that
the country’s produces a wide variety of
agricultural products at prices that are
below world’s values in most cases India
is one of the world’s major food
producers but accounts for less than
1.5percent of international food trade .
There is large scope for us companies to
invest in food processing and packaging
sector which is growing annually at 15
to 20%. If such is the situation then
REASONS :
The problem lies in inadequate
infrastructure like cold storage,
dehydration facility etc. About 75-80
percent of vegetables and fruits in India
perish due to high water content. This
industry requires about US$6 billion in
investment in the next five years to
create necessary infrastructure, expand
production and storage facilities using
state-of-art technology to match
international standards. Because of lack
of such facilities products worth US$2.5
billion is wasted yearly out of which the
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farm products accounts for US$ 1.5 ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL

billion. ENERGY:
Using conventional energy to
minimize wastage is expensive today Unlike other power plants that
and is going be the same or more rely on coal or other fossile fuels to
expensive in future with ever increasing create electricity for homes and
cost of conventional fuels.The cost of business geothermal resources to
conventional fuel makes the finished generate electricity. The natural heat
product very expensive. To compete of the earth creates geothermal
with international market and to promote resources .This heat comes from
the product in the local market, the molten rock called magma located at
amount spent in such process should be earth’s core deep below the
minimum. This can be accomplished by geothermal resources. This heat
using the country’s available geothermal comes from molten rock called
energy resources. To give an example, magma located at earth’s core deep
the table below gives a comparative below the geothermal Resource.
statement of cost involved in
dehydrating fruits using conventional
energy and geothermal energy. Over thousands of years rain water seeps
through cracks in the earth’s surface and
CONVENTION
PRODUCT TIME(Hr) GEOTHERMAL
collects in AL
underwater reservoir heated
PINEAPPL fluid . to reach the superheated fluid
E
18 90 4950to 10000 feet
wells are drilled 5000
APPLE (Slices) 16 810 below the surface 4500
of the earth .these
wells, called production wells brings the
APPLE (CUBES) 16 810 4500
superheated fluid to the earth’s surface
where it can be used to generate
BANANA 1 24 1350 5625
electricity for homes and business
7
Courtesy: M/s Eco-Fruit Agro
Industry, Gautimala, Central America:
Cost in Rs.
Most food-processing and
greenhouse operators over the world
estimate that using geothermal resources
instead of conventional energy sources
saves about 80% of fuel costs – about
5% to 8% of total operating costs.
Worldwide, the installed capacity of
direct geothermal utilization is about
9000 MW and the energy used is about FLASHES WATER TO STEAM:
31,200 GWh/yr distributed among 38 This geothermal power plant
countries . uses crystallizer reactor clarifier
technology, a process that turns the
THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN geothermal superheated fluid into steam
CONVERTING GEOTHERMAL while remaining solids from it . the
steam while removing solids from it . the
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steam is used to drive a turbine and
generator electricity. All remaining
geothermal fluids are injected back into
the reservoir for reuse under its own
pressure, superheated fluid from the
geothermal resource flows naturally to
the surface through production wells. as
the liquid flows towards the surface the
pressure decreases causing a small
portion of fluid still within the well to
separate or “flash” into steam . at the
surface the superheated fluid and steam
mixture flows through surface pipe lines
and into a well head separator. Inside the
separator the pressure of the superheated
fluid is reduce. this causes a large
amount of the superheated fluid to
rapidly vapourise and flash into high
pressure steam . the geothermal fluid
that is not flashed into steam in the well
head separator flows to a second vessel
called a standard-pressure crystallizer
where additional amount of standard
pressure steam is produced . the flash
process continues in the low pressure
TURBINES AND GENERATORS:
Turbines are the primary piece of
equipment used to transform geothermal
energy into mechanical energy.
Pressurised steam created from the
geothermal superheated fluid flows
through pipe lines to large steam turbine.
The force and energy in the steam is
used to spin the turbine blades. The
turbines turn a shaft directly connected
to an electrical generator. An electrical
charge is created when magnets rotate
within the generator. Large copper bars
carry the electrical charge to a step up
transformer outside the plant. Within the
transformer the voltage is increased
before the power is sent to the power
lines that carry it to homes and business.
SUSTAINING RESOURCES:
Geothermal energy is
sustainable resource because with proper
management a geothermal resource can
remain a renewable source of energy.
Water trapped deep within the earth will
naturally replace the superheated fluid
that is drawn from the geothermal
resource through surface wells. However
it is possible to deplete the geothermal
resource by removing fluid faster than it
can be naturally replaced. To help
prevent this steam used in the
geothermal power plant passes through a
condenser that turns it back into fluid. At
this stage it is possible to recover
minerals from the geothermal fluid
before it is injected back into the earth.
This condensed fluid along with the fluid
that did not flash to steam is injected
back into the underground reservoir.
Magma naturally reheats the fluid so it
can be reused again.
The system works by capturing
steam from wells and converting that
power into energy. It has the advantage
of delivering energy 24 hours a day, not
intermittently. This technology injects
all the geothermal liquid back into the
ground. That means there are no
emissions, and geothermal wells are not
depleted. In most other plants,
geothermal steam is just released into the
atmosphere, eventually depleting the
steam available to the power plant. With
this method, that steam is put back into
the ground, so the water can be reheated
and re-released, sustaining the
geothermal plants. This method uses air
cooling instead of water cooling,
allowing its system to be used in places
with water shortages.
ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY:
1 So the first advantage of using
a geothermal heat to power a power
station is that, unlike most power
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stations, a geothermal system does not
create any pollution. It may once in a
while release some gases from deep
down inside the earth, that may be
slightly harmful, but these can be
contained quite easily.
2 The cost of the land to build a
geothermal power plant on, is usually
less expensive than if you were planning
to construct an; oil, gas, coal, or nuclear
power plant. The main reason for this is
land space, as geothermal plants take up
very little room, so you don't need to
purchase a larger area of land. Another
factor that comes into this is that because
geothermal energy is very clean ,you
may receive tax cuts, and/or no
environmental bills or quotas to comply
with the countries carbon emission
scheme (if they have one
We can use it repeatedly without
depleting it.
No contribution to global warming,
No polluting emissions
Low cost applications when
counting all costs
Saving on health and its costs
DISADVANTAGES:
It can only be used in some areas around
the world, where the crust is thin and hot
rocks are near the surface. Sometimes
the hot water that is pumped to the
surface contains pollutants such as
sulphur.
THE FUTURE FOR GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY :
The outlook for geothermal energy
use depends on at least three factors: the
demand for energy in general; the
inventory of available geothermal
resources; and the competitive position
of geothermal among other energy
sources.
The Demand for energy will continue
to grow. Economies are expanding,
populations are increasing (over 2 billion
people still do not have electricity), and
energy-intensive technologies are
spreading. All mean greater demand for
energy. At the same time, there is
growing global recognition of the
environmental impacts of energy
production and use from fossil fuel and
nuclear resources
The Inventory of accessible
geothermal energy is sizable. And with
more exploration, the inventory can
become larger. The entire world resource
base of geothermal energy has been
calculated in government surveys to be
larger than the resource bases of coal,
oil, gas and uranium combined. The
geothermal resource base becomes more
available as methods and technologies
for accessing it are improved through
research and experience.
Thus the geothermal energy is the best
renewable source of energy.
REFERENCES:
www.indiacore.com
www1.eere.energyhttp://www.sustaina
bleenergy.qld.edu.au/sources/geo.htm
l
http://geothermal.marin.org/
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/ren
ew/geo.htm
Geothermal energy - Energy from the
earth's core
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfa
cts/sources/renewable/geothermal.ht
ml
The energy story - geothermal energy
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/
chapter11.html
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http://www.scienceonline.co.uk/energ
y/renewable-energy.html#geothermal