Presentation by

Shreepati.K.Havaldar
Indian Air Force (retd), Industrial Safety Engineer Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. Kaiga Project. Karwar (UK). Karnataka -581400

History of Flight

Wright Brothers
The two American brothers, Wilber Wright (1867-1912) and Orville Wright (1871-1948) who invented the first successful aeroplane, made the worlds first flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in a power driven heavier than air machine, on 17th Dec 1903.The plane flew at a height of 36 mtrs , flight lasted 12 sec and Orville was the first pilot.

INRODUCTION
Any thing made by man which is supported in the air is called an aircraft & any aircraft which is mechanically driven in the air is called an aeroplane.

Types of Aircrafts
Non-mechanically driven in the air Hot air balloons Airships Gliders Mechanically driven in the air

Aero planes
Helicopters Amphibians

Micro light aircrafts

Aircraft is a general word used for all mentioned above

Types of Aeroplanes

Monoplane Landplane Sea plane

Biplane Piston Engine Turbojet Engine Subsonic

Amphibians
Low wing Mid wing High wing Single Engine Double Engine Supersonic

Multi Engine

Use of Aeroplanes
Transportation Medicine spraying Rain seeding Military purpose

During peace Training Photoreconnaissance Assisting the State Govt. authorities during natural calamities etc.

During war Fighter Inceptor Bomber Para-dropping Air Ambulance

Main parts of an aeroplane

Starboard; Right side of an aircraft is known as Starboard Main plane Cockpit; A place for pilots Engine Tail plane

Fin Engine Fuselage

Port; Left side of an aircraft is known as Port

Forces acting on aircraft

Four forces acting on an aircraft Lift & Weight Thrust & Drag are equal & opposite to each other in a level flight. Lift

Thrust

CG

CP

Drag

CG- Centre of Gravity CP- Centre of pressure

Weight

GLIDING Gliding is an art & science of flying with out the power of engine.
Lift

CG

CP

10

Weight

It is a built in design that in case of engine failure a/c takes nose down position & keeps flying for some time till pilot finds a safe place for force landing

Theory of flight

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)

A Dutch scientist known for his inventions who first explained about hydrodynamics/motion of fluids. The decrease in pressure of free flowing fluid as its speed increases is called Bernoullis effect. This happens because an ideal free flowing fluid tends to conserve their energy. Bernoullis effect is best used for lifting of an aeroplane & regulating fluid flows.

Bernoullis Theory
Fluid contains 3 types of energies Pressure Energy, Kinetics Energy & Potential Energy. Potential energy is negligible and Pressure Energy & Kinetic Energy are inversely proportional to each other. VENTURE TUBE (convergent & divergent duct)

Airflow
Air Pressure dropped

Air velocity increased

The decrease in pressure of free flowing fluid as its speed increases is called Bernoulli's effect.

Aerosol
Bernoullis theory is best used in the fluid circulation pumps & lifting of an aircraft in the air. pump air

Stack pipe Liquid Container

Due to the increased velocity of air, suction is created in the stack pipe & fluid level gets raised

Aerofoil shape
Aeroplane wings are designed with an aerofoil shape'. Due to the curved shape of wings, air passing on the top travels faster than the bottom surface. Thus lift (an upward thrust) is achieved.

Due to the straight path, air travels slowly at the bottom surface of wings, air pressure increases & push the wings upwards.

Aerofoil shape
Air travels faster on the top surface & air pr. gets reduced.

Air travels slowly at the bottom surface & air pr. increases

Drag
To reduce the air resistance aircraft body is designed streamline shape & to produce lift wings are designed aerofoil shape.
Flat 100% Air resistance is felt

25%

Air resistance is felt

Globe
Minimum Resistance

Streamline

Aerofoil

AXIS
An imaginary lines passing through CG point of an aircraft, about which aircraft makes movements vz; On longitudinal axis (AB); Banking (Rolling side to side), On lateral axis (CD); Pitching (Climbing/Diving) On vertical axis (EF); Yawing (Changing direction) Lateral axis
C

Longitudinal axis B

A F

Vertical axis

FLYING CONTROLS
There are three flying controls provided to manoeuvrer an aircraft during flight; Ailerons, Elevators & Rudder. Ailerons are operated by control column ( by sideways movement ) for rolling . Elevators are operated by the same control column ( by forward & back ward movement) for climbing/diving. Rudder is operated by foot pedals for directional control.

Rudder B

Elevator
Aileron A D F

LIFT AUGMENTATION
Flaps are movable control surfaces hinged at the trailing edge of main planes, they are provided for lift augmentation during take off & landing. Flaps are hydraulically operated. Flaps

Flaps

FLAPS
Different positions of flaps
wing

0 During level flight

25 Take off position.

40

Landing position

Alighting gear/Under carriage

( Wheel assembly to support an aircraft on the ground)

Fixed under carriage; All low speed aircrafts are fitted with fixed under carriage. Retractable Undercarriage; In the high speed aircrafts to over come the drag, undercarriages are made retractable. Soon after take-off under carriages are hydraulically retracted up in to the wing section & same are lowered while approaching for landing

Plan view

Front view

Span

Span

Length

Side view

Isometric view

 PISTON ENGINE Man swimming in the water tries to pull the water from front & throw it rearwards, in this action his body moves forward. Same way air craft engine-PROPELLER tries to pull the air from front & throw it rear wards, in this action aircraft moves forward.

Engine

PROPELLER

 TURBOJET ENGINE
Ignition chamber: Fuel sprayed in this compartment

Air intake

EXHAUST

Compressor

Turbine

 TURBOJET ENGINE
IGNITION CHAMBER Fuel sprayed in this compartment

Compressor

Turbine

Air intake

Exhaust is escaping at a great velocity Newtons IIIrd law of motion:

FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN EQUAL & OPPOSITE REACTION.

Safety Equipments
EJECTION SEAT; Incase of emergency when pilot cant save the a/c, he can bail-out. On pulling one handle his seat will go up vertically about 100 feet. Then with help of parachute he will come down on grounds safely. If the a/c is not fitted with ejection seat a separate parachute is provided to pilot to escape incase of any emergency. He has to open the glass & jump-out. PARACHUTE; It is used for Para jumping in the enemy territory. In the transport a/c all crew are provided with parachute to escape incase of any emergency in the air. It is also used for reducing the air craft speed while landing.

Flight Emergencies
Likely emergencies during take-off & in the flight; Engine failure Bird hit Hydraulic failure Fire due to electric short circuit Any other mechanical failure/weather warning etc Likely emergencies during landing; Undercarriage (wheels) not lowering Tyre burst on touch down to runway. Brake failure after touch down on runway Run way out-of-order for landing etc.

 HELICOPTERS
Helicopters are lifted, propelled and steered by power full rotating blades (Rotors). Able to take off & land vertically, hover (stand still in the air at one spot) & fly in any direction. This versatile machines are held stable in flight by the balancing action of their tail rotor. They are used for such diverse purpose as military gunship, air ambulance, air taxi, for spraying medicine on crops, aerial survey and air observation of road traffic condition etc.

Main rotor
Tail rotor Main rotor hub Engine Tail boom Tail strut Fuselage

wheels

FORCES ACTING ON HELICOPTER WHILE HOVERING

Lift

Stand still position at one spot in the air is called Hovering

Weight
During hovering Lift & weight are equal & opposite to each other

Forces acting on helicopter while moving forward

Lift
Disk is tilted forward

by cyclic pitch stick

Forward motion Weight

Drag

Special instruments fitted in aircraft

Radio Telephone; For communication with Air Traffic Control (ATC) on ground & aircrafts flying nearby. Radio Compass; To find out the direction. Altimeter; To find out the height of the aircraft above the sea level Artificial Horizon; To find the level of aircraft in relation with ground. On-board Radar; To find out any aircraft approaching from any direction. Airspeed Indicator; To find the speed of aircraft
Speed of a/c is always expressed in terms of mach one mach is = sound speed at sea level ie; 760 miles/hr (@1 km=0.6412miles, 760 miles =1185 km/hr )

Conclusion
Aeroplanes, helicopters and micro-lights use aerodynamics to over come gravity. An upward force, known as Lift is achieved by creating more air pressure beneath the wings ( or rotating blades) than above them. These factors can be varied by increasing or decreasing engine power and by adjusting wing dynamics Hot air balloons and air ships become airborne using light gas or heated air with in a baloon envelope Gliders must be toed or winched in to air but once air-borne their light aerodynamic construction prolongs descent.

Solo flight

Formation flight

Formation Flight