AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

CONTENTS:

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION HARD WARE DESCRIPTION WORKING APPLICATIONS RESULT CONCLUSION

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

ABSTRACT
Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

INTRODUCTION
By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the manually operated street lights are not switched off even the sunlight comes and also switched on earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting. LDR and RELAY are the main components of the project. The resistance of light dependant resistor (LDR) varies according to the light falling on it. This LDR is connected as biasing resistor of the transistor. According to the light falls on the LDR, the transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. By makes use of the transistor switching condition operates the light through relay. This project uses regulated 230V, power supply.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

HARD WARE DESCRIPTION

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

This circuit comprises of 9 types of the components. 1. Resistors: 1k,1k 2. Transistors: SL100, BC107 3. Preset:100k 4. LDR 5. Battery-9V DC 6. Relay: SPDT (may be 10 amps) 7. Fuse: 1A 8. Lamp: any wattage lamp 9. Power Supply: 230V

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

VARIABLE RESISTOR:(PRESET-100K)
A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

TRANSISTORS:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal used in many common electrical devices.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR):

S= R/ H Ri Rt = +(Rf- Ri)(1- exp(t/ tou) Where, R=change in resistance; , and H=change in irradiation;W/m2, Rf = dark resistance, ; Ri= final resistance after application of beam, ; Rt= resistance at any time.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

RELAY:

Main Features Switching capacity available by 10A in spite of small size design for highdensity P.C. board mounting technique. UL,CUL,TUV recognized. Selection of plastic material for high temperature and better chemical solution performance. Sealed types available. Simple relay magnetic circuit to meet low cost of mass production.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT:
The resistance of light dependant resistor (LDR) varies according to the light falling on it. This LDR is connected as biasing resistor of the transistor. According to the light falls on the LDR, the transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. By makes use of the transistor switching condition operates the light through relay. This project uses regulated 230V, power supply. We use an ldr (light dependent resistor). here in this circuit ldr has low resistance in brightness(only few ohms) and very high resistance in complete darkness(nearly 1M ohm).so the transistor Q1 becomes on in day times and Q2 becomes off and hence the relay remains in NC(normally closed) state and the lamp will not glow. at night the transistor Q1 becomes OFF and Q2 becomes ON and hence the relay goes to NO(normally open) state and the lamp glows and the sensitivity of the device can be varied by adjusting the potentiometer.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

APPLICATIONS:

Balcony / stair case / parking Lightings Street lights Garden Lights

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

RESULT:
Hence the output is obtained from the glowing of bulb and the input voltage is given from the ac supply voltage of 230V.As the light falls on ldr the bulb does not glow and when shadow or light disappears the bulb glows and hence the automatic switching of light using ldr and relay is done.

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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF STREET LIGHTS BY USING LDR AND RELAY

CONLUSION:
Major applications of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%. Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges. Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by light poles to hang decorative or commemorative banners. Many communities in the U.S. use light poles as a tool for fund raising via light pole banner sponsorship programs first designed by a U.S. based light pole banner manufacturer.

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