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What is Piping?
Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids either a liquids or gas from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid. Industrial process piping and accompanying in-line components, can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of piping design or engineering. Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process. Piping is sometimes refers to as Piping Design, the detailed specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. . Piping is often used to describe high-performance (e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature, hazardous materials) conveyance of fluids in specialized applications. The term tubing is sometimes used for lighter-weight piping, especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled form.
Types of Materials: The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe, materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include: Carbon Steel (CS) Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS) Stainless Steel (SS) Non Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoloy, Cupro-nickel, etc.) Non Metallic (GRE, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc.)
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Pipe Sizing
Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers: a nominal pipe size (NPS) for diameter based on inches, and a schedule (Sched. or Sch.) for wall thickness.
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)]
Page 2
SCH 5
SCH 10s/10
SCH 30
SCH 120
SCH 160
XXS
0.405 (10.29)
0.035 (0.889)
0.049 (1.245)
0.057 (1.448)
0.068 (1.727)
0.095 (2.413)
0.540 (13.72)
0.049 (1.245)
0.065 (1.651)
0.073 (1.854)
0.088 (2.235)
0.119 (3.023)
10
0.675 (17.15)
0.049 (1.245)
0.065 (1.651)
0.073 (1.854)
0.091 (2.311)
0.126 (3.200)
15
0.840 (21.34)
0.065 (1.651)
0.083 (2.108)
0.095 (2.413)
0.109 (2.769)
0.147 (3.734)
0.188 (4.775)
0.294 (7.468)
20
1.050 (26.67)
0.065 (1.651)
0.083 (2.108)
0.095 (2.413)
0.113 (2.870)
0.154 (3.912)
0.219 (5.563)
0.308 (7.823)
25
1.315 (33.40)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.114 (2.896)
0.133 (3.378)
0.179 (4.547)
0.250 (6.350)
0.358 (9.093)
32
1.660 (42.16)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.117 (2.972)
0.140 (3.556)
0.191 (4.851)
0.250 (6.350)
0.382 (9.703)
40
1.900 (48.26)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.125 (3.175)
0.145 (3.683)
0.200 (5.080)
0.281 (7.137)
0.400 (10.160)
50
2.375 (60.33)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.125 (3.175)
0.154 (3.912)
0.218 (5.537)
0.250 (6.350)
0.343 (8.712)
0.436 (11.074)
65
2.875
0.083
0.120
0.188
0.203
0.276
0.300
0.375
0.552
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80
3.500 (88.90)
0.083 (2.108)
0.120 (3.048)
0.188 (4.775)
0.216 (5.486)
0.300 (7.620)
0.350 (8.890)
0.438 (11.125)
0.600 (15.240)
90
4.000 (101.60)
0.083 (2.108)
0.120 (3.048)
0.188 (4.775)
0.226 (5.740)
0.318 (8.077)
0.636 (16.154)
NPS 4 to NPS 9
Wall thickness [in (mm)] NPS
[5]
D N
[2]
OD [in (mm)]
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
XXS
[5]
0.188 0.237 0.281 0.337 0.437 (4.77 (6.02 (7.137 (8.560 (11.10 5) 0) ) ) 0)
5.000 11 (127.0 5 0)
0.247 (6.27 4)
0.355 (9.017 )
0.710 (18.03 4)
0.258 (6.55 3)
0.375 (9.525 )
0.500 (12.70 0)
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[5]
7.625 (193.6 8)
0.301 (7.64 5)
0.500 (12.70 0)
0.875 (22.22 5)
8.625 0.109 0.148 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.406 0.500 0.593 0.718 0.812 0.906 0.875 20 (219.0 (2.76 (3.75 (6.35 (7.03 (8.17 (10.31 (12.70 (15.06 (18.23 (20.62 (23.01 (22.22 0 8) 9) 9) 0) 6) 9) 2) 0) 2) 7) 5) 2) 5)
[5]
9.625 (244.4 8)
0.342 (8.68 7)
0.500 (12.70 0)
NPS 10 to NPS 24
Wall thickness [in (mm)] NPS
[5]
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)] SCH 5s SCH 5 SCH 10s SCH 10 SCH 20 SCH 30 SCH 40s/STD
10
250
10.75 (273.05)
0.134 (3.404)
0.134 (3.404)
0.165 (4.191)
0.165 (4.191)
0.250 (6.350)
0.307 (7.798)
0.365 (9.271)
12
300
12.75 (323.85)
0.156 (3.962)
0.165 (4.191)
0.180 (4.572)
0.180 (4.572)
0.250 (6.350)
0.330 (8.382)
0.375 (9.525)
14
350
14.00 (355.60)
0.156 (3.962)
0.156 (3.962)
0.188 (4.775)
0.250 (6.350)
0.312 (7.925)
0.375 (9.525)
0.375 (9.525)
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16
400
18
450
18.00 (457.20)
0.165 (4.191)
0.165 (4.191)
0.188 (4.775)
0.250 (6.350)
0.312 (7.925)
0.437 (11.100)
0.375 (9.525)
20
500
20.00 (508.00)
0.188 (4.775)
0.188 (4.775)
0.218 (5.537)
0.250 (6.350)
0.375 (9.525)
0.500 (12.700)
0.375 (9.525)
24
600
24.00 (609.60)
0.218 (5.537)
0.218 (5.537)
0.250 (6.350)
0.250 (6.350)
0.375 (9.525)
0.562 (14.275)
0.375 (9.525)
SCH 40
SCH 60
SCH 80s/XS
SCH 80
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
10
0.365 (9.271)
0.500 (12.700)
0.500 (12.700)
0.593 (15.062)
0.718 (18.237)
0.843 (21.412)
1.000 (25.400)
1.125 (28.575)
12
0.406 (10.312)
0.562 (14.275)
0.500 (12.700)
0.687 (17.450)
0.843 (21.412)
1.000 (25.400)
1.125 (28.575)
1.312 (33.325)
14
0.437 (11.100)
0.593 (15.062)
0.500 (12.700)
0.750 (19.050)
0.937 (23.800)
1.093 (27.762)
1.250 (31.750)
1.406 (35.712)
16
0.500 (12.700)
0.656 (16.662)
0.500 (12.700)
0.843 (21.412)
1.031 (26.187)
1.218 (30.937)
1.437 (36.500)
1.593 (40.462)
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18
20
0.593 (15.062)
0.812 (20.625)
0.500 (12.700)
1.031 (26.187)
1.280 (32.512)
1.500 (38.100)
1.750 (44.450)
1.968 (49.987)
24
0.687 (17.450)
0.968 (24.587)
0.500 (12.700)
1.218 (30.937)
1.531 (38.887)
1.812 (46.025)
2.062 (52.375)
2.343 (59.512)
NPS 26 to NPS 36
Wall thickness [in (mm)] NPS
[5]
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)] SCH 5s SCH 10s SCH 10 SCH 20 SCH 30 SCH 40s/STD SCH 40 SCH 80s/XS
26
650
26.000 (660.400)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.375 (9.525)
0.500 (12.700)
28
700
28.000 (711.200)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
30
750
30.000 (762.000)
0.250 (6.350)
0.312 (7.925)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
0.500 (12.700)
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32
800
34
850
34.000 (863.600)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
0.688 (17.475)
36
900
36.000 (914.400)
0.312 (7.925)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
0.750 (19.050)
0.500 (12.700)
NPS
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)]
22
0.375
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The British Standard Pipe thread (BSP thread) is a family of standard screw thread types that has been adopted internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. There are two types Parallel ('straight') threads, British Standard Pipe Parallel thread(BSPP) and Taper threads, British Standard Pipe Taper thread (BSPT), they can be joined by these two different types of joints; Jointing threads and Long screw threads.
Thread majo r Gaug diameter Dash Pitc Threa Thread A/F e threa h d s (mm lengt d (mm size / in ) h size ) (mm) (mm) (in)
Corresponding pipe
0.0625 28
0.90 7.723 7
0.30 4
6.60
6.80
0.125
28
0.90 9.728 7
0.38 15 3
10.2
0.4 2 0
8.60
8.80
0.25
19
13.5
0.5 2.3 3
11.50
11.80
0.375
19
10 17.2
0.6 2.3 8
15.00
15.25
0.5
14
8.2
15 21.3
0.8 2.6 4
18.75
19.00
10
0.625
14
16
2.6
21.00
12
0.75
14
9.5
20 26.9
1.0 2.6 6
24.25
24.50
16
11
2.30
33.249
1.30
43
10.4
25 33.7
1.3
3.2
30.40
30.75
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20
1.25
11
12.7
32 42.4
1.6 3.2 7
39.00
39.50
24
1.5
11
12.7
40 48.3
1.9 3.2 0
45.00
45.00
32
11
15.9
50 60.3
2.3 3.6 7
56.75
57.00
2.5
11
17.5
65 76.1
3.0 3.6 0
11
20.6
80 88.9
3.5 4 0
11
25.5
11
28.6
12 139. 5.5 5 5 7 0
11
28.6
15 165. 6.5 5 0 1 0
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For example pipes need to conform to the dimensional requirements of : ASME B36.10M - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe[1] ASME B31.3 2008 - Process Piping
The B31.3 code has requirements for piping found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals. This code specifies requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code is applicable to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids.
Types of Materials:
The bodies of fittings for pipe and tubing are most often of the same base material as the pipe or tubing being connected, for example, copper, steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). However, any material that is allowed by the plumbing, health, or building code, as applicable may be used, but must be compatible with the other materials in the system, the fluids being transported, and the temperatures and pressures inside and outside of the system. For example, brass- or bronze-bodied fittings are common in otherwise copper piping and plumbing systems. Fire hazards, earthquake resistance, and other factors also influence choice of fitting materials. Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796 Page 15
Non-Metallic Gaskets are used with flat face or raised face flanges. Spiral-Wound Gaskets are used with raised face flanges. They are available with an inner ring and outer ring, which is also known as the cantering ring. Ring Joint Gaskets are used with Ring Type Joint (RTJ) flanges. They are available in octagonal or oval cross sections .A very high surface stress is developed between an RTJ gasket and the flange groove when RTJ is bolted up in a flange.
Elbow
An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90 or 45 angle, though 22.5 elbows are also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.
Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below: Long Radius (LR) Elbows radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter Page 16
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The short radius elbows have a centerto-end distance equal to the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are typically used in pressurized systems. Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern. They are readily available in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for DWV, sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.
Coupling
A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing coupling or reducer, or an adapter. By convention, the term "expander" is not generally used for a coupler that increases pipe size; instead the term "reducer" is used.
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Union
A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While a coupling would require solvent welding, soldering or being able to rotate with all the pipes adjacent as with a threaded coupling, a union provides a simple transition, allowing easy connection or disconnection at any future time. A standard union pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female end, and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time. Pipe unions are essentially a type of flange connector, as discussed further below. In addition to a standard union, there exist dielectric unions which are used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion. When two dissimilar metals are in contact with an electrically conductive solution (even tap water is conductive), they will form a battery and generate a voltage by electrolysis. When the two metals are in direct contact with each other, the electric current from one metal to the other will cause a movement of ions from one to the other, dissolving one metal and depositing it on the other. A dielectric union breaks the electric current path with a plastic liner between two halves of the union, thus limiting galvanic corrosion.
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Reducer
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size. Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used when required to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe level.
Olets
Whenever branch connections are required in size where reducing tees are not available and/or when the branch connections are of smaller size as compared to header size, olets are generally used. The following Olets are used: Flanged Olet Socket-Weld & Threaded Olet Lateral & Elbow Olets Nipple Olet Butt-Weld Olet Swage Nipples
Tee
A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90 to the connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and finishes. They are extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures. They are categorized as: Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796 Page 19
When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used and when the branch size is less than that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes. Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing Tee, Double Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee, Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double Branch Tangential Tee. The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure.
Cross
Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends. Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the center of four connection points. A tee is steadier than a cross, as a tee behaves like a threelegged stool, while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool.
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Plug
A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated to. In a threaded iron pipe plumbing system, plugs have male threads. Some of the popular types of plugs are: Mechanical pipe plug Pneumatic disk pipe plug Single size pneumatic all rubber pipe plug Multi-size pneumatic pipe plug Multi-size flow-through pipe plug High pressure pipe plug
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Valves
Valve is equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry etc.) in its path. Valves are categorized depending on their applications like isolation, throttling and nonreturn. It is installed in the piping system based on its requirement. Various types of valves are available depending upon the type of construction as follows: Gate valve - used for isolation only Plug valve - used for isolation only Globe valve - used for throttling Butterfly valve - used for isolation as well as throttling Check valve - used for preventing reverse flow (non-return) Diaphragm valve - used for isolation as well as throttling Ball valve - used for isolation only
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Hydraulic fittings
Hydraulic systems use extremely high fluid pressures to create useful work, such as in the hydraulic actuators for powered machinery such as bulldozers and backhoes. Therefore, hydraulic fittings are designed and rated for much greater pressures than those experienced in general piping systems, and they are generally not compatible for use in general plumbing. Fittings are designed and constructed to resist leakage and sudden explosive failure. More information on hydraulics and their specialized fittings can be found in the hydraulic machinery article.
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Connection types
Much of the work of installing a piping or plumbing system involves making leak-proof, reliable connections. Depending on the technology used, basic skills may be required or specialized skills and professional licensure may be required. Fastener A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. The following are the type of fasteners commonly used: Stud bolt with nut Machine bolt with nut
Usually the stud bolts are used with full threading and with two heavy hexagonal nuts. Threaded pipe A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connections, where tapered threads (in the US/Canada see National Pipe Thread, in Commonwealth Nations such as the UK, Australia, New Zealand see British standard pipe thread) are cut into the end of the tubing segment, sealant is applied in the form of thread sealing compound or thread seal tape (also known as PTFE or Teflon tape), and it is then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using a pipe wrench. Threaded steel pipe is still widely used in many homes and businesses to convey natural gas or propane fuel, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. Threaded brass pipe was once used in a similar fashion, and was considered superior to steel for carrying drinking water, but is now effectively obsolete. Assembling threaded steel pipe takes some skill, plus careful planning to allow lengths of pipe to be screwed together in proper sequence. Most threaded pipe systems require occasional use of pipe union fittings to allow final assembly. Brazing Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are joined when a molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn into a capillary gap between them.[5] It is used to join most metals and alloys commonly used in engineering. Brazing filler metals have very high melting points, but always below the melting point of the metals being joined. It is closely related to soldering, but uses harder materials and higher temperatures. Brazing can be used to join pipes, rods, metal pieces or any other shape as long as the pieces fit neatly against each other without leaving large gaps. It is also capable of joining tungsten carbide, ceramics and similar non-metallic materials. Successfully brazed joints are as strong as the parent metal pieces being joined and can withstand demanding service conditions i.e. they are strong and ductile. Well brazed joints have smooth, neat fillets and they offer good electrical conductivity.
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Flange fittings
Flanges are generally used when there is a connection to valves, in-line instruments and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required. Flange fittings generally involve pressing two surfaces to be joined tightly together, by means of threaded bolts, wedges, clamps, or other means of applying high compressive forces. Often, a gasket, packing, or an O-ring is installed between the flanges to prevent leakage, but it is sometimes possible to use only special grease or nothing at all, if the mating surfaces are precisely formed. Flanges are designed to the following pressure ratings: 150 lb, 300 lb, 400 lb, 600 lb, 900 lb,1500 lb and 2500 lb or 10 Bar, 15Bar, 25Bar, 40Bar, 64Bar, 100Bar and 150Bar. Various types of flanges are available depending upon the type of their constructional features. The following are types of flanges generally used in piping. These flanges are available with different facing like raised face, flat face, ring joint face etc. Orifice Threaded Slip-On Blind Weld Neck Socket Lap Joint Reducing
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings http://www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=1268 http://www.taketsuna.co.jp/e_each_page/e_catalog_PDF/e_no.op_piping.pdf http://kolmetz.com/pdf/EDG/ENGINEERING%20DESIGN%20GUIDELINE%20FLUID%20FLOW%20Rev%2006.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size http://www.engineersedge.com/pipe_schedules.htm http://www.sbt.siemens.com/HVP/Components/Documentation/15370186.pdf http://www.google.tt/imgres?q=types+of+flanges&start=45&num=10&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=6 67&tbm=isch&tbnid=w5o5qE9JTBz4ZM:&imgrefurl=http://shuk.com.au/products/flange-insulatingkits/&docid=HKDc7uCTL08OkM&imgurl=http://shuk.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Flangediagram.jpg&w=800&h=335&ei=csdYT5qcIaLW0QGHs4jQDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=919&vpy=368&du r=348&hovh=93&hovw=222&tx=174&ty=53&sig=113479065930919552177&sqi=2&page=3&tbnh=77&t bnw=185&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:45 http://www.prismflow.com/types-of-valves.html http://www.vma.org/?CommonValveTypes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubing_(material)
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