A critical analysis of two prominent artists from two different periods.

Shalin Nimish Shelat

FD1111 Student Number: 15979 Practical Research Presentation Date - 16/ 03/ 2012 Word Count: 3270

B.A. Digital Film Making SAE Oxford

Table Of Content

1. Introduction.............................................................................................04 2. Early Life and Overview..................................05 3. Achievements.......................................................................07 4. Social and Political Influences................................................................11 5. Tagores last years.....................................................13 6. Conclusion................................................................................14 7. References..............................................................................................23 8. Bibliography.............................................................................................26

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TWO PROMINENT ARTISTS

Ravindranath Tagore (7th May 1861 to 7th August 1941):(Contribution in literature and poetry)

A. R. Rahman (6 Jan 1966) B. (Composer, Musician and singer)

Introduction

Ravindranath Tagore, born in Kolkata, spent 68 years in literary work of 81 years of his life. He created hundreds of verses in 1913; he got Nobel Prize for literature for his work Gitanjali Nov 14th 1930 (O'Connell, 2008), "Red Oleanders (Raktakarabi) by Rabindranath TagoreA New Translation and Adaptation: Two Reviews"). In 1940 he was awarded doctorate in Literature by University of Oxford but due to his failing health he was unable to receive it in person (K. Dutta and A Robinson, 1997). He visited as more than 30 countries and five continents. He was a world poet and world citizen and world lover. He spent his whole life with natural beauty of his surroundings relating to the inner self as well. A. R. Rahman (A.S. Dileep Kumar), born in Chennai, described as worlds most prominent prolific film composer by TIME(Corliss, Richard 2011), The 2011 Oscar Race: TIME Picks the Winners. He is a winner of Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, Golden Globe national and international Awards and won Oscar Award for music in Slum Dog Millionaire. In 2006 he received honorary award from Stanford University for contribution in global music (Prakash B.S, 2006), he is also honored by Stanford University (Rediff, 2012). In 2010 he received Guinness World Record for composition of music, Maa Tujhe Salaam and album Vande Mataram (A. R. Rahman Guinness World Record, 2012). He received honorary doctorate from Middlesex University (The Hindu, 2009).

Early Life and Overview Ravindranath Tagore was the 13th child of Devendranath Tagore and Sharda Devi, born in a rich and influential family. Jorasanko, the Tagore mansion, they lived in a huge joint family whose memories are clear in his stories My Reminiscences in 1912 and My Boyhood Days in 1940 (K. Dutta and A. Robinson, 1997). His childhood passed under the supervision of servants, he later referred to those days as rule of servant. In the Jorasanko mansion there were regular meetings of intellectuals and discussions of the Indian situation was done. Tagore was therefore always aware of the countrys condition and peoples problems, which are clearly indicated in work.

He wrote his first poetry at the age of 8 years (K. Dutta and A. Robinson, 1997). Tagores elder brothers: - Dwijendranath was a philosopher and poet and Jyotindra was a musician and playwright, his sister, Swarna was a novelist. His father spent most of the time away from home. Tagore was admitted Oriental Seminar School. He did not find school interesting. He spent most of his time in Himalayas and when at home he would stay on the third floor. His early poetries reflect his yearning for nature. In his words on education: (It) knocks at door of the mind. If any boy is asked to give an account of what is awakened in him by such knocking, he will probably say something silly. For what happens within is much bigger than what comes out in words. Those who pin their fate on University examination as the test of education, take no account of this.

(K.Dutta and A. Rodinson 1997, p.50)

His father tutored him in history, astronomy and Sanskrit. His father taught him to cherish spiritual growth rather than materialistic things; these thoughts are clearly reflected in his writings. In 1878 he stayed with his family at Brighton. He read

law at university college London (Ghosh B, 2011). He studied Shakespeare, Coriolanus and Anthony and Cleopatra. In 1883 he returned to Bengal degreeless. In 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi, had five children. His father encouraged him to understand the family business and there he understood the plight of the farmers (K. Dutta and . Robinson, 1997). He then decided to start Shantiniketan. In Shantiniketan he would himself take classes. The school later graduated into a university Vishwa Bharti University. 1901 onwards he lived at Shantiniketan and enjoyed his inheritance. He also had the honor of giving lectures at Harvard University. He had high human values well aware of contemporary philosophical, political and social trends of the times around him. He is also the writer of National Anthem of India and Bangladesh. He is the only person ever to write the national anthem of two countries.

A. R. Rahman was in affluent Mudaliar family (mudaliarcommunity.com, 2012), his father R. K. Shekhar was a music composer in Tamil and Malayalam films. Rahman used to assist his father during the recordings and play keyboard. At the age of 9 he lost his father and use to rent out his fathers equipment as a source of income. In his childhood he joined two bands Roots (Short biography, 2012) and Nemesis Avenue (A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. p.112). He played the piano synthesizer, harmonium and guitar. He was trained by master Dhanraj and also worked with M.S. Vishwanathan, Zakir Hussain, and L. Shankar. He obtained scholarship from Trinity College London and studied diploma in western classical music.

Achievements Tagores renowned work for which he got noble prize of literature is Gitanjali, a compilation of more than a hundred poetries. He received worldwide acclaim. Two of his famous poems from Gitanjali are as follows: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; where knowledge is free; Where the world had not been broken up into Fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is lead forward by thee into ever widening thought and actionInto that heaven of freedom, My father, let my country awake. (R. Sigi. 2006) Life of my life, I shall ever try to keep my body pure, knowing that thy living touch is upon all my limbs, I shall ever try to keep all untruth out from my Thoughts, knowing that thou art that truth which has kindled the light of reason in my mind. I shall ever try to drive all evils away from my heart and keep my love in flower, knowing that thou hast

thy seat in the inmost shrine of my heart. And it shall be my endeavour to reveal thee in my actions; knowing it is thy power gives me strength to act. (R. Sigi, 2006)

In Dui Bigha Jomi (A Strip of Land) (K. Dutta & . Robinson 1997), Tagore explores the plight of a farmer a moneylender takes whose land is taken over using falsified papers; the poem concludes: Rajar hosto kore shomosto kangaler dhon churi, it means It is the king's hand that steals from the downtrodden (K. Dutta & . Robinson, 1997). Sonar Tori comic in form, it depicts what Tagore saw as Bengali society's lack of vision, originality, and wisdom: all has been explained, like the empty expanse of the open sky, Tagore experimented with different poetic styles. For example, in his early years, he occasionally wrote his works in Shadhu Bhasha, it is a Sanskritized dialect of Bengali; later, Tagore moved to using Chalit, a more popular dialect: Later Tagore absorbed new poetic concepts, which allowed him to further develop a unique identity. The year 1893 A.D was the turn of the Bangla calendar. It was the Bangla year 1300. Tagore wrote a poem then. Its name was the year 1400. Tagore was also an accomplished musician and painter. Indeed, he wrote some 2,230 songs; together, with rabindra sangeet now an integral part of Bengali culture. Tagore's music is deeply related to his literature. At age sixty, Tagore started drawing and painting; with exhibitions of his many works in Paris. His unique way of canvassing was appreciated and his colors were different probably due to his partial color discerning problem.

Adaptations of novels and short stories in cinema

Sacrifice - 1927 (Balidaan) - Nanand Bhojai and Naval Gandhi Natir Puja - 1932 - The only film directed by Rabindranath Tagore

Milan - 1947 (Nauka Dubi) - Nitin Bose Kabuliwala - 1961 (Kabuliwala) - Bimal Roy Uphaar - 1971 (Samapti) - Sudhendu Roy Lekin... - 1991 (Kshudhit Pashaan) - Gulzar Char Adhyay - 1997 (Char Adhyay) - Kumar Shahani Chokher Bali - 2003 (Chokher Bali) - Rituparno Ghosh Kashmakash - 2011 ((Nauka Dubi) - Rituparno Ghosh

Some more classics from regional cinema (Bengali) Naukadubi - 1947 (Noukadubi) - Nitin Bose Kabuliwala - 1957 (Kabuliwala) - Tapan Sinha Kshudhita Pashaan - 1960 (Kshudhita Pashan) - Tapan Sinha Teen Kanya - 1961 (Teen Kanya) - Satyajit Ray Charulata - 1964 (Nastanirh) - Satyajit Ray Ghare Baire - 1985 (Ghare Baire) - Satyajit Ray Elar Char Adhyay - 2012 (Char Adhyay) - Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay

A. R. Rahman was signed by Tamil movie director Mani Ratnam for giving music for his film Roja(The International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002: A. R. Rahman, 2002) The music of this film had phenomenal success and revolutionized Indian film music. At the age of 25 A. R. Rahman was the greatest music composer. Rahman single handedly changed all music rules. He could perfectly blend pop, eastern, western classical and contemprory tunes. His music transcends all barriers, age, geographical and linguistic. His strength lies in the perfect sound melody. His music cannot be described in words but has to be heard. His music has the amazing capacity to grow on you. Rahman's composition, 'Ekam Satyam' which he recorded in London in May was picked by Michael Jackson for a charity concert in Munich on June 1999 whose proceeds were to be donated to the underprivileged children of the world in The Olympic Stadium in Munich, Germany (Nydia Dias, 2001). "A R Rahman joins hands with Michael Jackson". The song was sung together by Rahman and Michael

Jackson. On June 19th Rahman traveled to Singapore to attend a concert to honor the composers of yesteryears Vishwanathan - Ramamurthy. At the concert heaps of praise was showered on him. For the ldquo; Listenrdquo; project, Rahman was to compose a modified version of one of Beethoven's symphonies. In early September he won the International Viewers' Choice Award at the MTV Video Music Awards for 'Dil Se..' (Stafford, Roy. Understanding Audiences and the Film Industry. London: British Film Institute. p. 27) The Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack was composed by A. R. Rahman, who planned the score for over two months and completed it in two weeks. Danny Boyle has said that he chose Rahman because "not only does he draw on Indian classical music, the song "Jai Ho" won the Oscar in 2009. The Times of India, India's leading newspaper hailed Rahman as one of the 100 greatest Indians of this century and placed him in the Entertainers and Artists category. 1999 was the year in which Rahman increased his presence on the international music scene. This ranged from interactions with Jean-Michel Jarre to collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber, David Bryne and concerts with Micheal Jackson. Rahman believes,

"If a music artists wants to blossom into a full-pledged person, it's not enough if he knows only classical music; nor it's enough if he's well-versed only in raagaas and techniques. Instead, he should be a knowledgeable person interested in life and philosophy. In his personal life there should be, atleast in some corner of his heart, a tinge of lingering sorrow," (G. Shrinivasan, 2002)

Apart from the Almighty he credits all his success to his mother who encouraged him to take up music when his interest lay in electronics. His maxim is that only total dedication and concentration to one's profession can help in producing good work. Rahman is certain that this dedication must increase with fame. For Rahman, who eats music, thinks music, breathes music and lives music, the bottomline is that his music should reach out to the soul of humankind.

10

Social and Political influences: Tagore's politics exhibited a marked duality on the one hand, he was unhappy about British rule, occasionally voicing full support for Indian nationalists, on the other hand, he also was not in support of the Swadeshi movement, and many of Gandhijis activities. For example, he was against the partitioning of Bengal and it pained him a lot. He was for educating the masses of India to be more reliable on themselves and attain freedom. In line with this, Tagore denounced nationalism, deeming it among humanity's greatest problems. "A nation," he wrote, "... is that aspect which a whole population assumes when organized for a mechanical purpose", a purpose often associated with a "selfishness" that "can be a grandly magnified form" of personal selfishness. During his extensive travels, he formed a vision of EastWest unity. His views on nationalism were well accepted in Europe but not in Japan and USA (K. Dutta and . Robinson, 1997).

He was also instrumental in resolving a dispute between Gandhi and Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar; Tagore was against the Indian educational system oriented educational system .In his short story "The Parrot's Training", where a bird which ultimately dies - is caged by tutors and force-fed pages torn from books. So he started Shantniketan school which means- Abode of Peace. Established in the traditional Brahmacharya structure whereby students live under a guru in a self-sustaining community. Tagore spent all his Nobel Prize money on his school, which is now a university. Indeed, Tagore stated that I suppose it was fortunate for me that I never in my life had what is called an education, that is to say, the kind of school and college training which is considered proper for a boy from a respectable family. Tagores contribution in social upliftment is very significant (K. Dutta and . Robinson, 1997).

Rahman being in independent India he is concerned about the issues of present day India. Having given music to films relating to issues of terrorism, religion and

11

current political structure. His film music in Roja, Bombay, Laagan, Rang de Basanti and many others. Rahman is involved in various charitable causes. In 2004, he was appointed as the Global Ambassador of the Stop TB Partnership, a project by WHO. He has shown support to charities including Save the Children, India, and worked with Yusuf Islam for his song Indian Ocean (Williamson, 2006). The proceeds of the song went towards helping orphans in Banda Aceh, which was affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. He produced the single "We Can Make It Better" by Don Asian alongside Mukhtar Sahota. In 2008, Rahman opened his KM Music Conservatory Chennai, offering courses at Beginners, Foundation and Diploma level. Rahman composed the theme music for a short film for The Banyan in 2006, in aid of destitute women in Chennai (Netru, Indru, Nalai is back with a bang, 2006). In 2008, Rahman with noted percussionist Sivamani created a song titled "Jiya Se Jiya", inspired by the Free Hugs Campaign and promoted it through a video shot in various cities in India. "Rahman advocates free hugs for peace" (Daily News and Analysis, 2008).

12

Tagores last years

Even in spite of his failing health, his schedules were very hectic, doctors advised him to take rest. In 1940 his health deteriorated and in 1941 he was totally bed ridden. On 25th July 1941 he was hospitalized, medicines could not revive him and in spite of surgery he left for heavenly abode on 7th August 1941. People crowded to look at his mortal remains. Death and parting had been a constant and obvious theme of his poem Gitanjali. In 1939 he had composed a poem for The Post Office. And it was his wish that it be sung on his own death (K. Dutta and . Robinson, 1997) The ocean peace lies ahead of me. Sale the boat, O pilot You are my constant companion now. Take me in your lap. Along our journey to the infinite The pole star alone will shine. Giver of freedom Set me free. May your forgiveness and compassion Be my eternal resources for the journeyMay the mortal ties fall away, May the vast universe Hold me in embrace, And with an undaunted heart May I come to know the Great Unknown.

(K. Dutta and A. Robinson, 1997)

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Conclusion: Rabindranath Tagore is better known as Gurudev. He had many followers. His contribution to literature will always be remembered. Tagores works is a blend of his belief in the culture he lived in and his strong faith in the divine force of the world. His keen urge to transcend the human life and to come to his maker at the end of the road peacefully. The thirst to understand the being in oneself the ultimate truth. His family was well placed and was well aware that the need to education both in Bengali and Sanskrit was most vital for the children. Tagore also helped establish the monthly Bharati. He published his first poems in the magazine. His writings were in his mother language and so he is also known as Father of modern Bengali Literature. His works show that life is a struggle between the good and the evil. His characters often live by their principles. In his character of the Kabuliwala shows unconditional love that is very moving. In his forbidden entry the guardian of the temple is inhuman to the people who come to pray. Whereas in Dakghar the king tries to fulfil the last wish of the dying child. In The elision of Man and Nationalism he deals on human isssues. Home and the World are on the swadesi movement on which Tagore was initially interested but as it took a communial turn he withdrew from it. Wishes Granted is a moral. In it, a father and his son have their wishes granted by a passing divinity, only to find that they were better off before. One of the best known, The Postmaster is typical. The title character is a well-educated young man from Calcutta, who has been sent to work in a remote village. Ratan, the orphan girl he hires. He even begins teaching her to read, she develops feelings for him but he cannot reciprocate and goes away leaving her heartbroken.

Tagores works are enlisted below: Tagore has written and composed the national anthem of India and Bangladesh.

14

Poetry:
Saisab sangit, 1881 Sandhya sangit, 1882 Prabhat sangit, 1883 Chabi o gan, 1884 Kari o komal, 1887 Manashi, 1890 Sonar tari, 1893 (The Golden Boat, 1932) Chitra, 1895 Chaitali, 1896 Kanika, 1899 Kalpana, 1900 Katha o kahini, 1900 Kshanika, 1900 Naivedya, 1901 Sisu, 1903 (The Crescent Moon, 1913) Smaran, 1903 Utsarga, 1904 Kheya, 1905 Gitanjali, 1910 (Gitanjali Song Offerings, 1912) The Gardener, 1913 Gitali, 1914 Balaka, 1916 (A Flight of Swans, 1955, 1962) Fruit-Gathering, 1916 Gan, 1916 Stray Birds, 1917 Loves Gift, and Crossing, 1918 Palataka, 1918 (The Fugitive, 1921) Lipika, 1922 Poems, 1922 Sisu bholanath, 1922

15

The Curse at Farewell, 1924 Prabahini, 1925 Purabi, 1925 Fifteen Poems, 1928 Fireflies, 1928 Mahuya, 1929 Sheaves: Poems and Songs, 1929 Banabani, 1931 The Child, 1931 Parisesh, 1932 Punascha, 1932 Vicitrita, 1933 Bithika, 1935 Ses saptak, 1935 Syamali, 1936 (English translation, 1955) Patraput, 1936, 1938 (English translation, 1969) Khapchada, 1937 Prantik, 1938 Senjuti, 1938 Navajatak, 1940 Rogsajya, 1940 Sanai, 1940 Arogya, 1941 Janmadine, 1941 Poems, 1942 Sesh lekha, 1942 The Herald of Spring, 1957 Wings of Death: The Last Poems, 1960 Devouring Love, 1961 A Bunch of Poems, 1966 One Hundred and One, 1967

16

Last Poems, 1973 Later Poems, 1974 Final Poems, 2001

Long Fiction:
Bau-Thakuranir Hat, 1883 Rajarshi, 1887 Chokher bali, 1902 (Binodini, 1959) Naukadubi, 1906 (The Wreck, 1921) Gora, 1910 (English translation, 1924) Chaturanga, 1916 (English translation, 1963) Ghare baire, 1916 (Home and the World, 1919) Jogajog, 1929 Shesher kabita, 1929 (Farewell My Friend, 1946) Dui bon, 1933 (Two Sisters, 1945)

Short Fiction:
The Hungry Stones, and Other Stories, 1916 Mashi, and Other Stories, 1918 Stories from Tagore, 1918 Broken Ties, and Other Stories, 1925 The Runaway, and Other Stories, 1959 Selected Short Stories, 1991 (translated with an introduction by William Radice)

Drama:
Prakritir Pratishodh, pb. 1884 (verse play; Sanyasi: Or, The Ascetic, 1917) Raja o Rani, pb. 1889 (verse play; The King and the Queen, 1918) Visarjan, pb. 1890 (verse play; based on his novel Rajarshi; Sacrifice, 1917) Chitrangada, pb. 1892 (verse play; Chitra, 1913) Prayaschitta, pr. 1909 (based on his novel Bau-Thakuranir Hat) Raja, pb. 1910 (The King of the Dark Chamber, 1914) 17

Dakghar, pb. 1912 (The Post Office, 1914) Phalguni, pb. 1916 (The Cycle of Spring, 1917) Arupratan, pb. 1920 (revision of his play Raja) Muktadhara, pb. 1922 (English translation, 1950) Raktakarabi, pb. 1924 (Red Oleanders, 1925) Chirakumar Sabha, pb. 1926 Natir Puja, pb. 1926 (Worship of the Dancing Girl, 1950) Sesh Raksha, pb. 1928 Paritran, pb. 1929 (revision of Prayaschitta) Tapati, pb. 1929 (revision of Raja o Rani) Bansari, pb. 1933 Chandalika, pr., pb. 1933 (English translation, 1938) Nritya-natya Chitrangada, pb. 1936 (revision of his play Chitrangada) Nritya-natya Chandalika, pb. 1938 (revision of his play Chandalika) Three Plays, pb. 1950

Nonfiction:
Jivansmriti, 1912 (My Reminiscences, 1917) Sadhana: The Realisation of Life, 1913 Personality, 1917 Nationalism, 1917 Glimpses of Bengal, 1921 Greater India, 1921 Creative Unity, 1922 Talks in China, 1925 Lectures and Addresses, 1928 Letters to a Friend, 1928 The Religion of Man, 1931 Mahatmaji and the Depressed Humanity, 1932 The Religion of an Artist, 1933 Man, 1937 Chhelebela, 1940 (My Boyhood Days, 1940)

18

Sabhyatar Samkat, 1941 (Crisis in Civilization, 1941) Towards Universal Man, 1961

Miscellaneous:
Collected Poems and Plays, 1936 A Tagore Reader, 1961

A R Rahman in his short time in the musical field he has given maximum contribution in both instrumental and classical sound. His blending of the various instruments is very unique. He has an ultramodern sound set-up in his studios. He was one of the first to have used the mac and apple for compiling his work. His soul-searching melodies have put him in peoples hearts. He is loved by millions of music lovers. Some of his critics however think that he is slow and to some extent he does use others music themes. To this Rahman replied that the musical notes are the same everywhere the same notes are used by all, but it is the presentation and sequence in which they are used that gives his melodies. His many works are listed herewith. Rahman also composed the music for the song, Vande Mataram an Indian patriotic song that was even sung by Ravindranath Tagore at India National Congress in 1896 and it had played a major role in the Indian Independence Movement (National song of India, 2005).

Work of A. R. Rahman:
Bau-Thakuranir Hat, 1883 Yodha, 1992 Roja, 1992 Nippu Ravva,1993 Gentleman, 1993

19

Pudhiya Mugam, 1993 Thiruda Thiruda,1993 Uzhavan,1993 Kizhakku Cheemayile,1993 Karuththamma, 1994 Pudhiya Mannargal,1994 Gangmaster, 1994 Vandicholai Chinraasu, 1994, Super Police, 1994 Duet, 1994 May Madham, 1994 Kadhalan, 1994 Pavithra, 1994 Indira, 1995 Muthu, 1995 Bombay, 1995 Rangeela, 1995 Kadhal Desam, 1996 Mr. Romeo, 1996 Fire, 1996 Indianv 1996 Love Birds, 1996 Kabhi Na Kabhi, 1997 Iruvar 1997 Minsara Kanavu 1997 Anthimanthaarai 1997 Ratchagan 1997 Daud 1997 Dil Se.. 1998 Doli Saja Ke Rakhna, 1998 Jeans, 1998

20

Earth, 1998 Thakshak, 1999 Mudhalvan, 1999 Taj Mahal, 1999 Padayappa, 1999 En Swasa Kaatre, 1999 Taal, 1999 Sangamam, 1999 Jodi 1999 Kadhalar Dhinam 1999 Thenali 2000 Pukar 2000 Fiza, 2000 Rhythm, 2000 Kandukondain, 2000 Zubeidaa, 2000 Alaipayuthey, 2001 Star, 2001 Lagaan, 2001 Love You Hamesha,2001 Nayak: The Real Hero, 2001 Paarthale Paravasam, 2001 The Legend of Bhagat Singh, 2002 Saathiya, 2002 Warriors of Heaven and Earth, 2003 Lakeer Forbidden Lines, 2003 Yuva, 2004 Swades, 2004 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, 2005 Mangal Pandey: The Rising, 2005 Rang De Basanti, 2006

21

Guru, 2007 Elizabeth: The Golden Age, 2007 Jodhaa Akbar, 2008 Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na, 2008 Slumdog Millionaire, 2008 Delhi-6, 2008 Couples Retreat 2009 Raavan 2010 Rockstar 2011

22

References

Krishna Dutta, Andrew Robinson (1997) Rabindranath Tagore: The MyriadMinded Man, U.K. , Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.,

Rekha Sigi (2006) Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore : A Biography, Delhi, Diamond Pocket Books (P) LTD.

Chakravarty, A (1961), A Tagore Reader, Beacon Press

Dutta, K (editor); Robinson, A (editor) (1997), Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, St. Martin's Press

Som, KK (2001), "Rabindranath Tagore and his World of Colours", Parabaas, retrieved April 1, 2006.

Tagore, R (1977), Collected Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan Publishing

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 :- Rabindranath Tagore [online], available at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-bio.html [accessed Feb 2012]

Rabindranath Tagore [online], available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore [Accessed Feb 2012]

Rabindranath Tagore [online], available at http://www.online-literature.com/tagore-rabindranath/ [Accessed Feb 2012]

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History of Rabindranath Tagore [Online] available at http://lifehistoric.blogspot.in/2009/08/history-of-rabindranath-tagore.htm [Accessed Feb 2012]

Rabindranath Tagore Biography [Online] available at http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/rabindranath-tagore.html [Accessed Feb 2012]

Rabindranath Tagore [online], available at http://www.schoolofwisdom.com/history/teachers/rabindranath-tagore/ [Accessed Feb 2012]

Rabindranath Tagore [online], available at http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/rabindranath-tagore.html [Accessed Feb 2012]

Lago, Mary M. (1978) Published online: 23 March 2011 Rabindranath Tagore, The journal of Asian Studies [Online], Available at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7117 884 [accessed ], Boston, Twayne publishers [Accessed Feb 2012]

A.R.Rahman [online], available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ A._R._Rahman [Accessed Feb 2012]

A.R.Rahman [online], available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ A._R._Rahman discography#cite_note-16 [Accessed Feb 2012]

A.R.Rahman [online], available at http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/ar-rahman.html [Accessed Feb 2012]

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Biography for A.R.Rahman [online], available at http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006246/bio [Accessed Feb 2012]

A.R.Rahman [online], available at http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html [Accessed Feb 2012]

Biography [online], available at http://www.arrahman.com/journey-biography.html [Accessed Feb 2012]

Rahman Biography [online], available at http://rahmanmusic.com/about-rahman.php [Accessed Feb 2012]

Biography [online], available at http://rahmaniac.wordpress.com/biography/ [Accessed Feb 2012]

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I. Chakrabarti, (2001), "A People's Poet or a Literary Deity?", Parabaas, 15 July 2001,

A . Dasgupta,. (2001), "Rabindra-Sangeet as a Resource for Indian Classical Bandishes", Parabaas, 15 July 2001

S. K. Chakraborty,; P. Bhattacharya, (2001), Leadership and Power: Ethical Explorations, Oxford University Press

P. K. Datta (2002), Rabindranath Tagore's The Home and the World: A Critical Companion (1st ed.), Permanent Black

R. Som, (2010), Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song, Viking

B. A. HATCHER, (2001), "Aji Hote Satabarsha Pare: What Tagore Says to Us a Century Later",Parabaas, 15 July 2001

B. GHOSH, (2011), "Inside the World of Tagore's Music", Parabaas, August 2011

Ashanti Omkar, A. R. Rahman (January 13, 2010). A.R Rahman interview 2010 part 1 Vinnaithandi Varuvaayaa (VTV) Thai Pongal special (Web interview). London: Thamarai.com.

"A passion for music". Chennai: The Hindu. 28 January 2008

"Actor Rahman's profile". actorrahman.com

"A R Rahman Honored". Indiaglitz. 4 June 2008.

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India's A.R. Rahman strikes Grammys gold". Agence France-Presse. 2010

"Padma Bhushan for Rahman, Aamir; Segal gets Padma Vibhushan". Press Trust of India(Hindustan Times).

"Rahman to be conferred honorary doctorate by AMU". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 26 May 2009

"Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri awardees". The Hindu. 26 January 2000

Purie, Aroon (1995). "A. R. Rahman: Music The New Wave". India Today (Living Media) 20 (16): 11. "Now, two years later, AR Rahman looks like he is here to stay, with his digitalised sound based on pop-rock and reggae and fused with traditional Indian mainly Carnatic folk idioms. The supreme irony: he used to play keyboards in..."

"Rahman part of historic remake of We are the World". The Indian Express. 4 February 2010 Corliss, Richard (12 February 2005). "Best Soundtracks ALL TIME 100 MOVIES TIME".TIME.

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