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1. Overview (Abstract)
Black holes which raised due to the phenomenon of the general theory of relativity explained by Albert Einstein during year 1915, this was later on explained by numerous scientists using different physical, mathematical deductions and assumptions. This paper is in accordance with some basic theories on black holes explained prior to this. Some articles and their statements are contradicted in this. And is been explained by using only the physical parameter of energy and energy theorems, which is explained in fundamental principles. The principles on which the whole universe is governed and is later concluded applying the same. This article has deeply explained the formation of black hole from a collapsed star, taking an assumption of sun tending towards a black hole, and the physical dimensions of the black hole if formed by sun. Using certain elements how a black hole can be made in the laboratory and their technical applications. Is a black hole isolated from the universe, or the phenomenon that black hole performs by trapping energy of different forms in a single energy form. Is the information lost or can it be retained back. If it can be retained, how can the information be gathered? All the answers to the above questions are explained in later topics.
Vineeth More 1
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Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
2. Fundamental Principles
Universe such vast having infinite physical parameters & is composed with small microscopic particles to immeasurable heavenly bodies .The spatial relation among both the kind of bodies is a variable. Then we look ourselves & the things around us on earth, engaged up in all possible defined but varied kinds of static and dynamic conditions, put a big question mark? to us. It tends man think that what, where, when & how are this things formed, Why are they formed? & What are their functions. Living 2000 years after domini, this reasoning by several intellectual minds generation after generation puts in a postulation of PRINCIPLES OF EXISTANCE & FUNCTIONS. The principles are as follows: Ist PRINCIPLE: Every particle its composition in matter or wave, in all possible ways is just a form of energy in infinite various forms. Nothing is living or non-living, particles, the stars, we, galaxies are all forms of energy in different forms. The functions among them are inter-related. This energy can be disposed but cant be destroyed, as the destruction is temporary. The disposed energy converts in another equivalent form of energy. The statement is very similar to the Work-Energy principle in classical physics This postulates IInd principle. IInd PRINCIPLE: Energy is never lost, its certain relatively original form is converted due to external factors. But the derivative we obtain is either whole or discrete part of the original, depending on Isolation of systems. This lose & gain of energy is aimed to establish equilibrium in all systems existing All day-to-day events, our motion, motion of planets, stars etc. all going through processes achieving equilibrium, at some infinite point of time, which is highly complicated to calculate, as laws of modern physics & mathematics are heavily tedious to be applied and concluded. And chances of contradictions is maximum as modern equipment is highly inadequate to define exact positioning of all matter forms existing in the whole universe. This is well explained by reasoning, What was before Universe? It takes us back to BIG BANG theory, which explains the state of NOTHING or state of Absolute Zero. Learning about three states of matter, here gaseous state was most stable & static. Only thing existing there was static gas, which constituted all chemical elements spaced so far that no Reaction occurred. But this only thing was nothing because there was no light. First this light came & this light energy is responsible for all energy today. Photons of light bombarded on this static gas bought to disequilibria & resulted in chemical reactions among elements. And today the most complex & advanced world around us including us are composed of highly complex derivatives of fundamental chemical elements existed before BIG BANG. This postulates third principle.
Vineeth More 2
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Ajay Kudva
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Where,
Note: These principles are postulated examining from a classical point of view, hence contradiction are expected, but principles are followed. Application of these principles requires hard and deep understanding in laws of classical physics.
Vineeth More 3
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
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Vineeth More 4
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
Black holes should satisfy this equation of escape velocity, the minimum velocity required by any body to escape against the gravitational field of the planet. (2GM/r) c; {c=speed of light in vacuum} {M=mass of the planet or star} {G=gravitational constant=6.67 10^-11} {r=radius of the planet} We need to prove the existence of black holes formed by stars, by calculating the radius of the dead star after contraction. We see it in the next article. The image below is positioning of black holes in galaxy. Huge ones are in center of galaxy. They are the center of operation of the galaxies; the observation notes that huge spread hydrogen masses form a curve towards the black holes.
Vineeth More 5
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Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
Where E = nh + msT {n= no of photons emitted during radiation, h= Planks constant, =Frequency of electromagnetic radiation, m= mass of hydrogen lost during reaction, s= latent heat of fusion of hydrogen, T= change in temperature due to conversion} This reaction is a radioactive reaction, which should not depend on temperature. And hydrogen not a radioactive element, but the cause of reaction is content of extremely large heat, which makes hydrogen molecules break into atoms and later fuses the atoms. This heat is given by equation H=TS. {S=disorder, entropy of reaction}. The temperature on the suns core is 10^7K. This reaction is luckily co-incident. That before the atoms get distorted, these atoms react with relatively more distorted atoms, and this is what is the reaction of the neutrons with the hydrogen atom.
Vineeth More 6
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Ajay Kudva
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So,
This is called as the dropped diameter. This is the diameter of sun when temperature is low. We can call it as the original diameter of sun. Contraction after this should be considered. This is an assumption for calculation proficiency.
Vineeth More 7
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Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
In fact at this temperature Helium star is formed but has a bit smaller diameter than hydrogen equivalent.
This diagram shows the helium equivalent of hydrogen, 0.83 times the hydrogen size. Now consider that the reaction is complete and the star is formed. As no energy is emit by the star, except the secondary source of light that is reflection of light from others stars spaced too far. The direction of energy potential inverses. Prior to the star formation the energy is scattered from sun to the direction away from it. As low potential is at star now, all the cosmic energy, matter, radiation present in the space far away from star starts flowing towards the helium star. This is followed by the second principle, as this happens to establish the equilibrium, and it always initially happens at small discrete levels of energy, but as the potential increases with decrease in temperature. The intensity of energy flow increases making the infinitivally small discrete energy level into continuous energy flow. This flow stops when the system is in accordance with the Gibbs free energy change equation. G =H -TS
Vineeth More 8
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Ajay Kudva
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Hence the contracted star is a black hole, as satisfying the above equation. This black hole is formed by sun, so when the sun becomes a black hole its radius will be 3.2875km in length. So density of the black hole is 1.391 X 10^19 Kg/m3. And the temperature on the black hole is more than 710 degrees Celsius.
Vineeth More 9
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Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
The nuclear forces are dominant over others in case of light nuclei, as the atomic radius decreases and the space among nucleons decreases. At this situation the nuclear force comes in real action. As per definition, nuclear force does bind only a nucleon which lies under the nuclear range i.e 1 femtometre. Hence in practice a nucleus can bind only a single nucleus with it. Doesnt matter even if all the nucleus are discrete and no central force acts. If three dimensional spacing has to be done such that one nucleus can affect some others ,then in the given range 12 nucleus surrounding a single nucleus affects all. This forms a cube. This wont happen that if the other system of 13 nucleus is attached to this system, this system will be discrete. Then all the 12 nucleus start affecting the surrounding 12.To stop binding of nucleus it has to be ended in a sphere as it tends to maximum contraction due to the binding force. This reduces the original radius of the nucleus increasing its density. This nuclear force wont be affected beyond the total radius of binded nucleus, as it is out of the nuclear range. The above example was just for the betterment of experimentation. Lets consider an example of binding 2 hydrogen nuclei. After binding them the radius will decrease, but for calculation well neglect them. Density of the nucleus = mass of nucleons/ volume of nucleus.
Vineeth More 10
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
Vineeth More 11
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
The value of h=2.92 10^24m So the event horizon is at point >than 2.92 10^24m away from the center of the black hole.
Vineeth More 12
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
The picture above shows a black hole, the outer circle represents the event horizon. The inner circle represents the border, after that matter distortion starts. The white dot at the center shows the black hole (3.35 km in radius). So anything that falls below this point from rest will hit the surface of black hole with c. And again comes at rest, this is what happens on earth too with velocity 11.9km/hr. Due to low gravity on earth, functions are dynamic and recyclable. Just think what would happen if functions were not recyclable? The energy content on earth till today would be so high that some time later it would explode, due to imbalance. Is followed by 2nd principle (Topic1). No death, ultimately no end. What happens on earth is during recyclation; certain energy is lost to universe in such forms that it easily escapes the orbit of earth (eg forms of radiation). This doesnt happen on the black hole. Due to heavily intense gravity, and relatively low energy potential anything can get entry beyond event horizon. Uptil traveling 600,000 km inside the horizon large velocity wont be achieved. When it crosses this, all matter forms get distorted into small sub-atomic particles and later photons as they have to travel with v<= c. All matter gets converted into light. Initially 1st energy packet is given like this E(1)=Mo(1-1-(v/c)^2)/1-(v/c)^2)c^2 This is the initial and largest energy packet E(2)=Mo(1-1-(v/c)^2)/1-(v/c)^2)c^2 -h E(3)=Mo(1-1-(v/c)^2)/1-(v/c)^2)c^2 -2h
Vineeth More 13
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
Vineeth More 14
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
Vineeth More 15
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
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Vineeth More 16
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
Vineeth More 17
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
Shells of expanding gas due to Super Nova Explosion in 1987, which spread throughout the galaxy.
Vineeth More 18
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com
6. Conclusion
From all the explanation regarding black holes, we conclude the fundamental principles. Black holes having exceptionally heavy intense gravitational field, apart from that as per spectation they are static in their mechanical state except revolution around the center of the universe, and do not make any chemical reaction on the surfaces except the reciprocating impartation of photons of light. Finally due to the overflow of the light energy disequilibria is caused leading to explosion. This is followed by converse of the fourth principle, which says, more the time of isolation, more is the state of stability, but the external factors causing disequilibria, is equally intense corresponding the state of stability. Hence, we conclude that if any system is isolated and the relative is not, it can cause distortion towards isolation. Thats why due to the part beyond the event horizon is always in non-equilibrium state, which has caused disequilibria to the black hole by sending in the information.
Vineeth More 19
vineeth_more@rediffmail.com
Ajay Kudva
dgr_ajay@rediffmail.com