India

The Country, Economic Development and Ayodhya Dispute

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Contents
Articles
India Economic development in India Ayodhya dispute 1 24 33

References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 42 45

Article Licenses
License 46

India

India
Republic of India * Bhrat Ganarjya

Motto:"Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit) (Devangar) [3] "Truth Alone Triumphs" Anthem: Jana Gana Mana [4] Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people National Song Vande Mataram [6] I bow to thee, Mother
[5]

Area controlled by India in dark green; Claimed but uncontrolled territories in light green Capital Largest city Official language(s) Recognised regionallanguages National languages Demonym None defined by the [7] constitution. Indian New Delhi 2836.8N 7712.5E Mumbai

India

2
Government

Federal constitutional [2] parliamentary democracy Pratibha Patil (INC) Manmohan Singh (INC)

- - - -

President Prime Minister

Speaker of the House Meira Kumar (INC) Chief Justice Legislature S. H. Kapadia Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha from the United Kingdom 15 August 1947 26 January 1950 Area

- -

Upper House Lower House Independence

- -

Declared Republic

3,287,240km (7th) 1,269,210sqmi Water(%) 9.56 Population

- - -

2010estimate 2001census Density

1187720000

[8]

(2nd)

1,028,610,328
2

[9]

361.3/km (31st) 935.8/sqmi 2009estimate

GDP(PPP) - - GDP (nominal) - - Gini(2004) HDI(2007) Currency Time zone - Summer(DST) Date formats Drives on the ISO3166code Internet TLD Calling code Total Per capita Total Per capita

$3.526 trillion $2,941

[10]

[10]

(4th)

(128th)

2009estimate $1.235 trillion $1,031 36.8

[10] [10]

(11th)

(139th)

[11] [12]

0.612

(medium)(134th) ) (INR)

Indian rupee (

IST (UTC+5:30) not observed(UTC+5:30) dd/mm/yyyy (AD) left IN .in 91

India India ( /ndi/), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bhrat Gaarjya; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world.[13] [14] Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west;[note] Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea.[15] India has a coastline of 7517kilometres (4700 mi).[16] Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[17] Four of the world's major religionsHinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhismoriginated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.[18] India is a federal constitutional republic with a parliamentary democracy consisting of 28 states and seven union territories. A pluralistic, multilingual and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity. Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one of the fastest growing major economies in the world;[19] however, the country continues to face several poverty, illiteracy, corruption and public health related challenges. India is classified as a newly industrialised country[20] [21] and is one of the four BRIC nations. It is a nuclear weapons state and has the third-largest standing armed force in the world,[22] while its military expenditure ranks tenth in the world. India is a regional power[23] in South Asia. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the East Asia Summit, the G20 industrial nations, and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8+5 and a member observer state in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

Etymology
The name India is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.[24] The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (), the people of the Indus.[25] The Constitution of India and common usage in various Indian languages also recognise Bharat (pronounced Hindustani pronunciation:[brt] ( listen)) as an official name of equal status.[26] The name Bharat is derived from the name of the legendary king Bharata in Hindu scriptures. Hindustan (Hindustani pronunciation:[hndstn] ( listen)), originally a Persian word for Land of the Hindus referring to northern India, is also occasionally used as a synonym for all of India.[27]

History
Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared about 8,500 years ago and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation,[28] dating back to 3400BCE in western India. It was followed by the Vedic period, which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 500s BCE. From around 550BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanapadas were established across the country.[29]

India

4 In the third centuryBCE, most of South Asia was united into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya and flourished under Ashoka the Great.[30] From the third century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient "India's Golden Age".[31] [32] Empires in southern India included those of the Chalukyas, the Cholas and the Vijayanagara Empire. Science, technology, engineering, art, logic, language, literature, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings.

Following invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 12th centuries, much of northern India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire. Under the rule of Akbar the Great, India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well as Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, religious harmony.[33] [34] Mughal emperors gradually expanded their Maharashtra, sixth century empires to cover large parts of the subcontinent. However, in northeastern India, the dominant power was the Ahom kingdom of Assam, among the few kingdoms to have resisted Mughal subjugation. The first major threat to Mughal imperial power came from a Hindu Rajput king Maha Rana Pratap of Mewar in the 16th century and later from a Hindu state known as the Maratha confederacy, that ruled much of India in the mid-18th century.[35] From the 16th century, European powers such as Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain established trading posts and later took advantage of internal conflicts to establish colonies in the country. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the British East India Company.[36] A year later, a nationwide insurrection of rebelling military units and kingdoms, known as India's First War of Independence or the Sepoy Mutiny, seriously challenged the Company's control but eventually failed. As a result of the instability, India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown. In the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and other political organisations.[37] Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi led millions of people in several national campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience.[18] On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from British rule, but at the same time the Muslim-majority areas were partitioned to form a separate state of Pakistan.[38] On 26 January 1950, India became a republic and a new constitution came into effect.[39]

Since independence, India has faced challenges from religious violence, casteism, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies, especially in Jammu and Kashmir and Northeast India. Since the 1990s terrorist attacks have affected many Indian cities. India has unresolved territorial disputes with the People's Republic of China, which, in 1962, escalated into the Sino-Indian War, and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. India is a founding member of the United Nations (as British India) and the Non-Aligned Movement. India is a state armed with nuclear weapons; having conducted its first nuclear test in 1974,[40] followed by another five tests in 1998.[40] Beginning 1991, significant economic reforms[41] have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, increasing its global clout.[19]

Mahatma Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru, 1937. Nehru would go on to become India's first prime minister in 1947.

India

Government
National Symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Animal Bird Aquatic animal Flower Tree Fruit Sport Calendar River Tricolour Sarnath Lion Capital Jana Gana Mana Vande Mataram Royal Bengal Tiger Indian Peacock Dolphin Lotus Banyan Mango Field hockey Saka Ganges
[42] [43]

India is federation with a parliamentary form of government, governed under the Constitution of India.[44] It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law." Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the centre and the states. The government is regulated by a checks and balances defined by Indian Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.

Constitution
The Constitution of India, the longest and the most exhaustive among constitutions of independent nations in the world, came into force on 26 January 1950.[45] The preamble of the constitution defines India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[46] India has a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. Its form of government was traditionally described as being 'quasi-federal' with a strong centre and weaker states,[47] but it has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic and social changes.[48]

President and Prime Minister

The President of India is the head of state[49] elected indirectly by an electoral college[50] for a five-year term.[51] [52] The Prime Minister is the head of government and exercises most executive power.[49] Appointed by the President,[53] the Prime Minister is by convention supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament.[49] The executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly responsible to the lower house of the Parliament.[54]

India

Legislature
The Legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People).[55] The Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six year terms.[56] Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population.[56] 543 of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote to represent individual constituencies for five year terms.[56] The other two members are nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community if the President is of the opinion that the community is not adequately represented.[56]

Judiciary
India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 21 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[57] The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.[58] It is judicially independent,[57] and has the power to declare the law and to strike down Union or State laws which contravene the Constitution.[59] The role as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution is one of the most important functions of the Supreme Court.[60]

Administrative divisions
India consists of 28 states and seven Union Territories.[61] All states, and the two union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments patterned on the Westminster model. The other five union territories are directly ruled by the Centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis.[62] Since then, this structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts.[63] The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and eventually into villages. States:

The 28 states and 7 union territories of India

India

Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat

Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab

Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal

Arunachal Pradesh

Jammu and Kashmir

Union Territories:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep National Capital Territory of Delhi Puducherry

Politics
India is the most populous democracy in the world.[13] [14] It has operated under a multi-party system for most of its history. For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC).[61] Politics in the states have been dominated by national parties like the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. Within Indian political culture, the Indian National Congress is considered centre-left or "liberal" and the Bharatiya Janata Party is considered centre-right or "conservative". The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years.[64] As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term.[65]
The Secretariat Building, in New Delhi, houses key government offices.

The years 19961998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term.[66] In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various Left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. The UPA again came into power in the 2009 general election; however, the representation of the Left leaning parties within the coalition has significantly reduced.[67] Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.[68]

India

Foreign relations and military

Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia.[70] India is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement.[71] India was involved in two brief military interventions in neighbouring countries Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and Operation Cactus in Maldives. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani Jointly developed by Sukhoi and Hindustan War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed and Aeronautics, the Su-30 MKI "Flanker-H" is the continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has fought Indian Air Force's prime air superiority [69] two wars with Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute. A third war between fighter. India and Pakistan in 1971 resulted in the creation of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan).[72] Additional skirmishes have taken place between the two nations over the Siachen Glacier. In 1999, India and Pakistan fought an undeclared war over Kargil. In recent years, India has played an influential role in the SAARC and the WTO.[73] India has provided as many as 55,000 Indian military and police personnel to serve in thirty-five UN peacekeeping operations across four continents.[12] India is also an active participant in various mutlilateral forums, particularly the East Asia Summit[74] and the G8+5.[75] Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with the United States and the People's Republic of China. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations in South America, Asia and Africa. India maintains the third-largest military force in the world, which consists of the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force[39] and auxiliary forces such as the Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces Command. The official Indian defence budget for 2010 stood at US$31.9 billion (or 2.12% of GDP).[77] According to a 2008 SIPRI report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of PPP stood at US$72.7 billion.[78] The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. India maintains close defence cooperation India and Russia share an extensive economic, with Russia, Israel and France, who are the chief suppliers of arms. [76] defence and technological relationship. Defence contractors, such as the Defence Research and Development Shown here is PM Manmohan Singh with Organisation (DRDO) and Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), oversee President Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit. indigenous development of sophisticated arms and military equipment, including ballistic missiles, fighter aircraft and main battle tanks, to reduce India's dependence on foreign imports. India became a nuclear power in 1974 after conducting an initial nuclear test, known as the Operation Smiling Buddha, and carried out further underground testing in 1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT. India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy[79] and is developing nuclear triad capability as a part of its "minimum credible deterrence" doctrine.[79] On 10 October 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement between India and the United States was signed, prior to which India received waivers from the IAEA and the NSG which ended restrictions on nuclear technology commerce and recognised India as the world's de facto sixth nuclear weapons state.[80] Following the NSG waiver, India has also signed civilian nuclear energy cooperation agreements with several other nations including Russia,[81] France,[82] the United Kingdom[83] and Canada.[84]

India

Geography
India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, sits atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate.[85] India's defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastwards driftlasting fifty million yearsacross the then unformed Indian Ocean.[85] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountains, which now abut India in the north and the north-east.[85] In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough, which, having gradually been filled with river-borne sediment,[86] now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[87] To the west of this plain, and cut off from it by the Aravalli Range, lies the Thar Desert.[88]

Topographic map of India.

The original Indian plate now survives as peninsular India, the oldest and most geologically stable part of India, and extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[89] To their south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the left and right by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively;[90] the plateau contains the oldest rock formations in India, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 644' and 3530' north latitude[91] and 687' and 9725' east longitude.[92] India's coast is 7517kilometres (4700 mi) long; of this distance, 5423kilometres (3400 mi) belong to peninsular India, and 2094kilometres (1300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep Islands.[16] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46% mudflats or marshy coast.[16] Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges (Ganga) and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[93] Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi, whose extremely low gradient causes disastrous floods every year. Major peninsular rivers whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[94] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the The Himalayas form the mountainous landscape Arabian Sea.[95] Among notable coastal features of India are the of Northern India. Seen here is Ladakh in Jammu marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the alluvial Sundarbans & Kashmir. delta, which India shares with Bangladesh.[96] India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.[97] India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoons.[98] The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian Katabatic wind from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.[99] [100] The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[98] Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.[101]

India

10

Flora and fauna

India, which lies within the Indomalaya ecozone, displays significant biodiversity. One of eighteen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.[102] Many ecoregions, such as the shola forests, exhibit extremely high rates of endemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species are endemic.[103] [104] India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; the teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.[105] Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment. According to latest report, less than 12% of India's landmass is covered by dense forests.[106] Many Indian species are descendants of taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.[107] Soon thereafter, mammals entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes on either side of the emerging Himalaya.[105] Consequently, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians.[102] Notable endemics are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and the brown and carmine Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172, or 2.9%, of IUCN-designated threatened species.[108] These include the Asiatic Lion, the Bengal Tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which suffered a near-extinction from ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-treated cattle. In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife; in response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act[109] and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat; in addition, the Forest Conservation Act[110] was enacted in 1980. Along with more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries, India hosts thirteen biosphere reserves,[111] four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[112]

India

11

Economy
In 2009, India's nominal GDP stood at US$1.243 trillion, which makes it the eleventh-largest economy in the world.[113] If PPP is taken into account, India's economy is the fourth largest in the world at US$3.561 trillion,[114] corresponding to a per capita income of US$3,100.[115] The country ranks 139th in nominal GDP per capita and 128th in GDP per capita at PPP.[113] With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% for the past two decades, India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world.[116] From the 1950s to the 1980s, India followed socialist-inspired policies. The economy was shackled by extensive regulation, protectionism and public ownership, leading to pervasive corruption and slow economic growth.[117] In 1991, the nation liberalised its economy and has since moved towards a free-market economy.[118] [119] The policy change in 1991 came after an acute balance of payments crisis, and the emphasis since then has been to use foreign trade and foreign investment as integral parts of India's economy.[120] Currently, India's economic system is portrayed as a capitalist model with the influx of private enterprise.[119]

The Bombay Stock Exchange, in Mumbai, is Asia's oldest and India's largest stock exchange by market capitalisation.

India has the world's second largest labour force, with 467 million people.[121] In terms of output, the agricultural sector accounts for 28% of GDP; the service and industrial sectors make up 54% and 18% respectively. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes.[61] Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery and software.[61] India's external trade has reached a relatively moderate share of 24% of GDP in 2006, up from 6% in 1985.[118] In 2008, India's share of world trade was about 1.68%;[122] in 2009, it was the world's fifteenth largest importer and eighteenth largest exporter.[123] Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[61] Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, chemicals.[61] During the late 2000s, India's economic growth averaged 7.5% a year.[118] Over the past decade, hourly wage rates in India have more than doubled.[126] According to a 2007 McKinsey Global Institute report, since 1985, India's robust economic growth has shifted 431 million Indians out of poverty and by 2030, India's middle class population will rise to more than 580 million people.[127] In 2009, the Global Competitiveness Report ranked India 16th in financial market sophistication, 24th in banking sector, 27th in business sophistication and 30th in innovation; ahead of several advanced economies.[128] Seven of the world's top 15 technology outsourcing companies are [124] Tata Nano, the world's cheapest car. India's based in India and the country is viewed as the second most favourable annual car exports have surged fivefold in the [125] outsourcing destination after the United States.[129] India's consumer past five years. market is currently the world's thirteenth largest and is expected to [127] become the fifth largest by 2030. India has the world's fastest growing telecommunication industry, adding about 10 million subscribers during 200809 period.[130] The country has the world's second fastest growing automobile industry, with domestic sales increasing by 26% during the 200910 period[131] and exports increasing by 36% during the 200809 period.[132]

India Despite India's impressive economic growth over recent decades, it still contains the largest concentration of poor people in the world.[133] The percentage of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of $1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas in 2005) decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.[134] Since 1991, inter-state economic inequality in India has consistently grown; the per capita net state domestic product of India's richest states is about 3.2 times that of the poorest states.[135] Even though India has avoided famines in recent decades, half of children are underweight[136] and about 46% of Indian children under the age of three suffer from malnutrition.[133] [137] [138] A 2007 Goldman Sachs report projected that "from 2007 to 2020, Indias GDP per capita will quadruple," and that the Indian GDP will surpass that of the United States before 2050, but India "will remain a low-income country for several decades, with per capita incomes well below its other BRIC peers."[139] Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades; its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas.[133] The World Bank suggests that India must continue to focus on public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, improvement in transport, energy security, and health and nutrition.[140]

12

Demographics
With an estimated population of 1.2 billion,[8] India is the world's second most populous country. The last 50 years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity due to the "green revolution".[141] [142] The percentage of Indian population living in urban areas has consistently grown; from 1991 to 2001, India's urban population increased by 31.2%.[143] In 2001, about 285 million Indians lived in urban areas while more than 70% of India's population resided in rural areas.[144] [145] As per the 2001 census, there are twenty seven million-plus cities,[143] with the largest cities being Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Population density map of India. Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. Neither the Constitution of India, nor any Indian law defines any national language.[7] Hindi, with the largest number of speakers,[146] is the official language of the union.[147] English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a 'subsidiary official language;'[148] it is also important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. In addition, every state and union territory has its own official languages, and the constitution also recognises in particular 21 "scheduled languages". As per the 2001 census, over 800 million Indians (80.5%) were Hindu. Other religious groups include Muslims (13.4%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains (0.4%), Jews, Zoroastrians and Bah's.[149] Tribals constitute 8.1% of the population.[150] India has the third-highest Muslim population in the world and has the highest population of Muslims for a non-Muslim majority country. India's literacy rate is 64.8% (53.7% for females and 75.3% for males).[39] The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate at 91% while Bihar has the lowest at 47%.[151] [152] The national human sex ratio is 944 females per 1,000 males. India's median age is 24.9, and the population growth rate of 1.38% per annum; there are 22.01 births per 1,000 people per year.[39] Though India has one of the world's most diverse and modern healthcare systems, the country continues to face several public health-related challenges.[153] [154] According to the World Health Organization, 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water and breathing in polluted air.[155]

India There are about 60 physicians per 100,000 people in India.[156]

13

Culture
India's culture is marked by a high degree of syncretism[158] and cultural pluralism.[159] India's cultural tradition dates back to 8,000 BCE[160] and has a continuously recorded history for over 2,500 years.[161] With its roots based in the Indus Valley Tradition, the Indian culture took a distinctive shape during the 11th century BCE Vedic age which laid the foundation of Hindu philosophy, mythology, literary tradition and beliefs and practices, such as dhrma, krma, yga and moka.[162] It has managed to preserve established traditions while absorbing new customs, traditions, and ideas from invaders and immigrants and spreading its cultural influence to other parts of Asia, mainly South East and East Asia.

Indian religions form one of the most defining aspects of Indian culture.[163] Major dhrmic religions which were founded in India include Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Considered to be a successor to the ancient Vedic religion,[164] Hinduism has been shaped by several schools of thoughts such as the Advaita Vedanta,[165] the Yoga Sutras and the Bhakti movement.[163] Buddhism originated in India in 5th century BCE and prominent early Buddhist schools, such as Theravda and Mahyna, gained dominance during the Maurya Empire.[163] Though Buddhism entered a period of gradual decline in India 5th century CE onwards,[166] it played an influential role in shaping Indian philosophy and thought.[163] Traditional Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. The Indian caste system describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jtis or castes.[167] Several influential social reform movements, such as the Bramho Shmaj, the Arya Samja and the Ramakrishna Mission, have played a pivotal role in the emancipation of Dalits (or "untouchables") and other lower-caste communities in India.[168] However, the majority of Dalits continue to live in segregation and are often persecuted and discriminated against.[169] Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm, although nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.[117] An overwhelming majority of Indians have their marriages arranged by their parents and other respected family members, with the consent of the bride and groom.[170] Marriage is thought to be for life,[170] and the divorce rate is extremely low.[171] Child marriage is still a common practice, with half of women in India marrying before the legal age of 18.[172] [173] Indian cuisine is characterised by a wide variety of regional styles and sophisticated use of herbs and spices. The staple foods in the region are rice (especially in the south and the east) and wheat (predominantly in the north).[174] Spices, such as black pepper which are now consumed world wide, are originally native to the Indian subcontinent. Chili pepper, which was introduced by the Portuguese, is also widely used in Indian cuisine.[175]

The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a memorial to his deceased wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World and a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be [157] of "outstanding universal value".

India

14 Traditional Indian dress varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.

Many Indian festivals are religious in origin, although several are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. Some popular festivals are Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Ugadi, Thai Pongal, Holi, Onam, The Swaminarayan movement is closely Vijayadashami, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, Buddha associated with the culture and the linguistic [176] traditions of the Gujarati people. Shown Jayanti, Moharram and Vaisakhi.[178] [178] India has three national here is the Swaminarayan Akshardham in Delhi, holidays which are observed in all states and union territories [177] the world's largest Hindu temple complex. Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanthi. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Religious practices are an integral part of everyday life and are a very public affair. Indian architecture is one area that represents the diversity of Indian culture. Much of it, including notable monuments such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Mughal architecture and South Indian architecture, comprises a blend of ancient and varied local traditions from several parts of the country and abroad. Vernacular architecture also displays notable regional variation. Indian music covers a wide range of traditions and regional styles. Classical music largely encompasses the two genres North Indian Hindustani, South Indian Carnatic traditions and their various offshoots in the form of regional folk music. Regionalised forms of popular music include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of West Bengal, Jharkhand , sambalpuri of Orissa , the ghoomar of Rajasthan and the Lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Orissa and the sattriya of Assam.[179] Theatre in India often incorporates music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.[180] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances, and news of social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of state of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, the tamasha of Maharashtra, the burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, the terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.[181] The Indian film industry is the largest in the world.[182] Bollywood, based in Mumbai, makes commercial Hindi films and is the most prolific film industry in the world.[183] Established traditions also exist in Assamese, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu language cinemas.[184] The earliest works of Indian literature were transmitted orally and only later written down.[185] These included works of Sanskrit literature such as the early Vedas, the epics Mahbhrata and Ramayana, the drama Abhijnakuntalam (The Recognition of akuntal), and poetry such as the Mahkvya[186] and the Tamil language Sangam literature.[187] Among Indian writers of the modern era active in Indian languages or English, Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in 1913.

India

15

Sport
India's official national sport is field hockey, administered by Hockey India. India's hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals at the Olympic games, making it one of the world's most successful national hockey teams ever. Cricket, however, is by far the most popular sport;[188] the India cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI); and domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy. In addition, BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition.

A 2008 Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket match being played between the Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders

India is home to several traditional sports which originated in the country and continue to remain fairly popular. These include kabaddi, kho kho, pehlwani and gilli-danda. One of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as Kalarippayattu, Yuddha, Silambam and Varma Kalai, originated in India. The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are India's highest awards for achievements in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India, is regaining widespread popularity with the rise in the number of Indian Grandmasters.[189] Tennis has also become increasingly popular, owing to the victories of the India Davis Cup team and the success of Indian tennis players.[190] India has a strong presence in shooting sports, winning several medals at the Olympics, the World Shooting Championships and the Commonwealth Games.[191] [192] Other sports in which Indian sports-persons have won numerous awards or medals at international sporting events include badminton,[193] boxing[194] and wrestling.[195] [196] Football is a popular sport in northeastern India, West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.[197] India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events, such as the 1951 and the 1982 Asian Games, the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2010 Hockey World Cup and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting events annually held in India include the Chennai Open, Mumbai Marathon and the Indian Masters. The country is scheduled to host the 2011 Cricket World Cup and the first Indian Grand Prix in 2011.

Notes
The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and Pakistani-held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

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[107] K. Praveen Karanth. (2006). Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota (http:/ / www. iisc. ernet. in/ currsci/ mar252006/ 789. pdf). [108] Groombridge, B. (ed). 1993. The 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. lvi + 286 pp. [109] "The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972" (http:/ / www. helplinelaw. com/ docs/ wildlife/ index. php). Helplinelaw.com. 2000. . Retrieved 16 June 2007. [110] "The Forest Conservation Act, 1980" (http:/ / www. advocatekhoj. com/ library/ bareacts/ forestconservation/ index. php?Title=Forest(Conservation)Act,1980). AdvocateKhoj.com. 2007. . Retrieved 29 November 2007. [111] "Biosphere Reserves of India" (http:/ / www. cpreec. org/ pubbook-biosphere. htm). . Retrieved 17 June 2007. [112] "The List of Wetlands of International Importance" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070621011113/ http:/ / www. ramsar. org/ sitelist. pdf) (PDF). 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[115] Country Comparison :: GDP per capita (PPP) (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ rankorder/ 2004rank. html?countryName=India& countryCode=in& regionCode=sas& rank=165#in) [116] "The Puzzle of India's Growth" (http:/ / www. tni. org/ detail_page. phtml?page=archives_vanaik_growth). 26 June 2006. . Retrieved 15 September 2008. [117] Eugene M. Makar (2007). An American's Guide to Doing Business in India. [118] "Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" (http:/ / www. oecd. org/ dataoecd/ 17/ 52/ 39452196. pdf). OECD. . [119] Gargan, Edward A. (15 August 1992). "India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1992/ 08/ 15/ world/ india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy. html). New York Times. . [120] Jalal Alamgir (2009). India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=A_5ekf5jpgUC). Routledge. ISBN9780415776844. . 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[137] "World Bank Report" (http:/ / web. worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ SOUTHASIAEXT/ 0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00. html). Source: The World Bank (2009). . Retrieved 13 March 2009. "World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India" [138] Page, Jeremy (22 February 2007). "Indian children suffer more malnutrition than in Ethiopia" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ world/ asia/ article1421393. ece). The Times (London). . Retrieved 8 May 2009. [139] "Indias Rising Growth Potential" (http:/ / www. usindiafriendship. net/ viewpoints1/ Indias_Rising_Growth_Potential. pdf). Goldman Sachs. 2007. . [140] "India Country Overview 2009" (http:/ / www. worldbank. org. in/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ SOUTHASIAEXT/ INDIAEXTN/ 0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00. html). World Bank. . [141] The end of India's green revolution? (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 4994590. stm). BBC News. 29 May 2006. [142] Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy (http:/ / www. foodfirst. org/ media/ opeds/ 2000/ 4-greenrev. html). [143] Subhash Chandra Garg. "Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance in India" (http:/ / siteresources. worldbank. org/ INTMF/ Resources/ 339747-1105651852282/ Garg. pdf). World Bank. . Retrieved 27 January 2010. [144] Dyson, Tim; Visaria, Pravin (2004). "Migration and [[urbanisation (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=bqU9T5c0wlYC& pg=PA115& )]:Retrospect and prospects"]. In Dyson, Tim; Casses, Robert; Visaria, Leela. Twenty-first century India: population, economy, human development, and the environment. Oxford University Press. pp.115129. ISBN0199243352. . [145] Ratna, Udit (2007). "Interface between urban and rural development in India" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=QDmZeW1H37IC& pg=PA265& ). In Dutt, Ashok K.; Thakur, Baleshwar. City, Society, and Planning: Planning Essays in honour of Prof. A.K. Dutt. Concept Publishing Company. pp.271272. ISBN8180694615. . [146] "Languages by number of speakers according to 1991 census" (http:/ / www. ciil. org/ Main/ Languages/ map4. htm). Central Institute of Indian Languages. . Retrieved 2 August 2007. [147] Mallikarjun, B. (Nov., 2004), Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern HindiThe Official Language of India (http:/ / www. languageinindia. com/ nov2004/ mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1. html), Language in India (http:/ / www. languageinindia. com/ index. html), Volume 4, Number 11. ISSN 1930-2940. [148] "Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27 April 1960" (http:/ / www. rajbhasha. gov. in/ preseng. htm). . Retrieved 4 July 2007. [149] "Census of India 2001, Data on Religion" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ India_at_glance/ religion. aspx). Census of India. . Retrieved 22 November 2007. [150] "Tribes: Introduction" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070110223913/ http:/ / tribal. nic. in/ introduction. html). National Informatics Centre. Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (http:/ / tribal. nic. in/ introduction. html) on January 10, 2007. . Retrieved 12 April 2007. [151] "Kerala's literacy rate" (http:/ / www. kerala. gov. in/ education/ ). kerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala. . Retrieved 13 December 2007. [152] Census Statistics of Bihar: Literacy Rates "Literacy rate of Bihar" (http:/ / gov. bih. nic. in/ Profile/ CensusStats-03. htm). Government of Bihar. Census Statistics of Bihar: Literacy Rates. Retrieved 13 December 2007. [153] "Country Cooperation Strategy: India" (http:/ / www. who. int/ countryfocus/ cooperation_strategy/ ccsbrief_ind_en. pdf). World Health Organization. November 2006. . [154] "Healthcare in India" (http:/ / bostonanalytics. com/ india_watch/ Healthcare in India Executive Summary. pdf). Boston Analytics. . [155] Robinson, Simon (1 May 2008). "India's Medical Emergency" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ nation/ article/ 0,8599,1736516,00. html). TIME magazine. . [156] "Doctors per one hundred thousand people in India" (http:/ / india-reports. in/ transitions/ global-skills/ doctors-per-one-hundred-thousand-people-in-india). IndiaReports. . [157] "Taj Mahal" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list). World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. . Retrieved 28 September 2007. "The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value." [158] Das, N.K. (July 2006). "Cultural Diversity, Religious [[Syncretism (http:/ / www. bangladeshsociology. org/ Content. htm)] and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation"]. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology 3 (2nd). ISSN 1819-8465. . Retrieved 27 September 2007. "The pan-Indian, civilisational dimension of cultural pluralism and syncretism encompasses ethnic diversity and admixture, linguistic heterogeneity as well as fusion, and variations as well as synthesis in customs, behavioural patterns, beliefs and rituals". [159] Baidyanath, Saraswati (2006). "Cultural Pluralism, National Identity and Development" (http:/ / ignca. nic. in/ ls_03. htm). Interface of Cultural Identity Development (1stEdition ed.). New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. xxi+290 pp. ISBN81-246-0054-6. . Retrieved 8 June 2007. [160] Arnett, Robert. India Unveiled. Atman Press, 2006. [161] Sharma, Shaloo. History and Development of Higher Education in India. Sarup & Sons, 2002. [162] de Bruyn, Pippa. Frommer's India. Frommer's, 2010. [163] Heehs, Peter. Indian religions: a historical reader of spiritual expression and experience. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002. [164] Stietencron, Hinduism: On the Proper Use of A Deceptive Term, pp.122 [165] "Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction," (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C) By Eliot Deutsch, University of Hawaii Press, 1980, ISBN 0-8248-0271-3. [166] Merriam-Webster, pg. 155157

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[167] " India Caste (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 285248/ India/ 46404/ Caste)". Encyclopdia Britannica Online. [168] Paswan, Sanjay. Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India: Movements. Gyan Publishing House, 2002. [169] " UN report slams India for caste discrimination (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ world/ story/ 2007/ 03/ 02/ india-dalits. html)". CBC News. 2 March 2007. [170] Medora, Nilufer (2003). "Mate selection in contemporary India: Love marriages versus arranged marriages". In Hamon, Raeann R. and Ingoldsby, Bron B.. Mate Selection Across Cultures. SAGE. pp.209230. ISBN0761925929. [171] "Divorce Rate In India" (http:/ / www. divorcerate. org/ divorce-rate-in-india. html). . [172] "Child marriages targeted in India" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 1617759. stm). BBC News. 24 October 2001. . Retrieved 5 January 2010. [173] "State of the Worlds Children-2009" (http:/ / www. unicef. org/ sowc09/ docs/ SOWC09_Table_9. pdf). UNICEF. 2009. . [174] Delphine, Roger, "The History and Culture of Food in Asia", in Kiple & Kriemhild 2000, pp.11401151. [175] Achaya 1994, Achaya 1997 [176] Carnes, Tony. Asian American religions: the making and remaking of borders and boundaries. NYU Press, 2004. ISBN081471630X, 9780814716304. [177] Glenday, Craig. Guinness World Records 2009. Random House, Inc., 2009. ISBN0553592564, 9780553592566. [178] "List of Holidays in India" (http:/ / www. indianpublicholidays. com/ 2009/ 11/ list-of-holidays-in-india-2010/ ). . Retrieved 7 July 2010. [179] 1. "South Asian arts: Techniques and Types of Classical Dance" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 556016/ South-Asian-arts/ 65246/ Indian-dance) From: Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2007. 2. Sangeet Natak Academi (National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama, New Delhi, India). 2007. Dance Programmes (http:/ / www. sangeetnatak. org/ programmes_recognition& honours_dance. html). 3. Kothari, Sunil. 2007. Sattriya dance of the celibate monks of Assam, India (http:/ / www. rhul. ac. uk/ Drama/ News-and-Events/ Events_archive/ KothariLecture. html). Royal Holloway College, University of London. [180] Lal 1998. [181] (Karanth 1997, p.26). Quote: "The Yakagna folk-theatre is no isolated theatrical form in India. We have a number of such theatrical traditions all around Karnataka... In far off Assam we have similar plays going on by the name of Ankia Nat, in neighouring Bengal we have the very popular Jatra plays. Maharashtra has Tamasa. (p. 26.) [182] "Country profile: India" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ country_profiles/ 1154019. stm). BBC. 19 August 2009. . Retrieved 2007. [183] Dissanayake & Gokulsing 2004. [184] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen (editors) 1999 [185] MacDonell 2004, pp.140. [186] Johnson 1998, MacDonell 2004, pp.140, and Kalidasa & Johnson (editor) 2001. [187] 1. Encyclopaedia Britannica (2008), "Tamil Literature." (http:/ / original. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9071111/ Tamil-literature) Quote: "Apart from literature written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but Tamil literature proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the sangam, or literary academy (see Sangam literature)." 2. Ramanujan 1985, pp.ixx. Quote (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nIybE0HRvdQC& pg=PR9& vq=eight+ anthologies& source=gbs_search_r& cad=0_1& sig=ACfU3U3yAk-LoJIs-AdWHCw9nU-OjLUyJA): "These poems are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BCAD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (Euttokai), the Ten Long Poems (Pattuppu), and a grammar called the Tolkppiyam or the 'Old Composition.'... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as Cankam (pronounced Sangam) literature. (pp. ixx.)" [188] Shores, Lori. Teens in India. Compass Point Books, 2007. ISBN0756520630, 9780756520632. [189] "Anand crowned World champion" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ sports/ 2008/ oct/ 29anand. htm). Rediff. 29 October 2008. . Retrieved 29 October 2008. [190] "India Aims for Center Court" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/ SB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502. html). WSJ. September 11, 2009. . Retrieved 29 September 2010. [191] "Shooting is India's No. 1 sport: Gagan" (http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ content/ 102196/ shooting-indias-no-1-sport. html). Deccan Herald. 5 October 2010. . Retrieved 5 October 2010. [192] "Sawant shoots historic gold at World Championships" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ sports/ more-sports/ shooting/ Sawant-shoots-historic-gold-at-World-Championships/ articleshow/ 6274795. cms). TOI. Aug 9, 2010. . Retrieved 5 October 2010. [193] "Saina Nehwal: India's badminton star and 'new woman'" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-south-asia-10725584). BBC. 1 August 2010. . Retrieved 5 October 2010. [194] "Is boxing the new cricket?" (http:/ / www. livemint. com/ 2010/ 09/ 24211250/ Is-boxing-the-new-cricket. html). Live Mint. Sep 24 2010. . Retrieved 5 October 2010. [195] "India makes clean sweep in Greco-Roman wrestling" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ cwgarticleshow/ 6691936. cms). TOI. Oct 5, 2010. . Retrieved 5 October 2010. [196] "Sushil Kumar wins gold in World Wrestling Championship" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ sports/ more-sports/ wrestling/ Sushil-Kumar-wins-gold-in-World-Wrestling-Championship/ articleshow/ 6542488. cms). TOI. Sep 12, 2010. . Retrieved 5 October 2010. [197] Majumdar & Bandyopadhyay 2006, pp.15.

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India Dissanayake, Wimal K.; Gokulsing, Moti (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change (http:/ /books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&dq). Trentham Books. p.161. ISBN1858563291. Johnson, W. J. (translator and editor) (1998). The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night (http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192823618). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics). p.192. ISBN9780192823618 Kalidasa; Johnson (editor), W. J. (2001). The Recognition of akuntal: A Play in Seven Acts (http://www.oup. com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192839114). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics). p.192. ISBN9780192839114 Karanth, K. Shivarama (1997). Yakagna. (Forward by H. Y. Sharada Prasad). Abhinav Publications. p.252. ISBN8170173574. Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Cone, eds (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521402166. Lal, Ananda (1998). Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre (http://www.amazon.com/ Oxford-Companion-Indian-Theatre/dp/0195644468/). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p.600. ISBN0195644468. MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN1417906197. Majumdar, Boria; Bandyopadhyay, Kausik (2006). A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score. Routledge. ISBN0415348358. Massey, Reginald (2006). India's Dances. Abhinav Publications. ISBN8170174341. Ramanujan, A. K. (1985). Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil (http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC&dq). New York: Columbia University Press. p.329. ISBN0231051077. Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen (editors), Paul (1999). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, 2nd revised edition (http://web.archive.org/web/20070806090314/http://ucpress.edu/books/bfi/pages/PROD0008.html). University of California Press and British Film Institute. p.652. ISBN9780851706696. Archived from the original (http://www.ucpress.edu/books/bfi/pages/PROD0008.html) on 6 August 2007. Vilanilam, John V. (2005). Mass Communication in India: A Sociological Perspective. Sage Publications. ISBN0761933727.

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External links
Government of India (http://india.gov.in/) Official government portal (in English) India (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html) entry at The World Factbook India (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs India (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/) at the Open Directory Project Wikimedia Atlas of India India travel guide from Wikitravel Geographical coordinates: 21N 78E bjn:India

Economic development in India

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Economic development in India

The economic development in India followed a socialist-inspired policies for most of its independent history, including state-ownership of many sectors; extensive regulation and red tape known as "Licence Raj"; and isolation from the world economy. India's per capita income increased at only around 1% annualized rate in the three decades after Independence.[1] Since the mid-1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalization. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy.[1] In the late 2000s, India's growth has reached 7.5%, which will double the average income in a decade.[1] Analysts say that if India pushed more fundamental market reforms, it could sustain the rate and even reach the government's 2011 target of 10%.[1] States have large responsibilities over their economies. The annualized 1999-2008 growth rates for Gujarat (8.8%), Haryana (8.7%), or Delhi (7.4%) were significantly higher than for Bihar (5.1%), Uttar Pradesh (4.4%), or Madhya Pradesh (3.5%).[2] India is the eleventh-largest economy in the world and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates (PPP). On per capita basis, it ranks 128th in the world or 118th by PPP. The economic growth has been driven by the expansion of services that have been growing consistently faster than other sectors. It is argued that the pattern of Indian development has been a specific one and that the country may be able to skip the intermediate industrialization-led phase in the transformation of its economic structure. Serious concerns have been raised about the jobless nature of the economic growth. [3] Although living standards are rising fast, 75.6% of the population still lives on less than US$2 a day (PPP, around US$0.5 in nominal terms), compared to 73.0% in Sub-Saharan Africa.[4] In terms of occupation, two-thirds of the Indian workforce earn their livelihood directly or indirectly through agriculture in rural villages. As a proportion of GDP, towns and cities make over two thirds of the Indian economy. Favourable macroeconomic performance has been a necessary but not sufficient condition for the significant reduction of poverty among the Indian population. The rate of poverty decline has not been higher in the post-reform period (since 1991). The improvements in some other non-economic dimensions of social development have been even less favourable. The most pronounced example is an exceptionally high and persistent level of child malnutrition (46% in 20056). [5] The progress of economic reforms in India is followed closely. The World Bank suggests that the most important priorities are public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labor regulations, reforms in lagging states, and HIV/AIDS.[6] India ranked 133th on the Ease of Doing Business Index in 2010, compared with 89th for China and 129th for Brazil. According to Index of Economic Freedom an annual survey on economic freedom of the world, India ranks 124th as compared with China and Russia which ranks 140th and 143rd respectively in 2010.

Economic development in India

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Agriculture
India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 18.6% of the GDP in 2005, employed 60% of the total workforce[7] and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the green revolution.

Composition of India's total production (million tonnes) of foodgrains and commercial crops, in 200304.

India is the largest producer in the world of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper.[8] It also has the world's largest cattle population (193 million).[9] It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut and inland fish.[10] It is the third largest producer of tobacco.[10] India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of banana and sapota.[10] The required level of investment for the development of marketing, storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge. The government has implemented various schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure. Among these schemes are Construction of Rural Go downs, Market Research and Information Network, and Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardization.[11] Main problems in the agricultural sector, as listed by the World Bank, are:[12] India's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing investment. Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty. Government interventions in labour, land, and credit markets. Inadequate infrastructure and services.

Research and development The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), established in 1905, was responsible for the research leading to the "Indian Green Revolution" of the 1970s. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the apex body in kundiure and related allied fields, including research and education.[13] The Union Minister of Agriculture is the President of the ICAR. The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments, analyses data in agriculture, and specializes in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding. Prof. M.S. Swaminathan is known as "Father of the Green Revolution" and heads the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.[14] He is known for his advocacy of environmentally sustainable agriculture and sustainable food security.

Economic development in India

26

Industrial output
India is fourteenth in the world in factory output. Manufacturing sector in addition to mining, quarrying, electricity and gas together account for 27.6% of the GDP and employ 17% of the total workforce. Economic reforms introduced after 1991 brought foreign competition, led to privatisation of certain public sector industries, opened up sectors hitherto reserved for the public sector and led to an expansion in the production of fast-moving consumer goods.[15] In recent years, Indian cities have continued to liberalize, but excessive and burdensome business regulations remain a problem in some cities, like Kochi and Kolkata.[16]

An industrial zone near Mumbai, India.

Post-liberalisation, the Indian private sector, which was usually run by oligopolies of old family firms and required political connections to prosper was faced with foreign competition, including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports. It has since handled the change by squeezing costs, revamping management, focusing on designing new products and relying on low labour costs and technology.[17]

Services
India is fifteenth in services output. Service industry employs 23% of the work force and is growing quickly, with a growth rate of 7.5% in 19912000, up from 4.5% in 195180. It has the largest share in the GDP, accounting for 53.8% in 2005 up from 15% in 1950.[7] Business services (information technology, information technology enabled services, business process outsourcing) are among the fastest growing sectors contributing to one third of the total output of services in 2000. The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation and availability of a large pool of low cost, highly skilled, educated and fluent English-speaking workers on the supply side and on the demand side, has increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India's service exports or those looking to outsource their operations. India's IT industry, despite contributing significantly to its balance of payments, accounts for only about 1% of the total GDP or 1/50th of the total services.[18] The ITES-BPO sector has become a big employment generator especially amongst young college graduates. The number of professionals employed by IT and ITES sectors is estimated at around 1.3 million as on March 2006. Also, Indian IT-ITES is estimated to have helped create an additional 3 million job opportunities through indirect and induced employment.[19]

Economic development in India

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Banking and finance

Since liberalisation, the government has approved significant banking reforms. While some of these relate to nationalised banks (like encouraging mergers, reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness), other reforms have opened up the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign players.[7] [20] Currently, in 2007, banking in India is generally mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even, though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks.[21] In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies of Asia.[21] The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate.[22] Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 28 The RBI headquarters in Mumbai public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 29 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 31 foreign banks.[23] They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs. The public sector banks hold over 75% of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively.[23]

GDP growth rate

Since the economic liberalisation of 1991, India's GDP has been growing at a higher rate.[24]
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth (real) (%) 5.5 6.0 4.3 4.3 8.3 6.2 8.4 9.2 9.0 7.4

Economic development in India

28

Companies
47 Indian companies were listed in the Forbes Global 2000 ranking for 2009.[25] The 10 leading companies were:
World Rank Company Logo Industry Revenue Profits Assets (billion $) (billion $) (billion $) Market Value (billion $) 35.95 12.75 28.91 10.20

121 Reliance Industries 150 State Bank of India 152 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 207 Indian Oil Corporation

Oil & Gas Operations Banking Oil & Gas Operations Oil & Gas Operations

34.03 22.63 24.04 51.66

4.87 2.23 4.95 1.97

43.61 255.86 35.35 33.64

317 NTPC 329 ICICI Bank 463 Tata Steel 508 Bharti Airtel 582 Steel Authority of India Limited 689 Reliance Communications

Utilities Banking Materials Telecommunications Services Materials Telecommunications Services

9.63 15.06 32.77 6.73 9.82 4.26

1.86 0.85 3.08 1.59 1.89 1.35

24.58 120.61 31.16 12.28 10.54 19.31

29.70 7.14 2.46 23.63 6.14 6.27

India's resource consumption

Oil
India had about 5.6billion barrels (890000000 m3) of proven oil reserves as of January 2007, which is the second-largest amount in the Asia-Pacific region behind China.[26] Most of India's crude oil reserves are located in the western coast (Mumbai High) and in the northeastern parts of the country, although considerable undeveloped reserves are also located in the offshore Bay of Bengal and in the state of Rajasthan. The combination of rising oil consumption and fairly unwavering production levels leaves India highly dependent on imports to meet the consumption needs. In 2006, India produced an average of about 846,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) of total oil liquids, of which 77%, or 648000bbl/d (103000 m3/d), was crude oil.[26] During 2006, India consumed an estimated 2.63Mbbl/d (418000 m3/d) of oil.[27] The Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that India registered oil demand growth of 100000bbl/d (16000 m3/d) during 2006.[27] EIA forecasts suggest that country is likely to experience similar gains during 2007 and 2008. Sector organisation Indias oil sector is dominated by state-owned enterprises, although the government has taken steps in past recent years to deregulate the hydrocarbons industry and support greater foreign involvement. Indias state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is the largest oil company, and also the countrys largest company overall by market capitalization. ONGC is the leading player in Indias upstream sector, accounting for roughly 75% of the countrys oil output during 2006, as per Indian government estimates.[26] As a net importer of oil, the Government of India has introduced policies aimed at growing domestic oil production and oil exploration activities. As part of the effort, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas crafted the New Exploration License Policy (NELP) in 2000, which permits foreign companies to hold 100% equity possession in oil and natural gas projects.[26] However, to date, only a handful of oil fields are controlled by foreign firms. Indias downstream sector is also dominated by state-owned entities, though private companies have enlarged their market share in past recent years.[26]

Economic development in India

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Natural gas
As per the Oil and Gas Journal, India had 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of confirmed natural gas reserves as of January 2007. A huge mass of Indias natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions, particularly the Mumbai High complex. The onshore fields in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat states are also major producers of natural gas. As per EIA data, India produced 996 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas in 2004.[28] India imports small amounts of natural gas. In 2004, India consumed about 1089109cuft (3.081010 m3) of natural gas, the first year in which the country showed net natural gas imports. During 2004, India imported 93109cuft (2.6109 m3) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar.[28] Sector Organization As in the oil sector, Indias state-owned companies account for the bulk of natural gas production. ONGC and Oil India Ltd. (OIL) are the leading companies with respect to production volume, while some foreign companies take part in upstream developments in joint-ventures and production sharing contracts (PSCs). Reliance Industries, a privately-owned Indian company, will also have a bigger role in the natural gas sector as a result of a large natural gas find in 2002 in the Krishna Godavari basin.[28] The Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) holds an effective control on natural gas transmission and allocation activities. In December 2006, the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a new policy that allows foreign investors, private domestic companies, and national oil companies to hold up to 100% equity stakes in pipeline projects. While GAILs domination in natural gas transmission and allocation is not ensured by statute, it will continue to be the leading player in the sector because of its existing natural gas infrastructure.[28]

Issues
Regulation, public sector, corruption India ranked 133rd on the Ease of Doing Business Index in 2010, compared with 85th for Pakistan, 89th for People's Republic of China, 125th for Nigeria, 129th for Brazil, and 122nd for Indonesia. Corruption in many forms has been one of the pervasive problems affecting India. For decades, the red tape, bureaucracy and the Licence Raj that had strangled private enterprise.[30] The economic reforms of 1991 cut some of the worst regulations that had been utilized in corruption. Corruption is still large. A 2005 study by Transparency International (TI) India found that more than half of those surveyed had firsthand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office.[29] The chief economic consequences of corruption are the loss to the exchequer, an unhealthy climate for investment and an increase in the cost of government-subsidised services. The TI India study estimates the monetary value of petty corruption in 11 basic services provided by the government, like education, healthcare, Extent of corruption in Indian states, as measured judiciary, police, etc., to be around 21068 crore (US$4.8 billion).[29] in a 2005 study by Transparency International [29] India. (Darker regions are more corrupt) India still ranks in the bottom quartile of developing nations in terms of the ease of doing business, and compared with China, the average time taken to secure the clearances for a startup or to invoke bankruptcy is much greater. The Right to Information Act (2005) and equivalent acts in the states, that require government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action, computerisation of services and various central and state government acts that established vigilance commissions have considerably reduced corruption or at least have

Economic development in India opened up avenues to redress grievances.[29] [31] The 2006 report by Transparency International puts India at 70th place and states that significant improvements were made by India in reducing corruption.[32] [33] Employment India's labor force is growing by 2.5% every year, but employment is growing only at 2.3% a year.[34] Official unemployment exceeds 9%. Regulation and other obstacles have discouraged the emergence of formal businesses and jobs. Almost 30% of workers are casual workers who work only when they are able to get jobs and remain unpaid for the rest of the time.[34] Only 10% of the workforce is in regular employment.[34] India's labor regulations are heavy even by developing country standards and analysts have urged the government to abolish them.[1] [35] From the overall stock of an estimated 458 million workers, 394 million (86%) operate in the unorganized sector (of which 63% are self-employed) mostly as informal workers. There is a strong relationship between the quality of employment and social and poverty characteristics. [36] The relative growth of informal employment was more rapid within the organized rather than the unorganized sector. This informalization is also related to the flexibilization of employment in the organized sector that is suggested by the increasing use of contract labor by employers in order to benefit from more flexible labor practices. [37] Most children never go beyond primary level schooling. Children under 14 constitute 3.6% of the total labor force in the country. Of these children, 9 out of every 10 work in their own rural family settings. Around 85% of them are engaged in traditional agricultural activities. Less than 9% work in manufacturing, services and repairs.[38] Child labor is a complex problem that is basically rooted in poverty. The Indian government is implementing the world's largest child labor elimination program, with primary education targeted for ~250 million. Numerous non-governmental and voluntary organizations are also involved. Special investigation cells have been set up in states to enforce existing laws banning employment of children (under 14) in hazardous industries. The allocation of the Government of India for the eradication of child labor was US$10 million in 1995-96 and US$16 million in 1996-97. The allocation for 2007 is US$21 million.[38] Environmental degradation About 1.2 billion people in developing nations lack clean, safe water because most household and industrial wastes are dumped directly into rivers and lakes without treatment. This contributes to the rapid increase in waterborne diseases in humans.[39] Out of India's 3119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities (WHO 1992).[40] 114 cities dump untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River.[41] Downstream, the untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. This situation is typical of many rivers in India as well as other developing countries. Globally, but especially in developing nations like India where people cook with fuelwood and coal over open fires, about 4 billion humans suffer continuous exposure to smoke. In India, particulate concentrations in houses are reported to range from 8,300 to 15,000 g/m3, greatly exceeding the 75 g/m3 maximum standard for indoor particulate matter in the United States.[42] Changes in ecosystem biological diversity, evolution of parasites, and invasion by exotic species all frequently result in disease outbreaks such as cholera which emerged in 1992 in India. The frequency of AIDS/HIV is increasing. In 1996, about 46,000 Indians out of 2.8 million (1.6 % of the population) tested were found to be infected with HIV.[43]

30

Economic development in India

31

References
[1] Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief (http:/ / www. oecd. org/ dataoecd/ 17/ 52/ 39452196. pdf). OECD. [2] "A special report on India: Ruled by Lakshmi 11 December 2008 From The Economist print edition" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ surveys/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=12749719& fsrc=rss). Economist.com. 2008-12-11. . Retrieved 2009-07-12. [3] NOVOTN, J., RAMACHANDRAN, N. (2010): Alternative to jobless growth? All-India context and a case of participatory development scheme from rural Tamil Nadu. Geografie, 115, 3, 330-346. http:/ / web. natur. cuni. cz/ ~pepino/ Novotny_Ramachandran_2010_Alternative_to_jobless_growth. pdf [4] "The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty" (http:/ / econ. worldbank. org/ external/ default/ main?pagePK=64165259& piPK=64165421& theSitePK=469372& menuPK=64166093& entityID=000158349_20080826113239). Econ.worldbank.org. . Retrieved 2009-07-12. [5] CHATTERJEE, P. (2007): Child malnutrition rises in India despite economic boom. The Lancet, 369, No. 9571, pp. 14171418. [6] India Country Overview 2008 (http:/ / www. worldbank. org. in/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ SOUTHASIAEXT/ INDIAEXTN/ 0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00. html). World Bank [7] "CIA The World Factbook India" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ in. html#Econ). CIA (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ ). 2007-09-20. . Retrieved 2007-10-02. [8] Agriculture sector (http:/ / www. ibpn. co. uk/ agriculture. asp) Indo British Partnership network, Retrieved on December 2007 [9] Lester R. Brown World's Rangelands Deteriorating Under Mounting Pressure (http:/ / www. earth-policy. org/ Updates/ Update6. htm) Earth Policy Institute, Retrieved on- February 2008 [10] Indian agriculture (http:/ / www. ficciagroindia. com/ indian-agriculture/ indian-agriculture. htm) Agribusiness Information Centre, Retrieved on- February 2008 [11] Agriculture marketing (http:/ / india. gov. in/ sectors/ agriculture/ agri_marketing. php) india.gov Retrieved on- February 2008 [12] India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development (http:/ / web. worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ SOUTHASIAEXT/ EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/ 0,,contentMDK:20273764~menuPK:548214~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00. html). World Bank [13] Objectives (http:/ / www. iari. res. in/ objectives. php) Indian agricultural research institute, Retrieved on December 2007 [14] MS Swaminathan (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ asia/ asia/ magazine/ 1999/ 990823/ swaminathan1. html) Times Inc. Retrieved on- 21 February 2008 [15] "Economic structure" (http:/ / economist. com/ countries/ India/ profile. cfm?folder=Profile-Economic Structure). The Economist. 6 October 2003. . [16] "Doing Business in India 2009" (http:/ / www. doingbusiness. org/ subnational/ exploreeconomies/ India2009. aspx). World Bank. . Retrieved 2010-06-08. [17] "Indian manufacturers learn to compete" (http:/ / economist. com/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=S')8</ PQ;!!P!4 ). The Economist. 12 February 2004. . [18] Gordon, Jim and Gupta, Poonam (2003) (PDF). Understanding India's Services Revolution (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ np/ apd/ seminars/ 2003/ newdelhi/ gordon. pdf). 12 November 2003. . [19] ITES and BPO Services (http:/ / india. gov. in/ sectors/ communication/ ites_bpo. php) india.gov Retrieved on- February 2008 [20] Datt, Ruddar & Sundharam, K.P.M.. "50". Indian Economy. pp.865867. [21] Nishtha Khurana Crisis Prevention and Capital Controls in India (http:/ / www. boeckler. de/ pdf/ v_2007_10_26_khurana. pdf) boeckler.de, Retrieved on- October 2007 [22] Rajesh Chakrabarti Foreign Exchange Markets (http:/ / www. isb. edu/ faculty/ rajeshchakrabarti/ FX_Basu. pdf) isb.edu Retrieved onFebruary 2008 [23] India growth story is attracting talent from govt establishments (http:/ / www. livemint. com/ 2007/ 09/ 01001100/ India-growth-story-is-attracti. html) HT media, Retrieved on- December 2007 [24] India - GDP - real growth rate (%) (http:/ / www. indexmundi. com/ g/ g. aspx?v=66& c=in& l=en). [25] "Forbes Global 2000 (Ger-Ind)" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ lists/ 2009/ 18/ global-09_The-Global-2000-India_10Rank. html). . Retrieved 6 March 2009. [26] "Energy Information Administration (EIA)" (http:/ / www. eia. doe. gov/ emeu/ cabs/ India/ Oil. html). Statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Energy. . Retrieved 2007-10-23. [27] International Petroleum Monthly 2005-2006 [28] "Energy Information Administration (EIA)" (http:/ / www. eia. doe. gov/ emeu/ cabs/ India/ NaturalGas. html). Statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Energy. . Retrieved 2007-10-27. [29] Centre for Media Studies (2005). India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance Volume I: Key Highlights (http:/ / www. prajanet. org/ newsroom/ internal/ tii/ ICS2k5_Vol1. pdf). Transparency International India. . [30] DeLong, J. Bradford (2001) (PDF). India Since Independence: An Analytic Growth Narrative (http:/ / ksghome. harvard. edu/ ~drodrik/ Growth volume/ DeLong-India. pdf). . [31] Example (http:/ / www. mit. gov. in/ rti. asp) of a central government department's implementation of the Right to Information Act. [32] "Transparency International Press release" (http:/ / www. transparency. org/ news_room/ latest_news/ press_releases/ 2006/ en_2006_11_06_cpi_2006). Transparency.org. . Retrieved 2009-07-12.

Economic development in India

[33] Transparency International Press release (http:/ / www. transparency. org/ news_room/ in_focus/ cpi_2006/ cpi_table) [34] "Growing Unemployment Problem in India" (http:/ / newsgroups. derkeiler. com/ pdf/ Archive/ Soc/ soc. culture. pakistan/ 2008-09/ msg00054. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2009-07-12. [35] Why India needs labour law reform (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 4103554. stm). BBC [36] SENGUPTA, A., KANNAN, K. P., RAVEENDRAN, G. (2008): Indias common people: who are they, how many are they and how do they live? Economic and Political Weekly, 43, No. 11, pp. 4963. (http:/ / www. sum. uio. no/ pdf/ 2008_EPW_Indias Com People. pdf). [37] NOVOTN, J., RAMACHANDRAN, N. (2010): Alternative to jobless growth? All-India context and a case of participatory development scheme from rural Tamil Nadu. Geografie, 115, 3, 330-346. http:/ / web. natur. cuni. cz/ ~pepino/ Novotny_Ramachandran_2010_Alternative_to_jobless_growth. pdf [38] "Child Labor and India" (http:/ / www. indianembassy. org/ policy/ Child_Labor/ childlabor. htm). Embassy of India, Washington, DC. . Retrieved 2007-11-28. [39] Gleick PH. 1993. Water in Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press. [40] Russell Hopfenberg and David Pimentel HUMAN POPULATION NUMBERS AS A FUNCTION OF FOOD SUPPLY (http:/ / www. oilcrash. com/ articles/ populatn. htm) oilcrash.com Retrieved on- February 2008 [41] National Geographic Society. 1995. Water: A Story of Hope. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society [42] Christiani DC. 1993. Urban and trans-boundary air pollution: Human health consequences. Pages 13-30 in Chivian E, McCally M, Hu H, Haines A, eds. Critical Condition: Human Health and the Environment. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. [43] Burns JF. 1996. Denial and taboo blind India to the horror of its AIDS scourge. New York Times, 22 September: A1.

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External links
India and the Knowledge Economy (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/ WBIPROGRAMS/KFDLP/ 0,,contentMDK:21002801~menuPK:2792475~pagePK:64156158~piPK:64152884~theSitePK:461198,00.html) a World Bank Institute report. Finance Ministry of India (http://finmin.nic.in/) Economy of India (http://india1950.com/indian-economy.html) India in Business (http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/)- Official website for Investment and Trade in India Taxation (http://finance.indiamart.com/taxation) Reserve Bank of India's database on the Indian economy (http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/Statistics.aspx) India Brand Equity Foundation (http://www.ibef.org/) Ernst & Young 2006 report on doing Business in India (http://ibef.org/download/doingbusinessinindia2006. pdf) Department of Public Enterprises (http://dpe.nic.in/) India Economy Watch - search engine (http://www.indiaeconomywatch.com) CIA - The World Factbook -- India (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in. html) Cheers! India is now a trillion dollar economy (http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1093213) by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis Gross Domestic Product Growth - India (http://www.euroekonom.com/database/graphs. php?type=gdp-growth-india&lang=an&time=0) Annual Inflation Rate - India (http://www.euroekonom.com/database/graphs3.php?type=inflation-india& lang=an&time=0) Software on Indian Taxes (http://www.saraltaxoffice.com/index.php) Taxation software for all Indian Tax Needs Chindia: The next Decade (http://www.cerium.ca/article1684.html) Senior Business Week writer Pete Engardio, credited for having made the Chindia neologism famous, compares the rise of both China and India in this online video conference. (video) Will India Become a Superpower? Here are 12 Hints (http://www.seasonalmagazine.com/2009/07/ 12-hints-on-whether-india-will-become.html)

Ayodhya dispute

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Ayodhya dispute
Ayodhya debate

Demolition of Babri Masjid Babri Masjid Ram Janmabhoomi Archaeology 2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack Liberhan Commission People and organizations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh L. K. Advani Atal Bihari Vajpayee Murli Manohar Joshi Kalyan Singh AIBMAC Babur Bharatiya Janata Party Koenraad Elst

The Ayodhya dispute (Hindi: , Urdu: ) is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in India, centred on a plot of land in the city of Ayodhya, Faizabad district, Uttar Pradesh. The main issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded as the birthplace of the Hindu God Rama, the history and location of the Babri Mosque at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque. The Babri Mosque was destroyed by hardline Hindu activists during a political rally which turned into a riot on December 6, 1992. A subsequent land title case was lodged in the Allahabad High Court, the verdict of which was pronounced on September 30, 2010. In the landmark hearing, the three judges of The Allahabad High Court ruled that the 2.77acres (1.12 ha) of Ayodhya land be divided into 3 parts, with 1/3 going to construction of the Ram temple, 1/3 going to the Islamic Sunni Waqf Board and the remaining 1/3 going to the Hindu religious denomination Nirmohi Akhara. It is clearly said in the court verdict that the disputed structure was constructed on the site of old structure after demolition of the same. The Archaeological Survey of India has proved that the structure was a massive Hindu religious structure. [1]

Ayodhya dispute

34

Religious background
At the center of the debate is the status of the land known as Ram Janmabhoomi, on which the original Babri Mosque was built in 1528.

Ram Janmabhoomi
Ayodhya is revered by Hindus as the birthplace of the Maryaada Purushottam, i.e. ideal person, Lord Rama, legendary King of Kosala, who is also worshiped by millions as an avatar of Vishnu. The Skandh Puraan, an over 2000 year old work of reference for ancient pilgrimage sites in India, narrates in detail the different temples in Ayodhya, including the one commemorating the birthplace of Rama.

Ayodhy Mathur My Ksi Kch Avantik I Pur Dvrvat chaiva saptait moksadyikh II

Garua Pura I XVI .14

Ayodhya is one of seven most holy places for Hindus in India whereas Varanasi is considered as Holiest of the seven holy cities for Hindus.[2] A Ketra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha, i.e. final release from cycle of rebirth,can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as giver of Moksha, They are Ayodhya, Mathura, My, Ksi, Kch, Avantik and Dvrvat.[3]

History of the Babri Mosque

When the Mughal invader Babur came down from Kabul in 1525, he first defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the battle of Panipat and then the Rajput King of Chittorgarh, Rana Sangram Singh at Khanwa, making pioneering use of cannon and light cavalry. After these triumphs, Babur took over a substantial part of northern India. One of his generals, Mir Baki Khan came to Ayodhya in 1528 and built the "Janmasthan" i.e. "Birthplace" Mosque.[4] Mir Baki, after building the mosque, named it Babri Masjid.[5] The Babri Mosque was one of the largest mosques in Uttar Pradesh, a state in India with some 31 million Muslims.[6]

A view of the Babri Mosque, pre-1992

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35

Demolition of the Babri Mosque

By the middle of the 20th century, Hindus in the area were claiming that the mosque had not been used by Muslims since 1936, and according to a court ruling an idol of Rama was placed inside the mosque in the intervening night of 22/23 December, 1949.[7] A movement was launched in 1984 by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP party) to reclaim the site for Hindus who want to erect a temple dedicated to the infant Rama (Ramlala) at this spot. On 6 December 1992, the structure was demolished by karsevaks,[8] 150,000 strong, despite a commitment by the government to the Indian Supreme Court that the mosque would not be harmed.[9] [10] More than 2000 people were killed in the riots following the demolition. Riots broke out in many major Indian cities including Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad On 16 December 1992, the Liberhan Commission was set up by the Government of India to probe the circumstances that led to the demolition of the Babri Mosque.[11] It was the longest running commission in India's history with several extensions granted by various governments. Atal Behari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani, senior leaders of the of the BJP were held culpable by the report. Other senior BJP leaders Murli Manohar Joshi and then Uttar Pradesh chief minister Kalyan Singh and top brass of VHP like Giriraj Kishore and Ashok Singhal were also held culpable. Other prominent political leaders indicted by the commission include Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray, former RSS leader K Govindacharya, late BJP leader Pramod Mahajan, former BJP leader Uma Bharti and BJP leader Vijayraje Scindia.[12] Many Muslim organizations have continued to express outrage at the destruction of the disputed structure. In July 2005, Islamic terrorists attacked the makeshift temple at the site of the destroyed mosque. In 2007, M. N. Gopal Das, the then head of the Ram temple, received phone calls making threats against his life.[13]

Early historical surveys

In 1767, Jesuit priest Joseph Tieffenthaler recorded Hindus worshiping and celebrating Ramanavami at the site of the mosque. In 1788, Tieffenthaler's French works were published in Paris, the first to suggest that the Babri Mosque was on the birthplace of Rama, saying that "Emperor Aurangzeb got demolished the fortress called Ramkot, and erected on the same place a Mahometan temple with three cuppolas" reclaimed by Hindus through numerous wars after death of Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D like they earlier fortified it during Jahangir's rule as Ramkot. During the 19th century, the Hindus in Ayodhya were recorded as continuing a tradition of worshiping Rama on the Ramkot hill. According to British sources, Hindus and Muslims from the Faizabad area worshiped together in the Babri Mosque complex in the 19th century until about 1855. P. Carnegy wrote in 1870: "It is said that up to that time, the Hindus and Mohamedans alike used to worship in the mosque-temple. Since the British rule a railing has been put up to prevent dispute, within which, in the mosque the Mohamedans pray, while outside the fence the Hindus have raised a platform on which they make their offerings."[14] This platform was outside the disputed structure but within its precincts. In 1858, the Muazzin of the Babri Mosque said in a petition to the British government that the courtyard had been used by Hindus for hundreds of years.

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36

The Mahant Ram case

In 1885, Mahant Raghubar Ram moved the courts for permission to erect a temple just outside the Babri Mosque premises. Despite validating the claim of the petitioner, the Faizabad District Judge dismissed the case, citing the passage of time.[15] On 18 March 1886, the judge passed an order in which he wrote: I visited the land in dispute yesterday in the presence of all parties. I found that the Masjid built by Emperor Babur stands on the border of Ayodhya, that is to say, to the west and south it is clear of habitations. It is most unfortunate that a Masjid should have been built on land specially held sacred by the Hindus, but as that event occurred 356 years ago, it is too late now to agree with the grievances. (Court verdict by Col. F.E.A. Chamier, District Judge, Faizabad (1886)[16]

Post-independence
Several later mosques were built in Faizabad district, in which the pilgrim city of Ayodhya falls. Ayodhya itself has a small[17] Muslim population, though there are substantial numbers of Muslims 7km away at District Headquarters - Faizabad. Since 1948, by Indian Government order, Muslims were not permitted to be closer than 200 yards away to the site; the main gate remained locked, though Hindu pilgrims were allowed to enter through a side door. The 1989 Allahabad High Court ordered the opening of the main gate and restored the site in full to the Hindus. Hindu groups later requested modifications to the Babri Mosque, and drew up plans for a new grand Temple with Government permissions; riots between Hindu and Muslim groups took place as a result. Since, then the matter is sub-judice and this political, historical and socio-religious debate over the history and location of the Babri Mosque, is known as the Ayodhya dispute.

Excavations
Before 2003, the standard view that an ancient Ram Janmabhoomi temple was demolished and replaced with the Babri Mosque, was not supported by any archaeological evidence. References such as the 1986 edition of the Encyclopdia Britannica reported that "Ramas birthplace is marked by a mosque, erected by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1528 on the site of an earlier temple".[18] However, archaeological excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1970, 1992 and 2003 in and around the disputed site have clearly found the evidence indicating that a large Hindu complex existed on the site.[19] In 2003, by the order of an Indian Court, The Archaeological Survey of India was asked to conduct a more indepth study and an excavation to ascertain the type of structure that was beneath the rubble.[20] The summary of the ASI report [21] indicated definite proof of a temple under the mosque. In the words of ASI researchers, they discovered "distinctive features associated with... temples of north India". The excavations yielded:

stone and decorated bricks as well as mutilated sculpture of a divine couple and carved architectural features, including foliage patterns, amalaka, kapotapali, doorjamb with semi-circular shrine pilaster, broke octagonal shaft of black schist pillar, lotus motif, circular shrine [22] having pranjala (watershute) in the north and 50 pillar bases in association with a huge structure

Before the archaeological opinion was published, there were some differing viewpoints. In his Communal History and Rama's Ayodhya, written prior to the ASI researches, Professor Ram Sharan Sharma writes, "Ayodhya seems to have emerged as a place of religious pilgrimage in medieval times. Although chapter 85 of the Vishnu Smriti lists as many as fifty-two places of pilgrimage, including towns, lakes, rivers, mountains, etc., it does not include Ayodhya in this list."[23] Sharma also notes that Tulsidas, who wrote the Ramcharitmanas in 1574 at Ayodhya, does not mention it as a place of pilgrimage. This suggests that there was no significant Hindu temple at the site of the Babri Mosque.,[23] or that it had ceased to be one, after the mosque was built. After the demolition of the mosque in 1992, Professor Ram Sharan Sharma along with Historians Suraj Bhan, M.Athar Ali and Dwijendra Narayan Jha wrote the Historian's report to the nation saying that the assumption that there was a temple at the disputed site was mistaken, and no valid reason to destroy the mosque.[24] . The 2010 Allahabad High Court judgement came down heavily on

Ayodhya dispute these "eminent" historians, with one of the judges remarking that he was "surprised to see in the zeal of helping the parties in whose favour they were appearing, these witnesses went ahead and wrote a totally new story"[25]

37

The title cases

In 1950, Gopal Singh Visharad filed a title suit with the Allahabad High Court seeking injunction to offer 'puja' (worship) at the disputed site. A similar suit was filed shortly after but later withdrawn by Paramhans Das of Ayodhya.[26] In 1959, the Nirmohi Akhara, a Hindu religious institution,[27] filed a third title suit seeking direction to hand over the charge of the disputed site, claiming to be its custodian. A fourth suit was filed by the Muslim Central Board of Wakf for declaration and possession of the site. The Allahabad high court bench began hearing the case in 2002, which was completed in 2010. However, the bench withheld its verdict till September 24. After the Supreme Court dismissed a plea to defer the high court verdict, the high court set September 30, 2010 as the final date for pronouncing the judgement.[28] [29] On September 30, 2010, the High Court of Allahabad, the three-member bench comprising justices SU Khan, Sudhir Agarwal and DV Sharma, ruled that the disputed land be split into three parts. The site of the Ramlala idol would go to the party representing Ram Lalla Virajman (the Ram deity), Nirmohi Akhara to get Sita Rasoi and Ram Chabutara, and the Sunni Wakf Board to get the rest. The court also ruled that status quo was to be maintained for three months.[30] [31] Reacting to the verdict, all the three parties, including the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Wakf board announced that they will appeal against the division of disputed land among three parties in the Supreme Court of India .[32] All the three parties, however, conceded that this judgment was an important step forward, towards resolution of a long pending dispute.

Hindu Nationalism
The Ayodhya debate has grown along with a revival of Hindu Nationalism. The issue of the disputed structure had remained inactive for four decades, until the mid-1980s.[33] The Hindu Nationalist movement pressed for reclamation of three of its most holy sites which it claimed had suffered at the hands of Islam, at Ayodhya, Mathura and Varanasi. L K Advani, the leader of the BJP in his memoirs argued, "If Muslims are entitled to an Islamic atmosphere in Mecca, and if Christians are entitled to a Christian atmosphere in the Vatican, why is it wrong for the Hindus to expect a Hindu atmosphere in Ayodhya?" The legal case continues regarding the title deed of the land tract which is a government controlled property.[34] While the Muslim parties want the Babri Mosque to be reconstructed through a court order, the Hindu side wants a law in parliament to have a temple constructed,[35] saying faith in the existence of Ram Janmabhoomi cannot be decided in a court of law. The situation regarding the Ram Janmabhoomi has been compared to the Temple Mount controversies and claims in Israel by conservative blogger Daniel Pipes. In particular, Pipes writes: Ayodhya prompts several thoughts relating to the Temple Mount. It shows that the Temple Mount dispute is far from unique. Muslims have habitually asserted the supremacy of Islam through architecture, building on top of the monuments of other faiths (as in Jerusalem and Ayodhya) or appropriating them (e.g. the Ka'ba in Mecca and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople).[36] Nobel Laureate V. S. Naipaul has said that the destruction of Babri mosque was an act of historical balancing[37] and the repatriation of the Ramjanmabhoomi was a "welcome sign that Hindu pride was re-asserting itself."[38]

Ayodhya dispute

38

Timeline of the debate

Year Date Event [39]

1528 1853 1859

The Babri Mosque was built in Ayodhya in 1528. Hindu groups claim it was built after demolishing a temple. The first recorded communal clashes over the site date back to this year. The colonial British administration put a fence around the site, denominating separate areas of worship for Hindus and Muslims. And that is the way it stood for about 90 years. In December of that year, idols were put inside the mosque. Both sides to the dispute filed civil suits. The government locked the gates, saying the matter was sub-judice and declared the area disputed. Case filed in Indian courts against forceful occupation of the Babri Mosque and placing of idols within it. The movement to build a temple at the site, which Hindus claimed was the birthplace of Lord Ram, gathered momentum when Hindu groups formed a committee to spearhead the construction of a temple at the Ramjanmabhoomi site. A district judge ordered the gates of the mosque to be opened after almost five decades and allowed Hindus to worship inside the disputed structure. A Babri Mosque Action Committee was formed as Muslims protested the move to allow Hindu prayers at the site. The clamour for building a Ram temple was growing. Fronted by organizations like the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, foundations of a temple were laid on land adjacent to the "disputed structure." The then BJP president Lal Krishna Advani took out a cross-country rathyatra to garner support for the move to build a Ram temple at the site. VHP volunteers partially failed. Many were gunned down by the police on orders of the then Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Sing Yadav, when they gathered in Ayodhya as participants of the Rath-Yatra and their bodies were thrown in the river Saryu. Riding high on the success of Advani's rathyatra, and annoyance at the previous regime's killings of the Kar Sevaks, the BJP became India's primary opposition party in Parliament and came to power in Uttar Pradesh. The movement for building a temple gathered further momentum with Karsevaks or Hindu volunteers pouring into Ayodhya. Bricks were sent from across India. December 6 December 16 The Babri Mosque was demolished by Karsevaks. Communal riots across India followed.

1949

1961 1984

1986

1989

1990

1991

1991

1992

1992

Ten days after the demolition, the Congress government at the Centre, headed by PV Narasimha Rao, set up a commission of inquiry under Justice Liberhan. Three months after being constituted, the Liberhan Commission began investigations into who and what led to the demolition of the Babri Mosque. Tensions rose on the anniversary of the demolition of the mosque as the VHP reaffirmed its resolve to build a temple at the site.

1993

2001

2002

February 27

At least 58 people were killed in Godhra, Gujarat, in an attack on a train believed to be carrying Hindu volunteers from Ayodhya. Riots followed in the state and over 3000 people were unofficially reported to have died in these. The court ordered a survey to find out whether a temple to Lord Ram existed on the site. In August, the survey presented evidence of a temple under the mosque. Muslim groups disputed the findings.

2003

2003

September

A court ruled that seven Hindu leaders, including some prominent BJP leaders, should stand trial for inciting the destruction of the Babri Mosque. An Uttar Pradesh court ruled that an earlier order which exonerated LK Advani for his role in the destruction of the mosque should be reviewed. The Supreme Court refused to admit a review petition on the Ayodhya dispute. The Liberhan Commission, which was instituted ten days after the demolition of the Babri Mosque in 1992, submitted its report on June 30 - almost 17 years after it began its inquiry. Its contents were not made public.

2004

November

2007 2009

2010

September 30

The Allahabad High Court pronounces its verdict on four title suits relating to the Ayodhya dispute on September 30, 2010. [29] Ayodhya land to be divided into 3 parts. 1/3 goes to Ram Lalla,1/3 to Sunni Wakf Board, 1/3 goes to Nirmohi Akhara.

Ayodhya dispute

39

See also
Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques Islam and other religions

Further reading
Online court verdict is available from the official website of india's Allahabad High Court from September 30, 2010 [ Allahabad High Court's eLegalix portal at http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/ DisplayAyodhyaBenchLandingPage.do and website http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/indexhigh. html][mirrorsite http://rjbm.nic.in/] Appeal for Peace and Calm on Ayodhya Verdict Day [40] Ayodhya dispute history [41] Communal History and Rama's Ayodhya, by Ram Sharan Sharma, People's Publishing House (PPH), 2nd Revised Edition, September, 1999, Delhi. Translated into Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Two versions in Bengali. Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. 1996. Edited, translated and annotated by Wheeler M. Thacktson. New York and London: Oxford University Press. Ayodhya and the Future of India. 1993. Edited by Jitendra Bajaj. Madras: Centre for Policy Studies. Elst, Koenraad, Ayodhya: The Case Against the Temple (2002) ISBN 81-85990-75-1 Emmanuel, Dominic. "The Mumbai bomb blasts and the Ayodhya tangle", National Catholic Reporter (Kansas City, August 27, 2003). Harsh Narain. 1993. The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources. Delhi: Penman Publishers. Hassner, Ron E., War on Sacred Grounds. 2009. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. [42] R. Nath. Babari Masjid of Ayodhya, Jaipur 1991. A. Nandy, S. Trivedy, S. Mayaram, Achyut Yagnik Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self, Oxford University Press, USA (1998), ISBN 0195642716. Rajaram, N.S. (2000). Profiles in Deception: Ayodhya and the Dead Sea Scrolls. New Delhi: Voice of India Thakur Prasad Varma and Swarajya Prakash Gupta: Ayodhya ka Itihas evam Puratattva Rigveda kal se ab tak ("History and Archaeology of Ayodhya From the Time of the Rigveda to the Present"). Bharatiya Itihasa evam Samskrit Parishad and DK Printworld. New Delhi. Thapar, Romila. A Historical Perspective on the Story of Rama in Thapar (2000). Thapar, Romila. Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History (New Delhi: Oxford University, 2000) ISBN 0-19-564050-0.

References
[1] http:/ / elegalix. allahabadhighcourt. in/ elegalix/ ayodhyafiles/ hondvsj-gist-vol1. pdf [2] "Dispute: claims and counter-claims" (http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ uncategorized/ ayodhya-dispute-claims-and-counter-claims_100436546. html). Thaindian News. . Retrieved 29 September 2010. [3] The Hindu temple, Volume 1 By Stella Kramrisch, Raymond Burnier p.3 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C& pg=PA3& lpg=#v=onepage& q& f=false). Books.google.co.in. . Retrieved 2010-10-02. [4] Sayyid Shahabuddin Abdur Rahman, Babri Masjid, 3rd print, Azamgarh: Darul Musannifin Shibli Academy, 1987, pp. 29-30. [5] Baburnama translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge 1922, pp. 120-121 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ baburnama017152mbp) [6] "Indian Census" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ). Censusindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-09-26. [7] http:/ / www. allahabadhighcourt. in/ gist4. pdf [8] Babri mosque demolition case hearing today (http:/ / in. news. yahoo. com/ 070919/ 139/ 6kxrr. html) Yahoo News - September 18, 2007 [9] Tearing down the Babri Masjid - Eye Witness BBC's Mark Tully (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 2528025. stm) BBC Thursday, 5 December 2002, 19:05 GMT

Ayodhya dispute
[10] "Babri Masjid demolition was planned 10 months in advance - PTI" (http:/ / www. newindpress. com/ NewsItems. asp?ID=IEH20050130092611& Page=H& Title=Top+ Stories& Topic=0). Newindpress.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-26. [11] Six more months for Liberhan Commission (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2004/ 03/ 12/ stories/ 2004031201161300. htm) The Hindu - March 12, 2004 [12] http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ india/ report_vajpayee-advani-severely-indicted-by-liberhan-commission_1315927 [13] PTI, Nov 22, 2007, 06.53pm IST (2007-11-22). "Ram Janambhoomi trust chief threatened - The Times of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ India/ Ram_Janambhumi_trust_chief_threatened/ articleshow/ 2562582. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-26. [14] P. Carnegy: A Historical Sketch of Tehsil Fyzabad, Lucknow 1870, cited by Harsh Narain The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources, 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications. ISBN 81-85504-16-4 p.8-9, and by Peter Van der Veer Religious Nationalism, p.153 [15] Gumaste, Vivek (September 17, 2010). "Can court verdict resolve Ayodhya dispute?" (http:/ / news. rediff. com/ column/ 2010/ sep/ 17/ can-court-verdict-resolve-ayodhya-dispute. htm). Rediff News. . Retrieved 28 September 2010. [16] Anatomy of a confrontation: the rise ... - Google Books (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=47AARF595dUC& lpg=PA165& ots=7j19XvzkmX& dq=I visited the land in dispute yesterday in the presence of all parties. I found that the Masjid built by Emperor Babar& pg=PA165#v=onepage& q& f=false). Books.google.co.uk. . Retrieved 2010-09-26. [17] "Census of India, Govt. of India - Ministry of Home Affairs, Official web-site | We also count people in India" (http:/ / www. censusindia. net/ ). Censusindia.net. . Retrieved 2010-09-26. [18] 15th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1986, entry "Ayodhya," Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. [19] Ancient Temple Found Beneath Disputed Mosque (http:/ / hinduism. about. com/ cs/ temples/ a/ aa082503a. htm) About - August 25, 2003 [20] Ratnagar, Shereen (2004) "CA Forum on Anthropology in Public: Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation: The Case of Ayodhya" Current Anthropology 45(2): pp. 239-259, p. 239 [21] Prasannan, R. (7 September 2003) "Ayodhya: Layers of truth" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050323101829/ http:/ / www. the-week. com/ 23sep07/ events1. htm) The Week (India), from Web Archive [22] Suryamurthy, R. (August 2003) "ASI findings may not resolve title dispute" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2003/ 20030826/ main6. htm) The Tribune - August 26, 2003 [23] Sikand, Yoginder (2006-08-05). "Ayodhya's Forgotten Muslim Past" (http:/ / www. countercurrents. org/ comm-sikand050806. htm). Counter Currents. . Retrieved 2008-01-12. [24] Ali (preface by Irfan Habib), M.Athar (2008). Mughal India. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195696615. [25] (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1101015/ jsp/ opinion/ story_13057334. jsp)2010 Allahabad High Court judgement [26] Das, Anil (September 28, 2010). "Chronolgy of Ayodhya's Ram Janambhoomi-Babri Masjid title suit issue" (http:/ / www. ibtimes. com/ articles/ 66354/ 20100928/ ayodhya-supreme-court-babri-masjid-ram-temple. htm). International Business Times. . Retrieved 29 September 2010. [27] Muralidharan, Sukumar (April 12, 2002). "Temple Interrupted" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ fline/ fl1907/ 19070040. htm). Frontline. . Retrieved 29 September 2010. [28] PTI (Sep 28, 2010). "Time-line of Ayodhya dispute and slew of legal suits" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ india/ report_time-line-of-ayodhya-dispute-and-slew-of-legal-suits_1444808). DNA India. . Retrieved 29 September 2010. [29] Venkatesan, J. (September 28, 2010). "Ayodhya verdict tomorrow" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ news/ national/ article800650. ece). The Hindu. . Retrieved 29 September 2010. [30] "India holy site 'split between Hindus and Muslims'" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-south-asia-11441890). 30 September 2010. . Retrieved 30 September 2010. [31] S. U. Khan, S. Agarwal, D. V. Sharma, S. U.. "Decision of the hon'ble special full bench hearing Ayodhya matters" (http:/ / www. rjbm. nic. in/ ). nic.ac.in. . Retrieved 30 September 2010. [32] PTI (30 September 2010). "Court orders 3-way division of disputed Ayodhya land" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ news/ national/ article804632. ece?homepage=true). The Hindu. . Retrieved 30 September 2010. [33] "India Seeks Harmony Amid Diversity" (http:/ / www. csmonitor. com/ 1993/ 0203/ 03191. html). The Christian Science Monitor. 1993-02-03. . Retrieved 2009-05-07. [34] Obeying court orders only course open: Muslim board (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 36885584. cms), Times of India [35] Lessons for Ayodhya from Lahore gurdwara (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 42303332. cms), Times of India [36] Pipes, Daniel (2001-01-17). "The Temple Mount's Indian counterpart" (http:/ / www. danielpipes. org/ article/ 368). Jerusalem Post. . Retrieved 2009-05-07.. See also Hassner, Ron E., War on Sacred Grounds. 2009. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp.76-78 (http:/ / www. waronsacredgrounds. com/ ) [37] "outlookindia.com" (http:/ / www. outlookindia. com/ full. asp?fodname=20000508& fname=V& sid=1& pn=4). outlookindia.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-26. [38] Naipaul V.S. a million Mutinies now, Penguin 1992 [39] 'Timeline: Ayodhya crisis' (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 1844930. stm), BBC News, October 17, 2003. [40] tiya. "Let's appeal for Peace on Ayodhya Verdict Day" (http:/ / www. breakingnewsonline. net/ editorial/ 4339-lets-appeal-for-peace-on-ayodhya-verdict-day. html). Breakingnewsonline.net. . Retrieved 2010-10-02. [41] "Ayodhya Dispute History | Ram Janmabhoomi Temple | Babri Masjid | Land Suit | Hindus-Muslims - Oneindia News" (http:/ / news. oneindia. in/ feature/ 2010/ ayodhya-dispute-history-ram-temple-babri-masjid. html). News.oneindia.in. 2010-09-23. . Retrieved 2010-10-02.

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[42] http:/ / www. waronsacredgrounds. com/

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External links
Nirmohi Akhara ready for out-of-court settlement (http://twocircles.net/?q=2010oct05/ nirmohi_akhara_ready_outofcourt_settlement.html) - TCN News Ram Janmabhoomi Babri Masjid - Ayodhya Bench: Gist of Judgments (http://allahabadhighcourt.in/ ayodhyabench2.html) at Allahabad High Court Excerpts from Baburnama citing origin of name of Babri Masjid (http://agniveer.com/1817/babri-masjid/)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

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Yom, Yosarian, Yossarian, Youonlylivetwice, Yoursvivek, Youssefsan, Yoyoyo111, Zac28, Zachlipton, Zachorious, Zaf, Zahid Abdassabur, Zaindy87, Zalgo, Zameenzad, Zaslav, Zazou, Zeeshani, Zeimusu, Zen611, ZenMondo, Zeno Gantner, Zephyrmaten, Zerokitsune, Zetawoof, Zhonghuo, Zidan007, ZimZalaBim, Zinjixmaggir, Zip600001, Zkazim, Zmelan94, Zoicon5, Zondor, Zoomanjee, Zora, Zscout370, Zuggernaut, Zurkhardo, Zvn, Zzuuzz, , , , , 4538 anonymous edits Economic development in India Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=392383966 Contributors: AdultSwim, Agricmarketing, Alan Liefting, Amanpreet94, Amartyabag, Amitsinha1964, Awareoftypes, Axl, DeadEyeArrow, Dobsboy, DuncanHill, Emperor Genius, Epbr123, Grafen, Incidious, Incrazy, Indiabuff, Ishdarian, Jayen466, Johnuniq, Jonoikobangali, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshfinnie, Joshua Scott, Jossi, Jovianeye, Juanscott, Jwanders, King Zebu, Kkm010, KnowledgeHegemony, KuwarOnline, Lalit Jagannath, Lightmouse, Malickfan86, Martin451, 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Emblem of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emblem_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Abhishekjoshi, BRUTE, Bender235, Cheguthan, Editor at Large, Eugenio Hansen, OFS, Faizhaider, Fred the Oyster, Fry1989, Havang(nl), Jed, Jmabel, Jovianeye, Klemen Kocjancic, Legoktm, Leit, Miljoshi, Nightstallion, Roland zh, Str4nd, Vaishu2, Xiengyod, 27 anonymous edits File:India (orthographic projection).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_(orthographic_projection).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Ssolbergj Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: User:Orionist File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Husky, Iamunknown, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, The Evil IP address, 5 anonymous edits File:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous edits File:Indischer Maler des 6. 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