AUDIBLE SOUND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FROM A UTILITY PERSPECTIVE

JANE ANN VERNER P.E. MARCH 2006

Overview
Factors That Determine Acceptable Sound Levels Background Information Zoning Requirements Project Specific Factors To Help Meet Zoning Requirements

Factors That Determine Acceptable Sound Levels

Proximity of substation or transformer to sleeping facilities, either commercial or residential Zoning or use of land Industrial higher noise levels permitted Time of day or night for sound activity Duration, volume and nature of sound such as tone, frequency and broadband

Background Theory
Period- Time that it takes for one vibration cycle (T sec) Frequency # of vibration cycles per sec (f Hz) F = 1/T 500 Hz = 1/0.002 sec

Background Theory
Pure Tones just one Frequency Noise contains many frequencies Transformers Sounds Core, windings & cooling Core noise 120 Hz & even harmonics Human Audible Range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz 20 Hz to 16,000 Hz

Sound Chart

Background Theory
A weighted Sounds simulates the frequency response of the human ear. Adjusted primarily for low frequencies. See C57.12.90 Tables 9 & 10

A Weighted Sound Curve

Perception of Sound Intensity

Change in dB 1 dB 3 dB 5 dB 10 dB Human Perception Imperceptible Just Noticeable Clearly Noticeable Substantial Change

Requirements
Most Common 7 AM to 7 PM 65 dbA 7 PM to 7 AM 55 dbA Some areas more stringent Limit of 10 decibels over existing sound levels

Requirements PHI NJ (Cont)

Continuous sound level limited to 50 dbA

Hz 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000

dB 96 82 74 67 63 60 57 55 53

Project Specific Factors Screening and Landscaping

Project Specific Factors

Base line sound measurements Green field site - Measure at similar site Tour for zoning personnel Include sound limit in your spec Specify low sound emitting equipment Set backs IEEE C57.136 Annex B

Calculating Transformer Noise Level with Setback from Property Line

Step 1: Determine Transformer Sound Power Level (Lw) Lw = LpIEEE + 10 log10 (Surface Area) (B1) Where: Lw = Transformer Sound Power Level (dBA) LpIEEE = Transformer Sound Pressure Level at IEEE Locations (dBA) Surface Area = IEEE Measurement Surface Area in m2 = 1.25 x Transformer Height x Measurement Perimeter (B2)

Calculating Transformer Noise Level with Setback from Property Line

Step 2: Calculate Sound Pressure Level at a Specific Location Assuming hemispherical sound wave radiation LpR = Lw 10 Log10 (2R) (B3) Where: LpR = Sound Pressure Level at the Specified Distance, R (dBA) Lw = Transformer Sound Power Level (dBA) R = Distance from Transformer to Location in m. This resulting Lp calculated from Step 2 will provide an estimate for a single transformer installation.

Calculating Transformer Noise Level with Setback from Property Line

The maximum allowed sound level at a property line is 53 dBA. The property line is 122 meters from the transformer. The height of the transformer is 6.1 meters and the perimeter is 18.3 meters. What should the maximum allowable sound pressure level of the transformer be at the IEEE locations? LpR = 53 dBA, R = 122 m, h = 6.1 m, p = 18.3 m Using equation (B2) Surface Area = 1.25 x h x p = 1.25x (6.1 m) x (18.3 m) = 139.5 m2 Rewriting equation (B3) Lw = LpR + 10 log10 (2R2) Lw = 53 dBA + 10 log10 (2(1222)) = 102.7 dBA Using equation (B1) Lw= LpIEEE + 10 log10 (Surface Area) LpIEEE = 102.7 dBA 10 log10 (139.5) = 81.3 dBA The maximum allowable sound pressure level of the transformer at the IEEE locations is 81 dBA.

Summation of Levels of Multiple Sources

# of Identical Sources dB added to single level 3 5 6 7 dB dB dB dB

2 3 4 5

Tutorial Session IEEE Transformer Committee

Ramsis Girgis

Monday, March 20, 2006

ABB BA Power Transformer 1/05/01

Transformer Noise
Sources & Characteristics

Topics
Sources / Components of transformer noise

Characteristics of each noise component

Relative magnitudes of no-load and load noise

ABB BA Power Transformer - 2

Is Load Noise an issue?

Sources of Noise in a Transformer No-Load Noise

Core Noise Cooling Equipment Noise

Load Noise
Total Noise = No-Load Noise + Load Noise
ABB BA Power Transformer - 3

 ABB BA Power Transformer - 4

Fr So & pe S r um ct ces ur cy uen eq

Core Noise
Caused by Magnetostriction of core material
Mainly 120 Hz, 240 Hz, and 360 Hz with some 480 Hz 100, 200, 300, and 400 Hz for 50 Hz operation Relative magnitudes are determined by core material & flux density An unexpectedly high level of a frequency component would indicate core / tank resonance
ABB BA Power Transformer - 5

 ABB BA Power Transformer - 6

Sound pressure level, dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

25 31 .5 40 50 63 80 10 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 12 16 20 25 31 40 50 63 0 10 00 12 50 16 00 20 00 25 00 31 50 40 00 50 00 63 00 80 0 10 0 00 0 12 50 0 16 00 0 20 00 0 80

Frequency Spectrum of Core Noise - 1

Frequency, Hz

 ABB BA Power Transformer - 7

S o u n d P re s s u re (d B ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0

25 31 .5 40 50 63 80 10 0 5 0 0 0 5 40 50 63 80 10 0 0 0 0 00 12 16 20 25 31

Frequency Spectrum of Core Noise - 2

Frequency (Hz)

Cooling Equipment Noise

Caused by Fans and Pumps
Moderate levels of low-frequency (<100 Hz) fan-blade / Motor noise component(s) Remainder is wide-band noise

ABB BA Power Transformer - 8

Frequency Spectrum of Fan Noise

80 70 60 50 40 30 20
ABB BA Power Transformer - 9

Sound Pressure level, dB

10 0 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 Frequency, Hz

Load Noise
Caused by the winding leakage flux Producing vibrations of the windings and tank Exclusively 120 Hz
100 Hz for 50 Hz operation
ABB BA Power Transformer - 10

Frequency Spectrum of Load Noise

80 70 60 50 40 30 20
ABB BA Power Transformer - 11

Sound Pressure level, dB

10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Frequency (Hz)

 ABB BA Power Transformer - 12

es tu d ni ag ise m No ive t ad Lo ela R nd da loa ofn o

Magnitudes of No-Load & Load Noise, N. America

Transformer # 1 2 3 4 5
ABB BA Power Transformer - 13

No Load Noise dBA 66.7 72.9 69.2 59.7 72.5 65.4 79.6

Load Noise dBA 44.1 60.6 58.1 58.5 56.6 70.5 79.1

(Load - No Load) Noise dBA -22.6 -12.3 -11.1 -1.2 -15.9 5.1 -0.5

6 7

Magnitudes of No-Load & Load Noise, Europe

Tested values of Noise Pressure Level, dBA
XMER # MVA Phases 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 300 200 20 25 31.5 40 22 25 294 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 HV 400 116 110 110 110 110 116 110 330 No Load Load Load - No Load Noise,dBA Noise,dBA Noise,dBA 61.0 55.4 39.4 43.8 46.2 43.8 49.8 45.8 53.0 62.8 65.0 42.9 49.5 48.1 53.0 42.3 43.2 59.0 1.8 9.6 3.5 5.7 1.9 9.2 -7.5 -2.6 6.0

ABB BA Power Transformer - 14

 ABB BA Power Transformer - 15

ad Lo Is ise No Is an e? su

Why hasnt load noise been an issue

Historical requirements (No-Load Noise only)
No-Load noise has been considered the dominant noise component

Magnitude of Load noise was not recognized Load noise decreases significantly with Load
ABB BA Power Transformer - 16

Load Noise vs Load (40 Log I p.u.)

P.U. Load 0.9 0.8 0.7
ABB BA Power Transformer - 17

Load Noise Reduction -1.8 -3.9 -6.2 -8.9 -12.0

0.6 0.5

Is Load Noise likely to become an issue ?

Requirements for low noise transformers
Resulted in designs with no-load noise lower or equivalent to load noise

Locating substations in heavily populated communities

ABB BA Power Transformer - 18

With strict limits on the total noise of a transformers

Increased loading of transformers

Summary
Contributors to Transformer noise are:
Core noise: Multiples of 100 / 120 Hz Cooling system noise: Low frequency and wide band noise Load noise: Purely 120 Hz

Load Noise has become an important issue for electric utilities

Load noise can become the more dominant noise in low noise transformers
ABB BA Power Transformer - 19

Some customers added Load noise to their Specifications in past 2 years In the process of being considered to be included in the IEEE Standards

SIEMENS
Audible Sound of Transformers under some special Conditions
Christoph Ploetner
Panel Session IEEE Transformer Committee Monday, March 20, 2006

Topics

DC-biasing current in transformers Transformer operation with non-sinusoidal currents

Noise aspects of oil-immersed shunt reactors

DC-biasing

DC-biasing: phenomenon
model i(t) v(t) _air _core magnetic equivalent _air _core

V_DC

without DC-biasing current

B, , v

with DC-biasing current

B, , v B(t)

B(t)

H, , i

B_DC

H, , i

v =

d ~B dt

v=

d ~B dt

I_DC

I _ DC
4

DC-biasing: waveshapes
without DC-biasing current
2.0 T 1.75 T

with DC-biasing current

2.1 T 2.0 T

~ total flux ~ core flux

flux density mag.-stric. current

2.0 T 0.0 T -2.0 T 0.3 A 0A -0.3 A 0A

10 A

2.0 m 0 m -2.0 m

time

time
5

DC-biasing: harmonics
without DC-biasing current
flux density

with DC-biasing current

mag.-stric. current

4 5 6 7 8 harmonic order v

4 5 6 7 8 harmonic order v

flux density: v=1 current: v = 1, 3, 5 mag.-striction: v = 0, 2, 4, 6

flux density: v = 0, 1 current: v = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mag.-striction: v = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

6

DC-biasing: noise spectrum

with DC-biasing current without DC-biasing current
dBA 70

83 dBA

71 dBA
50

30

1.7 T
10

1.7 T 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 harmonic order v harmonic order v

noise harmonics: v = 2, 4, 6, 8

noise harmonics: v = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
7

DC-biasing: waveshapes (3-phase / 5-limb)

without DC-biasing current
flux density flux density mag.-stric. current yoke, return limbs
2.0 T 0 -2.0 T 2.0 T 0 -2.0 T 1A 0 -1 A 0

-2.0 m

time
8

DC-biasing: waveshapes (3-phase / 5-limb)

with DC-biasing current
flux density flux density limbs yoke, return mag.-stric. current
2.0 T 0T -2.0 T 2.0 T 0 -2.0 T 50 A 0 -50 A 4.0 m 0 -4.0 m

time
9

DC-biasing: noise spectrum (3-phase / 5-limb)

without DC-biasing current
dBA 50 dBA 70

1.7 T 1.3 T 1.5 T

with DC-biasing current

dBA 70 50

1.3 T

1.5 T

1.7 T
10

DC-biasing: noise increase

measured noise increase for transformers with Hi-B steel
30,0 25,0 20,0
delta L[ dB ]

15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 5,0

I_DC / I0 [pu]

1.6 T 1.7 T

10,0

15,0

11

DC-biasing: principal schemes and examples (1)

1. DC Current injection in a single winding (applicable to all core types)

converter inverter

V_AC ~

I_DC

load

Examples unsymmetrical switching of a power electronic device connected to a transformer winding (HVDC, inverter, converter) transformer inrush

12

DC-biasing: principal schemes and examples (2)

2. DC Current injection via the transformer neutral (applicable to transformer banks, 5-limb core type, shell type)
XFMR 1 3 x I_DC/3 XFMR 2

I_DC

I_DC

Examples vagrant earth currents caused by DC electric railroad systems cathode protection applications Geomagnetic Induced Currents (GIC) HVDC system with ground return

13

DC-biasing: HVDC system with ground return

+ 500 kV / 3 kA
YY 1-3 SR 1 SR 3 YY 7-9

+ 500 kV / 3 kA
YD 1-3

Monopole operation with ground return 0 kV / 3 kA

YD 7-9

YD 4-6

YD 10-12

Bipolar operation
YY 4-6 YY 10-12

SR 2

SR 4

- 500kV / - 3 kA
14

DC-biasing: measures to avoid biasing

use 3-phase 3-limb core, other transformer design measures only restricted effective implementation of a control loop for DC-current (HVDC, inverter, converter) installation of a resistor between transformer neutral and ground isolation of transformer neutral together with and installation of an 3-limb earthing transformer close to the affected unit installation of a blocking device between transformer neutral and earth (bridgeable capacitor) installation of a line series capacitor
15

Non-sinusoidal currents

16

Non-sinusoidal currents: waveshape examples

Winding current of a HVDC transformer

Winding current at operation on a Voltage-Source-Converter

17

Non-sinusoidal currents: sound increase

Calculation rules have to be applied for each harmonic component and each pair of harmonics Force

r r r f vol = G x B

F ~ I2

F_ax

Sound pressure

p~ F f
Sound level difference

F_rad

I f L 20 lg I + 20 lg f base base
18

Non-sinusoidal currents: harmonic noise content

each harmonic current component produces a force (noise) component of double frequency

1 2 F (t ) ~ I sin(t ) = I (1 cos(2t )) 2
2 2

each pair of harmonic currents In und Im gives two force (noise) components with frequencies being the sum and the difference of the harmonic current frequencies

Fn m (t ) ~ I n sin(nt ) I m sin(mt ) 1 = I n I m (cos((n m )t ) cos((n + m )t )) 2

19

Non-sinusoidal currents: example (HVDC transformer)

given harmonic spectrum
order 1 5 7 current 1344 240 152

harmonic noise spectrum

order 1 5 7 1 2 4 6 5 6 10 2 7 8 12 14

harmonic sound levels based on 74 dBA @ fundamental current

order 1 5 7 1 74.0 81.7 81.2 5 85.2 74.7 56.6 7 83.7 72.2 69.8

assumption: noise increase for harmonics 5, 7: total noise: total noise increase (practically):

74 dBA @ sinusoidal current 15.7 dB 89.7 dBA up to 18 dB

20

Non-sinusoidal currents: noise spectrum (HVDC transformer)

test bay measurements
dBA 70

no-load noise

load noise

on-site measurement (not calibrated)

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 harmonic order

21

Oil-immersed Shunt reactors

22

Oil-immersed shunt reactors: design, operation

general design

limb design

operation power (current) determined by line voltage operation always at full load
23

Oil-immersed shunt reactors: noise sources

winding noise (Lorentz force) gap noise (Maxwell force) core noise (magnetostriction)
limb package F_ax F_stric

gap

F_gap F_rad (t)

limb package

winding

F_stric

yoke

24

Oil-immersed shunt reactors: noise spectrum

dBA 70

reactor 1

reactor 2

2 4 6 8 10

harmonic order

2 4 6 8 10

harmonic order

spectrum comparable with transformer no-load noise spectrum characteristic A-weighted harmonics are usually of order 4 and 6 tinny sounding noise may indicate a problem with the gapped core noise reduction is physically more restricted than for transformers
25

SIEMENS
Conclusions
DC-biasing causes high noise increase up to 25 dB @ 1.7 T. The noise spectrum is unique. Non-sinusoidal currents (HVDC) do increase the noise level up to 18 dB. Reactor noise spectrum is similar to transformer noload noise spectrum. Characteristic harmonics are usually of order 4 and 6.

26

IEEE/PES Transformers Committee HVDC Converter Transformers & Smoothing Reactors Subcommittee March 20, 2006

The Audible Sound produced by Dry-type Air-core Reactors Presented by Klaus Papp Trench Austria GmbH

 Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications Audible Sound Generation by Dry-type Air-core Reactors Sound Radiation and Methods of Mitigation

Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications

Dry-Type Air-Core Reactor

Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications (Cont)

Winding design principle open style winding encapsulated style winding

Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications (Cont)

Multilayer dry-type air-core reactor

1 winding 2 winding conductor 3 duct stick 4 spider 5 terminal 6 support insulator 7 mounting bracket

Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications (Cont)

Thyristor controlled shunt reactors and filter reactors for SVC stations

3 rd

5 th

7 th

11 th

TCR

Filters
6

Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications (Cont)

SVC station

Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications (Cont)

HVDC smoothing reactors and AC filter reactors for HVDC converter stations

AC Bus AC-Filters and C-Shunt 5 th / 7 th 11 th / 13 th

HVDC Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor Valves

Dry-type Air-core Reactor Design and Applications (Cont)

HVDC Converter Station

Sound Generation by Dry-type Air-core Reactors

Currents - Forces
The audible sound of an air core reactor is caused by the vibration of the winding due to the electromagnetic forces produced by the interaction of the current flowing through the winding and its magnetic field.

F B i F i2
60 Hz current 120 Hz exciting force

(A)
currents
60 Hz

(N)

forces
120 Hz

500

100

(Hz)

100

500

(Hz)

10

Sound Generation by Dry-type Air-core Reactors (Cont)

Currents - Forces
60 Hz + 300 Hz current 120 - 240 - 360 - 600 Hz exciting forces

(A)
currents
60 Hz

(N)
120 Hz

forces

300 Hz

240 Hz

360 Hz 600 Hz

100

500

(Hz)

100

500

(Hz)

DC + 300 Hz current
(A)
currents

300 - 600 Hz exciting forces

(N)

forces

0 Hz

300 Hz

300 Hz

600 Hz

100

500

(Hz)

100

500

(Hz)
11

Sound Generation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor (Cont)

Example: Sound spectrum of an HVDC Smoothing Reactor

12

Sound Generation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor (Cont)

magnetic field plot deflection due to electromechanical forces

axis of rotational symmetry

coil height avg diameter radial built turns no. current 2400 mm 2900 mm 290 mm 160 2000 A peak

The deflection of the winding is proportional to the electromagnetic force 13

Sound Generation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor (Cont)

Animation of a breathing cylindrical winding

14

Sound Generation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor (Cont)

Breathing mode frequency

1 f0 = D

f0 .breathing mode frequency D .winding diameter E .Youngs Modulus (of winding material) density (of winding material)

Example: encapsulated coil, winding material aluminum D = 2900 mm f0 = 470 Hz

15

Sound Generation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor (Cont)

Vibration Force - Vibration Speed

V = F K

1
2 2 1 + 4d 2 0 0 2

Vvibration speed F vibration force K structural stiffness

= 2f, f .vibration frequency 0 = 2f0, f0 breathing mode frequency d damping (p.u. of critical)

Log (V / F)
60

50

40

30 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

frequency (Hz)
16

Sound Generation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor (Cont)

Vibration Speed - Sound Pressure

p = 0 c x
v =x

L p = 20 log
x
0 c x = 2f x is the is the is the is the is the

0 c x
2 10
5

dB

air density in kg/m3; 0 = 1.2 kg /m3 speed of sound in air in m/s; c = 340 m/s vibration velocity in m/s acoustical angular frequency in s1 vibrational amplitude in m

Example:

x = 1 m, f = 1000 Hz

Lp 100 dB
17

Sound Generation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor (Cont)

Sound Power and Sound Power Level

W = 0 c S 2 x 2
W LW 0 c S x = 2f x is the is the is the is the is the is the is the is the is the radiated sound power in W sound power level in dB air density in kg/m3 speed of sound in air in m/s sound radiating surface in m2 radiation efficiency (no unit) vibration velocity in m/s acoustical angular frequency in s1 vibrational amplitude in m.

W LW =10 log , W0 =10 12 Watt W0

18

Sound Radiation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactor

single-phase air-core shunt reactor
Q (60 Hz) current 40 Mvar 1400 A (rms)

Radiation pattern

winding dimensions: height avg. diameter radial built 2400 mm 2900 mm 290 mm

v
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

LW = 103 dB LW(A) = 87 dB(A)

19

Sound Radiation of a Dry-type Air-core Reactors (Cont)

Sound pressure field of vibrating winding m

46
49
58

52
55

80

46
60

40

61

64

61

70
40

67

20

58

49 43
40

58
52

61

55

55
52

46
20 40 60

80

m
20

Sound Mitigation for Dry-type Air-core Reactors

Options for Mitigation

- avoid breathing mode resonance - increase conductor cross section

f0 =

1 D

x ~ A , W ~ x 2 W ~ A 2 , LW 2 = LW 1 + 20 log
x A is the vibrational amplitude is the cross sectional area of conductor

A2 A1

- provide reactors with sound shields or sound enclosures

- provide sound walls or buildings

21

Sound Mitigation for Dry-type Air-core Reactors (Cont)

Sound Shield Options

1 .. resin fiberglass shell 2 ..sound absorbing liner

22

Sound Mitigation for Dry-type Air-core Reactors (Cont)

example for Sound Enclosure

23

Sound Mitigation for Dry-type Air-core Reactors (Cont)

Sound Enclosures for Thyristor controlled Reactors

24

Sound Mitigation for Dry-type Air-core Reactors (Cont)

Sound Enclosures for Thyristor controlled Reactors

25

Sound Mitigation for Dry-type Air-core Reactors (Cont)

sound shields for HVDC smoothing reactors

26

Tutorial Session IEEE Transformer Committee Ramsis Girgis

Monday, March 20, 2006

ABB Power Technology Products - 1 3/27/2006

Sound Level Measurement methods

Sound Pressure Measurement method

Most commonly used method today Actually measures (Transformer noise + Ambient )
Ambient noise is corrected for within limits

Included in the measured values are:

Sound reflections from walls of test area
IEC allows correcting for room sound reflections but ANSI does not

Sound standing waves Near field effects

When measuring Load noise, the measured value also includes Load
noise of the booth transformer

Sound Intensity Measurement Method

Directional measurement of sound pressure level Measures the noise emitting from the transformer only
Does not include ambient noise, including load noise of the booth transformer, sound reflections, standing waves Does not include near field effects Avoids changes in ambient noise level

A must use for very low noise transformers, unless transformer / reactor is tested in a low sound room A much more accurate measurement for transformer noise
Especially when measuring the frequency spectrum

Already in IEC and is in process of being considered for IEEEE

Reference to Sound Intensity measurement method in IEC IEC Standard # 60076 - 10 "Determination of Sound Levels" Sound intensity measurements have the following advantages over sound pressure measurements:
An intensity meter responds only to the propagating part of a sound field and ignores any non-propagating part, for example, standing waves and reflections.
ABB Power Technology Products - 4 -

The intensity method reduces the influence of external sound sources, as long as their sound level is approximately constant.

Sleepless in New York City?

Low Noise Transformer Requirements

Donald Chu, Con Edison of NY, Inc.

Con Edison Overview NYC and Westchester County

Area: 660 mile2 (Electric & Gas) Population: 9,097,254

3.2 million electric customers 13,050 MW 2005 peak In some areas, load density > 2,000 MW per mile2

Dense Urban Environment

Typical 138/13 kV Substation

Syn Bus Syn Bus Breakers

138/13 kV Circuit Switcher

65 MVA

Transformer Breakers

To Network Load

Syn Bus

Historical Transformer Noise Requirement

New York City Noise Code Octave band noise specification with annoyance criteria Locate substations in commercial zones next to major roads Industry standards: transformer no-load and cooling no-load equipment (pumps & fans) noise

Isolated areas: 65 85 db(A) Urban areas: 60 - 65 db(A) Residential: Main tank in enclosed room with radiators in ventilated area

Typical Substation Area 1970s

Commercial Residential Zone

5 Transformer Vaults In-Line

Transformer Load Noise Field Measurements

Survey: 6 transformers from 4 different manufacturers Power Loading: 30-50 % of nameplate rating 30-50 Voltage: 105 % of nameplate rating

68 78 db(A)

Manhattan Substation Design Concept Midtown Manhattan Mixed residential and commercial Limestone veneer, granite base Louvers lit to appear as storefront Planters in sidewalk
10

NY City M1R Noise Performance Requirement (Sound Pressure Level)

Manufacturing Zone Octave Band Freq. (Hz) Maximum Average Sound Level (db)

20 - 75 75 - 150 150 - 300 300 - 600 600 - 1,200 1,200 2,400 2,400 4,800 Above 4,800

79 74 66 59 53 47 41 39

Transmission System Voltage Requirements (Overexcitation)

Voltage Class (kV) Voltage Limits (kV) Range Over 160 138 153153-160 146146-152 130130-145 Over 400 345 381381-400 363363-380 328328-362 Lower 124 130 311 328 Duration (minutes) 0 10 30 Continuous 0 10 30 Continuous

Typical Area Station Normal Operating Condition

140-145 kV HV bus voltage 140-145 Non-summer loading: Four transformers loaded Non-summer to approximately 30 % of nameplate rating (65.3 MVA) Summer loading: Four transformers loaded to approximately 80 - 90 % of nameplate rating (65.3 MVA) NLTC: 125.4 kV position LTC: 12L position (12.558 kV position) Power factor: 0.93

Typical Area Station Contingency Operating Condition

138-140 kV HV bus voltage 138-140 Summer loading: Three transformers loaded to approximately 143 % of nameplate rating (65.3 MVA): 93.8 MVA for 8 -hours 8-hours NLTC: 125.4 kV position LTC: 16R position (15.468 kV position) Power factor: 0.93

Low Noise Transformer Designs

65 MVA, 132 -13.8 kV Transformer 132-13.8 93 MVA, 132 -27 kV Transformer 132-27 65 MVA, 132/65 -13.8 kV Transformer 132/65-13.8 234 MVA, 138 kV +/- 25 Phase Angle Regulator * +/- 25 234 MVA, 335 -136-13.8 kV Auto-transformer * 335-136-13.8 Auto-transformer 420 MVA, 335 -136-13.8 kV Auto-transformer 335-136-13.8 Auto-transformer 150 MVAr, 345 kV Shunt Reactor (Future)
* New designs for 2007-08 2007-08

Revised 2005 NYC Noise Code

New law provides for maximum sound levels measured, with the windows open, within a residence in either a mixed use or residential use, or within a commercial building.

Comparison of NYC ZR vs. NYC Noise Code Limits (Sound Pressure)

80 Sound Level (dB) 70 60 50 40 30 31.5

63

125 500 1000 Octave Band Frequency (Hz)

2000

4000

8000

ZR Property line M1R Des ign Lim it outside res idential

ZR Property line M1 Design Lim it outside com m ercial

Questions?

18 ON IT