Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat S.R.

Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL 60616, USA CTBUH Contact: Nathaniel Hollister nhollister@ctbuh.org P: 1 (312) 567-3429

Chicago December 8, 2011

The Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the Era of the Megatall

CTBUH announces the projected worlds tallest 20 skyscrapers in the year 20201
Within this decade we will likely witness not only the worlds first kilometer-tall building, but also the completion of a significant number of buildings over 600 meters (around 2,000 feet) thats twice the height of the Eiffel Tower. Two years ago, prior to the completion of the Burj Khalifa, this building type did not exist. And yet, by 2020, we can expect at least eight such buildings to exist internationally. The term supertall (which refers to a building over 300 meters) is thus no longer adequate to describe these buildings: we are entering the era of the megatall. This term is now officially being used by the Council to describe buildings over 600 meters in height, or double the height of a supertall (see Figure 1).
1. Kingdom Tower, Jeddah 1,000+ m/3,280+ ft 2. Burj Khalifa, Dubai 828 m/2,717 ft 3. Ping An Finance Center, Shenzhen 660 m/2,165 ft 4. Seoul Light DMC Tower 640 m/2,101 ft 5. Signature Tower Jakarta 638 m/2,093 ft 6. Shanghai Tower 632 m/2,073 ft 7. Wuhan Greenland Center 606 m/1,988 ft 8. Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel 601 m/1,972 ft 9. Goldin Finance 117, Tianjin 597 m/1,957 ft 10. Lotte World Tower, Seoul 555 m/1,819 ft 11. Doha Convention Center and Tower 551 m/1,808 ft 12. One World Trade Center, New York City 541 m/1,776 ft 13. Chow Tai Fook Guangzhou 530 m/1,739 ft 14. Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center 530 m/1,739 ft 15. Dalian Greenland Center 518 m/1,699 ft 16. Pentominium, Dubai 516 m/1,693 ft 17. Busan Lotte Town Tower 510 m/1,674 ft

Megatall 600m

18. Taipei 101 508 m/1,667 ft 19. Kaisa Feng Long Centre 500 m/1,640 ft 20. Shanghai WFC 492 m/1,614 ft

Supertall 300m

Figure 1. The projected 20 tallest buildings in 2020, all of which are over 500 meters and eight can be classied as megatall (600 meters) Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
1

Future Tallest Criteria: Buildings included in this study are either built, under construction or considered real proposals. Projects that have commenced construction, but with works currently halted, are also included if there is a strong possibility of the project progressing to nal completion. A real proposal can be considered such if it has: a specic site with ownership interests within the building development team; a full professional design team progressing the design beyond the conceptual stage; formal planning consent/legal permission for construction (or is in the process of obtaining such permission); and a full intention to progress the building to construction and completion. Furthermore, this research only considers projects that are within the public domain and have the consent for inclusion from the respective client-consultant teams. Because of this multi-faceted inclusion criteria, a number of prominent projects were not included in the study, including: India Tower, Mumbai; Triple One, Seoul; Hyundai Global Business Center, Seoul; and Zhongguo Zun, Beijing.

Figure 3. Status of the Tallest 20 in 2020 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Complete Under Construction

Proposed Construction Stopped

Figure 4. Location of the Tallest 20 in 2020 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

China Other Asia

Middle East United States

Figure 2. The worlds tallest is set to change yet again in 2018 with the completion of Jeddahs Kingdom Tower Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture

Figure 5. Use of the Tallest 20 in 2020 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Residential Oce

Hotel Mixed Use

As we started the 21st century, just 11 short years ago, the Petronas Towers held the title of The Worlds Tallest at 452 meters (1,483 feet) in height. Taipei 101 took the title in 2004, at 508 meters (1,667 feet).Then, at the end of the decade, the Burj Khalifa set new standards at 828 meters (2,717 feet) over half a mile high. Now, with work set to start on-site in January 2012 for Jeddahs 1,000+ meter Kingdom Tower (see Figure 2), we can expect that in a mere two decades (2000 2020) the height of the Worlds Tallest Building will have more than doubled. What is perhaps the most interesting aspect of the study is that the previous worlds tallest mentioned above now barely make the list at all. In just two decades Petronas will have gone from 1st to 27th tallest in the world, and Taipei 101 just scrapes into the study in 18th place. When we take into account that new projects not included in this study will surely be announced and built throughout the next decade, one can predict that, with the exception of the Burj Khalifa and Makkah Royal Clock Tower, all of the tallest 20 buildings in the year 2020 are not yet built (though a number are already under construction, see Figure 3). The tremendous change that the tall building industry has seen in two decades is clearly shown by a juxtaposition of three skylines: the tallest 20 buildings in the year 2000, 2010, and 2020 (see Figure 6).

Figure 6. Skyline comparison of the tallest 20 buildings in 2000, 2010, and 2020 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

200

198

20
100

116

18 17 16 16
52

15 15 14 13

26 15

31 1 5 13

12 10 9

10

Total number of buildings

4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

3 2

3 3 2 1
2012 2013

2 1 1
2017

1
2014 2015

1
2018 2019 2020

Number of buildings completed each year

Number of supertalls (300m+) Projected number of supertalls (300m+) Number of megatalls (600m+) Projected number of megatalls (600m+)

Figure 7. Supertall and megatall building completion showing a signicant projected increase, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

It is also useful to understand the tallest 20 in 2020 in the context of global tall building trends. Although the average height of these twenty buildings is predicted to be 598 meters (1,962 feet), as we stand at the end of 2011 there are still only 61 buildings currently in existence over 300 meters (the threshold for supertall). Until recently, in fact, the completion of a supertall was rather a rare occurrence, with only 15 supertalls completing in the 65 years between the worlds first such building (New Yorks Chrysler Building, 1930) and 1995. It was only in the mid 1990s that it became common for more than one supertall to be added to the lists annually, with 1995 being the last year when no supertalls were completed. Now, less than two decades later, the number of supertalls completed annually has entered double digits, and is set to continue to rise. Meanwhile, the number of megatalls set to complete in the upcoming decade is similar to the number of supertalls completed in the 90s (see Figure 7). In terms of height, therefore, 600 m seems to be the new 300 m.

Not only increasing in height, the Tallest 20 in 2020 also demonstrate a diversity in project location not previously seen in the worlds tallest 20. The projects are scattered across 15 cities in 7 countries. China, with 10 of the 20 projects, clearly stands out as the country most rapidly pursuing the supertall, followed by Korea (3), Saudi Arabia (2), and the UAE (2). If we analyze via a larger geographic region, however, the picture becomes even more pronounced. Asia (not including the Middle East) accounts for 70% of the buildings (14). The Middle East counts for 25% (5). The only other region to be represented in the study is North America, where New Yorks One World Trade Center is the only tower in the western hemisphere to make the study. If we consider the Middle East as part of continental Asia, then Asia contains 19 of the 20 projects, certainly adding impetus to the upcoming CTBUH 9th World Congress which will take place in Shanghai in September 2012 on the theme of Asia Ascending: Age of the Sustainable Skyscraper City. With over 1.3 billion citizens and a rapidly urbanizing population, China is perhaps the country with the most obvious reason for building tall. The ten Chinese projects show great diversity in location, spread across seven cities: Shenzhen (2), Shanghai (2), Tianjin (2), Wuhan (1), Guangzhou (1), Dalian (1), and Taipei2 (1). The tallest of these, Shenzhens Ping An Finance Center (see Figure 8), is now under construction and scheduled to complete in 2015. Once complete, the project will provide over 300,000 m2 of office space and become the countrys tallest building and the worlds tallest office building. Also in China, the 632-meter (2,073 feet) mixed-use Shanghai Tower (see Figure 9) will complete a supertall cluster in the citys Pudong area, as it sits alongside the Shanghai World Financial Center and the Jin Mao Building. The Shanghai Towers unique dual-skin design provides atrium space containing gardens in the sky between the skins every 12 15 stories. The project began construction in 2009 and is scheduled to complete in 2014.

Figure 8. The Ping An Finance Center will become Chinas tallest building Kohn Pedersen Fox
2

2016

Figure 9. Shanghai Tower will complete a trio of skyscrapers in the Pudong district Gensler

For the purpose of this study, Taipei has been considered a Chinese city.

Figure 10. Seoul Light DMC Tower will become a landmark for the citys skyline SOM | Giroud Pichot

Figure 11. Jakarta is set to contain the worlds 5th tallest building, the 638-meter Signature Tower Jakarta Smallwood Reynolds Stewart Stewart

Korea, a country with a population about 1/25th that of China but twice as dense by area, contains a somewhat surprising three of the 20 projects, two of which are located in Seoul. There are many reasons for this dramatic increase in supertall construction in Korea, a country that has never had a single building within the worlds tallest 20 and is now on the verge of having several. Perhaps the foremost reason is a general feeling that Korean cities lack the iconic or landmark buildings that many world-class cities contain. Seouls tallest planned building is the 640-meter (2,101 feet) Seoul Light DMC Tower (see Figure 10), located at the western edge of the city overlooking the Han River. The tower will implement power generation strategies to reduce the buildings energy usage by around 65%. Seoul is also home to the now-under-construction Lotte World Tower, a 555-meter (1,819 feet) supertall scheduled to complete in 2015. Besides these two significant buildings, the city has two additional projects in the works which have not yet received planning permission, and thus not included in the 2020 study (the 620-meter Triple One and the 540-meter Hyundai Global Business Center). This means that Seoul could potentially contain as many as four of the tallest 20 buildings in 2020. Where can we expect the next nucleus of tall building construction globally? The Signature Tower Jakarta (see Figure 11) perhaps predicts the answer to this question. Indonesias current tallest building is Wisma 46, completed in 1996 at a height of 262 meters less than half the height of the proposed Signature Tower. Much of South and Southeast Asia in fact, including Indonesia, India, and Vietnam seem ready to become one of the next centers of skyscraper construction. Together, the three countries listed above represent nearly a quarter of the worlds population and yet contain no supertall buildings and a total of only four buildings over 250 meters. Signature Tower is therefore seen to herald the coming of the supertall to these countries. Excavation for the project is set to begin during the first quarter of 2012. Another significant project in this area, Mumbais planned 700-meter India Tower, was not included in this study as construction has stopped, and final completion is therefore not predictable. However, the presence of these two possible megatall projects point to the dramatic potential of this area.

Five of the Tallest 20 in 2020 projects are located in three countries in the Middle East: the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. These projects include the current worlds tallest (Burj Khalifa), the future worlds tallest (Kingdom Tower), and what is soon to become the worlds second tallest (Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, see Figure 12). Quite obviously, a motivating factor in all of these projects has been to push the boundaries of technology and accomplish feats never before imagined. The Burj Khalifa exemplifies this fact. The next decade of supertall building construction will, in one sense, fill in the gaps between the recordbreaking Burj Khalifa and Taipei 101, the worlds tallest building until January 4, 2010. Thus, 15 of the Tallest 20 in 2020 fit into this 320-meter gap, with only the Kingdom Tower exceeding the height of the Burj Khalifa. Having discussed four regions/countries in the eastern hemisphere where 19 of the projects are located, we turn to the opposite side of the world for the remaining project. One World Trade Center Tower (see Figure 13), in New York, is set to become the tallest building in the western hemisphere in 2013. In the 2020 study, the project comes in as the worlds 12th tallest building. The buildings final height of 1,776 feet (541 meters) points to the United States declaration of independence, and birth as a country. Located near the site of the old WTC buildings, the designers faced tremendous challenges in terms of space constraints, security concerns, as well as millions of concerned citizens. In the case of One World Trade Center, there were strong economic motivations to build tall, to provide valued office space in one of the economic centers of the world, as well as strong emotional motivation, to overcome the tragic events of 9/11.
Figure 12. The nearly complete Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel will be worlds second megatall Saudi Binladin Group / CTBUH

Figure 13. One World Trade Center Tower is the only building in the western hemisphere included in the Tallest 20 in 2020 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill | dbox studio

Figure 14. Seouls Lotte World Tower, set to complete in 2015 Kohn Pedersen Fox

Figure 15. The 500-meter Kaisa Feng Long Centre will be located in Shenzhen RTKL

Figure 16. Wuhans rst megatall, the Wuhan Greenland Center Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture

The Tallest 20 in 2020 study ultimately underlines a now well-known fact: the skyscraper is here to stay. Shortly after 9/11, many predicted the death of the tall building, but as the study shows, skyscrapers are increasing in number, height, and diversity. The ever-increasing and rapidly urbanizing global population will continue to drive cities higher. Not long ago, building height was primarily restricted by structural limitations. In the late 1800s, Chicagos Monadnock Building demonstrated the maximum height achievable with a masonry structure while still providing an economically feasible space efficiency. Over the 19th century, many advances in the fields of structure, construction, and transportation (to name a few) allowed for a steady increase in building height. Now, the tremendous heights being achieved globally demonstrate that many of the physical constraints that once restricted height have been broken. The question for humanity is thus no longer how high can we build? but how high should we build? With every increase in height, there are energy implications in the construction, maintenance, and occupation of a building. Additionally, with added height comes less space efficiency, as structural members and service cores increase to service the increased height of the building. At what point are the significant benefits of increased density provided by building tall overtaken by the energy repercussions of height? This elusive figure is most certainly affected by the technologies of the day. Half a century ago, a megatall would have been considered possible only within a dream. It is now a reality. Is it not possible that we could soon see the emergence of a zero-energy megatall? Just as we pushed the structural boundaries of height, we must now continue to push the boundaries of environmental engineering in order to progress the tall typology. For, as skyscrapers continue to multiply, their effect on our cities visually, urbanistically, and environmentally continues to increase exponentially.

Kingdom Tower 1,000+ m/3,280+ ft Jeddah

Counc i l on Ta ll B ui ld i ng s a n d Urban Habitat

Burj Khalifa 828 m/2,717 ft Dubai

Tallest 20 in 2020
Projected Worlds Tallest 20 Buildings in the Year 2020
Ping An Finance Center 660 m/2,165 ft Shenzhen Seoul Light DMC Tower 640 m/2,101 ft Seoul Signature Tower Jakarta 638 m/2,093 ft Jakarta Shanghai Tower 632 m/2,073 ft Shanghai Wuhan Greenland Center 606 m/1,988 ft Wuhan Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel 601 m/1,972 ft Mecca Goldin Finance 117 597 m/1,957 ft Tianjin Lotte World Tower 555 m/1,819 ft Seoul Doha Convention Center and Tower 551 m/1,808 ft Doha One World Trade Center 541 m/1,776 ft New York City

Future Tallest Criteria: Buildings included in this study are either built, under construction or considered real proposals. Projects that have commenced construction, but with works currently halted, are also included if there is a strong possibility of the project progressing to nal completion. A real proposal can be considered such if it has: a specic site with ownership interests within the building development team; a full professional design team progressing the design beyond the conceptual stage; formal planning consent/legal permission for construction (or is in the process of obtaining such permission); and a full intention to progress the building to construction and completion. Furthermore this research only considers projects that are within the public domain and have the consent for inclusion from the respective client-consultant teams. Because of this multi-faceted inclusion criteria, a number of prominent projects were not included in the study, including: India Tower, Mumbai; Triple One, Seoul; Hyundai Global Business Center, Seoul; and Zhongguo Zun, Beijing.

(Data as of December 2011)

Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center 530 m/1,739 ft Tianjin Dalian Greenland Center 518 m/1,699 ft Dalian

Pentominium 516 m/1,693 ft Dubai

Busan Lotte Town Tower 510 m/1,674 ft Busan Taipei 101 508 m/1,667 ft Taipei

Kaisa Feng Long Centre 500 m/1,640 ft Shenzhen Shanghai World Financial Center 492 m/1,614 ft Shanghai

The CTF Guangzhou 530 m/1,739 ft Guangzhou

1
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Height: 1,000 + m/3,280 + ft Current Status: Proposed Completion Date: 2018 Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Oce Structural Material: Concrete Total Floors: 156 Owner/Developer: Jeddah Economic Company Architect: Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture Associate Architect: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti MEP Engineer: Environmental Systems Design, Inc. Main Contractor: Saudi Bin Ladin Group

2
2 Burj Khalifa

5
3 Ping An Finance Center

7
4 Seoul Light DMC Tower

8
5 Signature Tower Jakarta

10
6 Shanghai Tower

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
Building Status

18
Complete Under Construction

19
Proposed Construction Stopped

20

Above: Diagram of the Worlds Tallest 20 Buildings as projected by 2020, according to the CTBUH Height Criteria Height to Architectural Top. Estimated as of December 2011. For more on CTBUH height criteria, see http://criteria.ctbuh.org/.

1 Kingdom Tower

Dubai, UAE Height: 828 m/2,717 ft Current Status: Completed Completion Date: 2010 Building Use: Oce/Residential/Hotel Structural Material: Steel/Concrete Total Floors: 163 Owner/Developer: Emaar Properties PJSC Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Associate Architect: Hyder Consulting Structural Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP MEP Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Project Manager: Turner Construction Main Contractors: Samsung E & C; Arabtec; Besix Group

Shenzhen, China Height: 660 m/2,165 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2015 Building Use: Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 115 Owner/Developer: Ping An Life Insurance Company of China Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Associate Architect: China Construction Design International Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti MEP Engineer: J. Roger Preston Group

Seoul, South Korea Height: 640 m/2,101 ft Current Status: Proposed Completion Date: 2017 Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 130 Owner: Seoul Light AMC Developer: Millennium Builder Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Associate Architect: Samoo Structural Engineers: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP MEP Engineer: SYSKA Hennessy Group Main Contractor: Daewoo; Daelim; Doosan E&C

Jakarta, Indonesia Height: 638 m/2,093 ft Current Status: Proposed Completion Date: 2016 Building Use: Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 111 Owner/Developer: PT Grahamas Adisentosa Architect: Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart Associate Architect: PDW Architects Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti; PT Gistama Intisemesta MEP Engineer: Beca Group; PT Hantaran Prima Mandiri Project Manager: PT Grahamas Adisentosa

Shanghai, China Height: 632 m/2,073 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2014 Building Use: Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 121 Owner/Developer: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Architect: Gensler Associate Architect: Architectural Design & Research Institute of Tongji University Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti MEP Engineer: Cosentini Main Contractor: Shanghai Construction

Wuhan, China Height: 606 m/1,988 ft Current Status: Proposed Completion Date: 2015 Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 118 Owner/Developer: Wuhan Greenland Bin Jiang Property Co. Ltd. Architect: Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture Associate Architect: ECADI Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti MEP Engineer: PositivEnergy Practice

7 Wuhan Greenland Center

Mecca, Saudi Arabia Height: 601 m/1,972 ft Current Status: Topped Out Completion Date: 2012 Building Use: Hotel Structural Material: Steel/Concrete Total Floors: 120 Owner/Developer: Saudi Bin Ladin Group Architect: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners Structural Engineers: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners MEP Engineer: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners Project Manager: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners Main Contractor: Saudi Bin Ladin Group

8 Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel

Tianjin, China Height: 597 m/1,957 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2015 Building Use: Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 128 Owner/Developer: Goldin Properties Holdings Ltd. Architect: P & T Group Associate Architect: ECADI Structural Engineers: Arup MEP Engineer: Parsons Brinckerho Consultants Pte Ltd Project Manager: Goldin Properties Holdings Limited Main Contractor: Third Bureau of CSCEC

9 Goldin Finance 117

Seoul, South Korea Height: 555 m/1,819 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2015 Building Use: Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 123 Owner/Developer: The Lotte Group Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Associate Architect: Baum Architects, Engineers & Consultants Structural Engineers: Leslie E. Robertson Associates MEP Engineer: SYSKA Hennessy Group

10 Lotte World Tower

Doha, Qatar Height: 551 m/1,808 ft Current Status: Construction Stopped Completion Date: Unknown Building Use: Residential/Hotel Structural Material: Steel/Concrete Total Floors: 112 Owner/Developer: Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Co. Architect: Murphy/Jahn Architects Structural Engineers: Magnusson Klemencic Associates; Werner Sobek Engineering & Design; Hyder Consulting MEP Engineer: Arup; Hyder Consulting Project Manager: Turner Construction

11 Doha Convention Center and Tower

New York City, USA Height: 541 m/1,776 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2013 Building Use: Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 104 Owner: 1 World Trade Center LLC Developer: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Structural Engineers: WSP Cantor Seinuk; Schlaich Bergermann und Partner MEP Engineer: Jaros Baum & Bolles Main Contractor: Tishman Construction

12 One World Trade Center

Guangzhou, China Height: 530 m/1,739 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2017 Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 111 Owner: Chow Tai Fook Enterprises Developer: New World Project Management Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Associate Architect: Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Eng. Structural Engineers: Arup MEP Engineer: Parsons Brinckerho Consultants Pte Ltd Project Manager: New World Project Management Ltd

13 The CTF Guangzhou

Tianjin, China Height: 530 m/1,739 ft Current Status: Proposed Completion Date: 2015 Building Use: Residential/Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 97 Owner/Developer: New World China Land Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Associate Architect: ECADI Structural Engineers: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP MEP Engineer: Parson Brinckerho Consultants Pte Ltd

14

Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center

Dalian, China Height: 518 m/1,699 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2016 Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 88 Owner/Developer: Greenland Group Architect: HOK Associate Architect: ECADI Structural Engineers: ECADI MEP Engineer: ECADI Project Manager: Greenland Group Main Contractor: Shanghai Construction

15

Dalian Greenland Center

Dubai, United Arab Emirates Height: 516 m/1,693 ft Current Status: Construction Stopped Completion Date: Unknown Building Use: Residential Structural Material: Steel/Concrete Total Floors: 122 Developer: Trident International Holdings Architect: AEDAS Structural Engineers: Hyder Consulting MEP Engineer: Hyder Consulting Project Manager: Precipio Consulting Main Contractor: Arabian Construction Company

16

Pentominium

Building Location

China Other Asia

Middle East United States

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals, designed to facilitate exchanges among those involved in all aspects of the planning, design, construction and operation of tall buildings. The CTBUH is the worlds leading body in the field of tall buildings and the recognized source of information on tall buildings internationally. It is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of The Worlds Tallest Building determined. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat S.R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago IL, 60616, USA Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487 Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820 Email: info@ctbuh.org http://www.ctbuh.org

Busan, South Korea Height: 510 m/1,674 ft Current Status: Under Construction Completion Date: 2016 Building Use: Residential/Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 107 Owner/Developer: The Lotte Group Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Associate Architect: Heerim Architects & Planners Structural Engineers: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP MEP Engineer: Syska Hennessy Group Main Contractor: Lotte Construction Management

17 Busan Lotte Town Tower

Taipei, Taiwan, PRC Height: 508m/1,667ft Current Status: Completed Completion Date: 2004 Building Use: Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 101 Owner/Developer: Taipei Financial Center Corporation Architect: C.Y. Lee & Partners Architects/Partners Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti; Evergreen Engineering MEP Engineer: Continental Engineering Consultants, Inc. Project Manager: Turner Construction Main Contractors: Kumagai Gumi; Taiwan Kumagai; RSEA Engineering; Ta-You-Wei Construction; Samsung E & C

18 Taipei 101

Shenzhen, China Height: 500m/1,640ft Current Status: Proposed Completion Date: Unknown Building Use: Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 92 Owner/Developer: Kaisa Group Holdings Architect: RTKL Structural Engineers: RTKL MEP Engineer: RTKL

19 Kaisa Feng Long Centre

Shanghai, China Height: 492m/1,614ft Current Status: Completed Completion Date: 2008 Building Use: Hotel/Oce Structural Material: Composite Total Floors: 101 Owner: Shanghai World Financial Center Co. Ltd. Developer: Mori Building Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates; Irie Miyake Architects & Engineers Associate Architect: Shanghai Modern Architectural Design; ECADI Structural Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates MEP Engineer: Kenchiku Setubi Sekkei Kenkyusho Project Manager: Mori Building Main Contractors: China State Construction; Shanghai Construction

20 Shanghai World Financial Center

Building Use

Residential Oce

Hotel Mixed Use

Figure 17. The Tallest 20 in 2020 study (seen above) includes project information and details, and is available as a poster through the CTBUH webshop, at https://store.ctbuh.org Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Note for Press:

For image requests and additional information please contact: Nathaniel Hollister nhollister@ctbuh.org P: 1 (312) 567-3429