1

Un-Symmetrical Faults
Symmetrical components
The method of symmetrical components is a powerful
technique for analyzing unbalanced three phase systems.
It is a linear transformation that transforms from phase
components to a new set of components called symmetrical
components.
The advantage of this transformation for balanced three phase
networks the equivalent circuit obtained called the sequence
network are separated into three uncoupled networks.
For unbalanced three phase systems, the three sequence
networks are connected only at point of unbalance.
Decoupling a detailed three phase network into three simpler
sequence networks reveals complicated phenomena.
2
Symmetrical components
Assume that a set of three phase voltages designated V
a
, V
b
and V
c
is given.
These phase voltages are resolved into the following three
sets of sequence components:
a) Zero sequence components: consisting of three phasors with
equal magnitudes and zero phase displacement.
b) Positive sequence components: consisting of three phasors
with equal magnitudes and 120 phase displacement and
positive sequence.
c) Negative sequence components: consisting of three phasors
with equal magnitudes and 120 phase displacement and
negative sequence.
Symmetrical components
Zero sequence
components
Positive sequence
components
Negative sequence
components
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Va1
Vb1
Vc1
Vb2
Vc2
Va2
V
a
= V
a1
+ V
a2
+ V
a0
V
b
= V
b1
+ V
b2
+ V
b0
V
c
= V
c1
+ V
c2
+ V
c0
3
Symmetrical components
Zero sequence
components
Positive sequence
components
Negative sequence
components
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Va1
Vb1
Vc1
Vb2
Vc2
Va2
Va
Vb
Vc
Symmetrical components
V
a
= V
a1
+ V
a2
+ V
a0
V
b
= V
b1
+ V
b2
+ V
b0
V
c
= V
c1
+ V
c2
+ V
c0
Let us define the following operator a as follows:
120 1 = a
240 1
2
= a
1
2
1 a b
V a V =
1 1 a c
aV V =
2 2 a b
aV V =
2
2
2 a c
V a V =
0 0 a b
V V =
0 0 a c
V V =
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
a
c
b
a
V
V
V
a a
a a

V
V
V
4
Symmetrical components
(
(
(

=
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a a
a a

A
(
(
(

a a
a a

A
2
2 1
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

c
b
a
a
a
a
V
V
V
a a
a a

V
V
V
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
) (
3
1
0 c b a a
V V V V + + =
) (
3
1
2
1 c b a a
V a aV V V + + =
) (
3
1
2
2 c b a a
aV V a V V + + =
Symmetrical components
) (
3
1
0 c b a a
V V V V + + =
This equation shows that no zero sequence components exists if the sum of
the unbalanced phasors is zero.
Since the sum of the line-line voltage phasors in a three phase system is
always zero (Why?), zero sequence components are never present in the line
voltages regardless of the amount of unbalance.
However, the sum of the three line-neutral voltage phasors is not necessary
zero and hence line-neutral voltages may contain zero sequence components.
5
Symmetrical components
) (
3
1
0 c b a a
I I I I + + =
) (
3
1
2
1 c b a a
I a aI I I + + =
) (
3
1
2
2 c b a a
aI I a I I + + =
The previous set of equations can be written for currents as well as shown below:
0 2 1 a a a a
I I I I + + =
0 2 1 b b b b
I I I I + + =
0 2 1 c c c c
I I I I + + =
In a three phase system, the sum of the line currents is equal to the current I
n
in the return path
n c b a
I I I I = + + ) ( 0
3
a n
I I =
Example 1:
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

120 277
120 277
0 277
cn
bn
an
V
V
V
Calculate the sequence components of the following balanced line-neutral
voltages with abc sequence:
Solution:
0 ) (
3
1
0
= + + =
c b a
V V V V
0 277 ) (
3
1
2
1
= + + =
c b a
V a aV V V
0 ) (
3
1
2
2
= + + =
c b a
aV V a V V
6
Example 2:
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

120 10
120 10
0 10
c
b
a
I
I
I
A Y connected load has balanced currents with acb sequence as follows, find the
sequence currents:
Solution:
0 ) (
3
1
0
= + + =
c b a
I I I I
0 ) (
3
1
2
1
= + + =
c b a
I a aI I I
0 10 ) (
3
1
2
2
= + + =
c b a
aI I a I I
Example 3:
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

120 10
0
0 10
c
b
a
I
I
I
A three phase line feeding a balanced Y load has on of its phases (phase b)
open. The load neutral is grounded and the unbalanced currents are
Calculate the sequence and neutral currents:
Solution:
60 33 . 3 ) (
3
1
0
= + + =
c b a
I I I I
0 67 . 6 ) (
3
1
2
1
= + + =
c b a
I a aI I I
60 33 . 3 ) (
3
1
2
2
= + + =
c b a
aI I a I I
60 10 ) ( = + + =
c b a n
I I I I
60 10 3
0
= = I I
n
OR
7
2 1 a a ao
I I I + +
Representing the unbalance currents with
their symmetrical components we get:
c b a n
I I I I + + =
2 1 b b bo
I I I + +
2 1 c c co
I I I + +
+
=
+
n
I
co bo ao
I I I + +
4 43 4 42 1
0
1 1 1
zer
c b a
I I I + +
4 43 4 42 1
zero
c b a
I I I
2 2 2
+ +
+
=
+
n
I
ao
I 3
=
n
I
Since the positive and negative sequence components are add to zero at the
neutral point, therefore there is no positive or negative sequence components
flow from the neutral to the ground.
1. The Sequence circuits for Wye
and Delta connected loads
For the star connected load with
grounded neutral point,
Y
Z
a
I
b
I
c
I
Y
Z
Y
Z
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
ao n
I 3 I = == =
an
V
n
V
n
Under unbalance condition:
ao
I 3
=
n
I
n ao n n n
Z I Z I V 3 = =
The voltage drop between neutral
and ground is:
It is very important to distinguish between voltages to neutral and voltages to ground.
n ao an n an a
Z I V V V V 3 + = + =
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
b
a
V
V
V
(
(
(
(
(
(

cn
bn
an
V
V
V
n ao
Z I 3 +
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
n
n
n
V
V
V
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
1
1
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
b
a
I
I
I
Y
Z =
For unbalance three
phase system, the phase
voltages are:
Y
Z
a
I
b
I
c
I
Y
Z
Y
Z
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
ao n
I 3 I = == =
an
V
n
V
n
8
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
1
a
a
ao
I
I
I
A
Y
Z = == =
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
1
a
a
ao
V
V
V
A
n ao
Z I 3 + ++ +
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
1
1
Multiplying by A
-1
Using the symmetrical
components:
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
1
a
a
ao
I
I
I
Y
Z = == =
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
1
a
a
ao
V
V
V
n ao
Z I 3 + ++ +
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
1
1
1
A
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
1
a
a
ao
I
I
I
Y
Z =
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
1
a
a
ao
V
V
V
n ao
Z I 3 +
(
(
(
(
(
(

0
0
1
ao o ao
ao n Y ao
I Z V
I ) Z 3 Z ( V
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
2 2
1 1
a Y a
a Y a
I Z V
I Z V
=
=
OR
Eq. 1
Eq. 2
Eq. 3
n Y o
Z Z Z 3 + =
1 1 a Y a
I Z V =
ao
I
ao
V
Y
Z
n
Z 3
n

o
Z
2 2 a Y a
I Z V =
1 a
I
+ a
V
Y
Z
n

1
Z
ao n Y ao
I Z Z V ) 3 ( + =
2 a
I
a
V
Y
Z
n

2
Z
Using the three previous
equations (Eqs. 1, 2 and 3)
then the Symmetrical circuits
for a Wye-connected load
with neutral point connected
to ground is:
Y
Z
a
I
b
I
c
I
Y
Z
Y
Z
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
ao n
I I 3 =
an
V
n
V
Positive Sequence Circuit
Negative Sequence Circuit
Zero Sequence Circuit
9
1 a
I
1 a
V
Y
Z
n

1
Z
2 a
I
2 a
V
Y
Z
n

2
Z
Y
Z
a
I
b
I
c
I
Y
Z
Y
Z
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V an
V
If the neutral point of a Y-connected load is not
grounded, therefore, no zero sequence current
can flow, and
Symmetrical circuits for Y-connected load
with neutral point is not connected to ground
are presented as shown:
= == =
n
Z
ao
I
ao
V
Y
Z
n

o
Z = == =
n
Z
Y-connected load (Isolated Neutral):
Zero Sequence Circuit
Positive Sequence Circuit
Negative Sequence Circuit
The Delta circuit can not provide a path through neutral. Therefore for a Delta
connected load or its equivalent Y-connected can not contain any zero sequence
components.
Delta connected load:

Z

Z

Z
a
I
b
I
c
I
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
ab
I
bc
I
ca
I
ab ab
I Z V

= == =
bc bc
I Z V

= == =
ca ca
I Z V

= == =
0 V ) V V V (
3
1
0 ab ca bc ab
= == = = == = + ++ + + ++ +
The summation of the line-to-line voltages
or phase currents are always zero
and
Therefore, for a Delta-connected loads without sources or mutual coupling there will be no
zero sequence currents at the lines (There are some cases where a circulating currents may
circulate inside a delta load and not seen at the terminals of the zero sequence circuit).
ao
I
ao
V
n

Z 1 a
I
1 a
V
n
3 /

Z
2 a
I
2 a
V
n
3 /

Z
0 I ) I I I (
3
1
0 ab ca bc ab
= == = = == = + ++ + + ++ +
Negative
Sequence
Circuit
Positive
Sequence
Circuit
Zero
Sequence
Circuit
10
The Delta circuit have balanced impedances of
21 ohms. Determine the sequence impedances.
Example:
The positive- and negative-
sequence circuits have per-phase
impedance
= =

7 3 /
1
Z Z
= =

7 3 /
2
Z Z
Solution:

Z

Z

Z
a
I
b
I
c
I
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
ab
I
bc
I
ca
I
The zero-sequence circuit have per-phase impedance of 21 ohms. The
zero sequence current is circulating in Delta circuit.
ao
I
ao
V
n

Z ao
I
ao
V
n

Z + a
I
+ a
V
n
3 /

Z
+ a
I
+ a
V
n
3 /

Z
a
I
a
V
n
3 /

Z
a
I
a
V
n
3 /

Z
2. Sequence Circuits of
Transmission Lines
Consider a symmetrical transmission
line where,
Z
aa
: is the self-impedance and is the same for each phase
Z
ab
: is the mutual-impedance between each two phases
Z
nn
: is the self-impedance of the neutral conductor
Z
an
: is the mutual-impedance between the neutral and each phase
b
I
c
I
a
I
an
Z
ab
Z
n
I
a
b
c
n
a
b
c
n
aa
Z
nn
Z
aa
Z
aa
Z
n nn c an b an a an
n a n an c ab b ab a aa an
I Z I Z I Z I Z
V I Z I Z I Z I Z V

+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

Using KVL
The voltage drop across the line section is:
n nn an c an ab b an ab a an aa n a an
I ) Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

Similarly, for phases b and c:
n nn an c b an ab a an aa n a an
I ) Z Z ( ) I I )( Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Eq. 1
cc bb aa
Z Z Z = == = = == =
bc ac ab
Z Z Z = == = = == =
cn bn an
Z Z Z = == = = == =
2 12 1 1 1
I M j I L j V + ++ + = == =
11
n nn an b a an ab c an aa n c cn
I ) Z Z ( ) I I )( Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

n nn an c a an ab b an aa n b bn
I ) Z Z ( ) I I )( Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

The neutral current is:
) I I I ( I
c b a n
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
Substituting Eq. 4 into Eqs. 1,2 and 3
Eq. 2
Eq. 3
Eq. 4
) I I I )( Z Z ( ) I I )( Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( V V
c b a nn an c b an ab a an aa n a an
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

c an nn ab b an nn ab a an nn aa n a an
I ) Z 2 Z Z ( I ) Z 2 Z Z ( I ) Z 2 Z Z ( V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

c an nn ab b an nn aa a an nn ab n b bn
I ) Z 2 Z Z ( I ) Z 2 Z Z ( I ) Z 2 Z Z ( V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

c an nn aa b an nn ab a an nn ab n c cn
I ) Z 2 Z Z ( I ) Z 2 Z Z ( I ) Z 2 Z Z ( V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =

an nn aa s
Z 2 Z Z Z + ++ + = == =
an nn ab m
Z 2 Z Z Z + ++ + = == =
Let:
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





s m m
m s m
m m s
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Then, the voltage drops across the lines are
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





c
b
a
I
I
I
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (















) Z Z ( 0 0
0 ) Z Z ( 0
0 0 ) Z Z (
m s
m s
m s
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (











n c cn
n b bn
n a an
V V
V V
V V
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (








c c
b b
a a
V
V
V
Using symmetrical components and rearranging the impedance matrix, we get:
=
(
(
(

2
1
0
a a
a a
a a
V
V
V
A


) )) )


` `` `

( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





+ ++ +
m m m
m m m
m m m
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
(
(
(

2
1
0
a
a
a
I
I
I
A


) )) )


` `` `

( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





+ ++ +
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (














1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
Z
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
) Z Z ( A
m m s
1
Multiplying by A
-1
(
(
(

2
1
0
a
a
a
I
I
I
A
=
(
(
(

2
1
0
a a
a a
a a
V
V
V
12
Or,
=
(
(
(

2 '
1 '
0
a a
a a
a a
V
V
V
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (







+ ++ +
) Z Z ( 0 0
0 ) Z Z ( 0
0 0 ) Z 2 Z (
m s
m s
m s
(
(
(

2
1
0
c
b
a
I
I
I
m s o
Z Z Z 2 + =
m s
Z Z Z =
1
m s
Z Z Z =
2
an nn aa s
Z Z Z Z 2 + ++ + = == =
an nn ab m
Z Z Z Z 2 + ++ + = == =
Where,
Therefore,
Substituting for
m s
Z and Z
) 2 ( 2 ) 2 (
an nn ab an nn aa o
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
m s o
Z Z Z 2 + ++ + = == =
an nn ab aa o
Z Z Z Z Z 6 3 2 + ++ + + ++ + = == =
ao
I
a
n
a
n
0 an
V
0 n a
V

o
Z
) 2 ( ) 2 (
1 an nn ab an nn aa
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z + + =
m s
Z Z Z =
1
ab aa
Z Z Z =
1
m s
Z Z Z Z = =
1 2
ab aa
Z Z Z =
2
And
+ ++ +
Z
+ ++ + a
I
a
n
a
n
+ ++ + an
V
+ ++ + n a
V
a
I

Z
a
n
a
n
an
V
n a
V
The positive and negative sequence impedances are equal and dont include the neutral
conductor impedances . The return path conductors enter into the zero
sequence impedances only.
) Z or Z (
an nn
Notes:
The ground wires (above overhead TL) combined with the earth works as a neutral
conductor with impedance parameters that effects the zero sequence
components. Having a good grounding (depends on the soil resistively), then the voltages
to the neutral can be considered as the voltages to ground.
) Z and Z (
an nn
13
3. Sequence Circuits of Synchronous Machines
a
I
b
I
an
E
cn
E
c
I
n
I
n
Z
bn
E
a
I
b
I
an
E
cn
E
c
I
n
I
n
Z
bn
E
3. Sequence Circuits of Synchronous Machines
Positive Sequence Circuit:
The windings of a synchronous machine are
symmetrical.
Thus the generator voltages are of positive
sequence only.
The positive sequence network consists of an
EMF (equal to no-load terminal voltage) in series
with the positive sequence impedance of the
machine.
+ ++ + a
I
+ ++ + b
I
an
E
cn
E
+ ++ + c
I
bn
E
+ ++ +
Z
+ ++ +
Z
+ ++ +
Z
+ ++ + a
I
+ ++ + b
I
an
E
cn
E
+ ++ + c
I
bn
E
+ ++ +
Z
+ ++ +
Z
+ ++ +
Z
+ ++ + a
V
+ ++ +
Z
E
an
+ ++ + a
V
+ ++ +
Z
E
an
The neutral impedance (Z
n
) does not appear in this
circuit because no positive sequence current will
flow through it.
0
1 1 1
= + +
c b a
I I I
14
a
I
a
V

Z
Negative Sequence Circuit:
The synchronous machine does not generate any negative sequence voltages.

Z

Z

Z
a
I
b
I
c
I

Z

Z

Z
a
I
b
I
c
I
Zero Sequence Circuit:
No zero sequence voltage is included in a synchronous machine.
go
Z
ao
I
bo
I
co
I
n
Z
go
Z
go
Z
ao
I 3
go
Z
ao
I
bo
I
co
I
n
Z
go
Z
go
Z
ao
I 3
ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
ao co bo ao
I I I I 3 = == = + ++ + + ++ +
go
Z :Zero sequence impedance
per phase.
go n o
Z Z Z + ++ + = == = 3
+ ++ + a
V
E
an
+ ++ +
Z
0
1

ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
a
I
a
V

Z
+ ++ + a
V
E
an
+ ++ +
Z
0
1

ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
a
I
a
V

Z
a
I
a
V

Z
Zero
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
Positive
Sequence
Symmetrical
Circuits
a
I
b
I
an
E
cn
E
c
I
n
I
n
Z
bn
E
a
I
b
I
an
E
cn
E
c
I
n
I
n
Z
bn
E
Summary of the three
sequence circuits
15
4. Sequence Circuits of Delta and Wye Transformers
A. Wye-Wye Bank, Both
Neutrals Grounded
With both wyes grounded, zero With both wyes grounded, zero
sequence current can flow. The sequence current can flow. The
presence of the current in one presence of the current in one
winding means that secondary winding means that secondary
current exists in the other. current exists in the other.
A
B
C
N
a
b
c
n
N
Z n
Z
2 1 0 A A A A
I I I I + + =
2 1 0 B B B B
I I I I + + =
2 1 0 C C C C
I I I I + + =
+ ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
a a 0 a a
I I I I
0 A
I 3
0 a
I 3
A
N
a
n
N
Z
n
Z
+ ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
A A 0 A A
I I I I
+ ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
a a 0 a a
I I I I
0 A
I 3
0 a
I 3
AN
V
an
V
A
V
a
V
The The flow flow of of the the sequence sequence currents currents depend depend on on the the winding winding connections connections.. The The different different
installations installations of of Delta Delta--Wye Wye windings windings determine determine the the configuration configuration of of the the zero zero sequence sequence
circuit circuit and and the the phase phase shift shift in in the the positive positive and and negative negative sequence sequence circuits circuits..
N AN A
V V V + ++ + = == =
N 0 A AN AN 0 AN A A 0 A
Z I 3 ) V V V ( V V V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
The negative- and positive-sequence
voltages to ground are equal to negative-
and positive-sequence voltages to
neutral.
. Eq. 1
. Eq. 2
Two linked windings Two linked windings
Similarly, on the low voltage side
n 0 a an an 0 an a a 0 a
Z I 3 ) V V V ( V V V + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
n an a
V V V = == =
The voltages and currents on both sides of the transformer are related by the turns
ration (N
1
/ N
2
). Therefore, Eq. 4 can be written as
0 A
2
1
n AN
1
2
AN
1
2
0 AN
1
2
a a 0 a
I )
N
N
( Z 3 ) V
N
N
V
N
N
V
N
N
( V V V + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
Multiplying Eq. 5 by (N
1
/ N
2
).
0 A
2
2
1
n AN AN 0 AN a a 0 a
2
1
I )
N
N
( Z 3 V V V ) V V V (
N
N
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
Substituting from Eq. 2 for
N 0 A A A 0 A AN AN 0 AN
Z I 3 V V V ) V V V ( + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
0 A
2
2
1
n 0 A N A A 0 A a a 0 a
2
1
I )
N
N
( Z 3 I Z 3 V V V ) V V V (
N
N
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
. Eq. 3
. Eq. 4
. Eq. 5
. Eq. 6
Then,
. Eq. 7
By equating voltages of the same sequence, we can write
The negative sign comes
from the direction of the
zero sequence current
16
Eq. 9 represents the relation for the zero sequence. This relation can be represented
as shown in the Fig. When the voltages on both sides of the transformer are
expressed in per unit, the turns ratio becomes unity. The zero sequence
impedance of the circuit, (adding the leakage impedance Z), is:
2 1
N : N
0 a
I
0 A
V
0 a
V
0 A
I
n
2
2
1
Z )
N
N
( 3
N
Z 3
unit per Z 3 Z 3 Z Z
n N 0
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = . Eq. 10
Z
0 A
2
2
1
n N 0 A 0 a
2
1
I ] )
N
N
( Z 3 Z 3 [ V V
N
N
+ ++ + = == =
. Eq. 9
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
A a
2
1
V V
N
N

= == =
A a
2
1
V V
N
N
This is similar to a regular transformer, and therefore, the positive
and negative sequence circuits for a transformer are applicable.
. Eq. 8 and
Z Z
+ +
Reference Bus
Z Z
+ +
Reference Bus
Z Z
- -
Reference Bus
Z Z
- -
Reference Bus
Z
Z
Reference Bus
A. Wye A. Wye--Wye bank with both neutrals grounded Wye bank with both neutrals grounded,,
zero sequence current can flow. The presence of zero sequence current can flow. The presence of
the current in one winding means that secondary the current in one winding means that secondary
current exists in the other. The equivalent circuit is current exists in the other. The equivalent circuit is
as shown in the Figure. as shown in the Figure.
B. B. Wye Wye--wye wye Bank, One Neutral Grounded Bank, One Neutral Grounded
With ungrounded With ungrounded wye wye, no zero sequence current , no zero sequence current
can flow. No current in one winding means that no can flow. No current in one winding means that no
current exists in the other. current exists in the other.
Reference Bus
C. C. Wye Wye--delta Bank, Grounded delta Bank, Grounded Wye Wye
Zero sequence currents will pass through the Zero sequence currents will pass through the wye wye
winding to ground. As a result, secondary zero winding to ground. As a result, secondary zero
sequence currents will circulate through the delta sequence currents will circulate through the delta
winding. winding. No zero sequence current will exist on the No zero sequence current will exist on the
lines of the secondary lines of the secondary..

Reference Bus
Z Z =
0
Z Z =
0
Z
OC
OC
Z
E. Delta E. Delta--delta Bank delta Bank
Since for a delta circuit no return path for zero sequence Since for a delta circuit no return path for zero sequence
current exists, current exists, no zero sequence current can flow into a no zero sequence current can flow into a
delta delta--delta bank delta bank, although it can circulate within the , although it can circulate within the
delta windings. delta windings.

Reference Bus
Z
OC
OC
17
Summary of Transformer Sequence Networks
Transformer Zero Sequence Impedance
Example Example 44: Draw the sequence circuits for the network.

T1 G1
J0.02
T2
220 kV Transmission Line
1
2
3
4 220 kV Transmission Line
G2
J0.03
G1
MVA X
+
Voltage X
-
X
o
100 0.25 11 kV 0.25 0.05
G2 100 0.20 11 kV 0.20 0.05
T1 100 0.06 11/220 0.06 0.06
T2 100 0.07 11/220 0.07 0.07
Line 100 0.10 220kV 0.10 0.30
18
Solution Solution:: The System Sequence Circuits

T1 G1
J0.02
T2
220 kV Transmission Line
1
2
3
4 220 kV Transmission Line
G2
J0.03
E
an
+ ++ + Z
0
1

n
Z 3
go
Z
Z
+ ++ + a
V E
an
+ ++ + Z
n
Z 3
go
Z
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
Z a
V
Z
+ ++ + a
V
E
an
+ ++ + Z
ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
a
I
a
V
Z
+ ++ + a
V
E
an
+ ++ + Z
0
1

ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
ao
I
ao
V
n
Z 3
go
Z
a
I
a
V
Z
a
I
a
V
Z
Z ZZ Z
-
Z Z
O O
Z Z
Z ZZ Z
+
Z ZZ Z
-
Z Z
O O
Z Z
Z ZZ Z
+
Z ZZ Z
-
Z Z
O O
Z Z
Z ZZ Z
+

Transmission
Line
G2 G1

T1 G1
J0.02
T2
220 kV Transmission Line
1
2
3
4 220 kV Transmission Line
G2
J0.2
J0.03
J0.07 J0.25 J0.06
J0.1
J0.1
o
0 1
o
0 1
Positive Sequence Circuit
19

T1 G1
J0.02
T2
220 kV Transmission Line
1
2
3
4 220 kV Transmission Line
G2
J0.03
J0.2 J0.07 J0.25 J0.06
J0.1
J0.1
Negative Sequence Circuit

T1 G1
J0.02
T2
220 kV Transmission Line
2
3
4 220 kV Transmission Line
G2
J0.03
1
2 3
1
J0.05 J0.07
J0.09
J0.06
J0.3
J0.3
J0.05
J0.06
4
Zero Sequence Circuit
20
Example 5:
Draw the zero sequence circuit for the network.
G1
X
+
X
-
X
o
0.25 0.25 0.05
G2 , G3 0.20 0.20 0.05
T1-T6 0.06 0.06 0.06
Line 1-3 0.10 0.10 0.30
G2
G1
G
3

T1
T2
T3
T5 T6
T4
Line 1
Line 2 Line 3
Solution
The zero sequence circuit for the
network
o
X
T5 T5
TT22
TT44
TT11
TL TL22
TL TL11
T3 T3
TL TL33
TT66
G2 G1
G
3

T1
T2
T3
T5 T6
T4
Line 1
Line 2 Line 3
G2 G1 G1
G
3
G
3

T1
T2
T3
T5 T6
T4
Line 1
Line 2 Line 3
G1
X
+
X
-
X
o
0.25 0.25 0.05
G2 , G3 0.20 0.20 0.05
T1-T6 0.06 0.06 0.06
Line 1-3 0.10 0.10 0.30
o
X
o
X
G1
G3
G2
Reference Reference
3
G

) )) )

` `` `

2
G

) )) )

` `` `






1
G