PE A2 Mock History

Kate Perry 13 ASm

Q1. The most common characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain are that it was rowdy, cruel and brutal. There were no set rules (it was un-codified) and they had no specialist facilities or equipment so they used nature (the trees). Real tennis, however, was different this was a recreation played by the upper class and consisted of specific rules that were relatively complicated and racquets made especially for the game. This is in stark contrast to the other popular recreations played in pre-industrial Britain, mostly because it was played by the upper class they could afford the specialist facilities etc. The lower class tended to play fives like tennis but using their hands. Today there is limited participation in the game, during the industrialisation of Britain, a new class was formed the middle class, and they created a game that could be played by both classes - lawn tennis. Now it is the dominant game played by all class and there are very few real tennis courts in Britain today. Q2. During Stage 3 of the Development of Public Schools (the cult of athleticism), participation in physical activity increased. This was due to the fact that physical activity/education became a compulsory subject in the school curriculum and therefore everyone had to play. Specialist facilities and equipment was introduced and so games could become more codified and structured. Land was bought and therefore schools were relocated in order to create more space for games to be played and for matches between other schools. Being good at sport increased your social status and was therefore a vehicle to becoming popular and rich. This still continues to impact upon participation and performance in physical activity in schools today as PE is still part of the compulsory curriculum and most schools have large playing fields with football goals and/or indoor sports halls for if the weather is bad. There is also rivalry between schools when it comes to sport, particularly schools within the same town. The idea of competition, as in the public schools, increases the participation and performance as people are eager to win. Q3. In the nineteenth Century, women tend not to play sports. This was due to factors such as exercise was thought to be harmful and could cause them to be infertile, it was also seen inappropriate for women to show their skin especially their ankles which sportswear did and it was deemed unattractive and un lady-like to get sweaty. However, in the late nineteenth century lawn tennis become a popular recreation played mostly by the middle class. Women could play in the fresh air, wearing their clothing and not have to move around much as they just hit the ball with their racquet therefore the factors affecting their participation in physical activity were solved thus increasing their participation. Today, the idea of women sweating is still affecting womens participation in physical activity as it is seen to be unattractive and manly. Therefore, women either dont participate at all, or just dont perform to their highest ability to prevent looking unattractive for men. Q4. The nature of mob football was that it was brutal, rowdy, and dangerous and was uncodified. It was a game where men would run around after a ball, kicking it, and at times the teams could stretch up to 20 on each side. This reflected the society at that time life was hard and brutal people lived in terrible conditions. Transport was also poor, which meant that the game was played within villages and so it was local. Between 1850 and 1900, the transport systems in Britain improved with the introduction of railways and more roads. This impacted hugely on the game of mob football as it became association football as a rational game. People were now able to play

PE A2 Mock

Kate Perry 13 ASm

with other villages, counties etc. which improved the popularity of the game. As well as the players travelling to their games, there were masses of spectators coming to watch the game which also provided money for the development of the game and for Britain as a government earning money for tickets fares. From then on football became a craze for many people and it developed hugely, still today people bet on winnings and travel across countries just to watch the games. Q5. Pedestrianism was the beginning of what is athletics today. Peasants/servants would race each other over particular distances. This become very popular in pre-industrial Britain as people would wager and bet on who would win the race this also meant that the peasants could move from rags to riches is they were good at it as they would earn money from the betting. Masters of the peasants would also increase their status if their peasants were winning all the races. Soon the recreation became very popular and it developed into athletics. An example of someone who moved from rags to riches was man called --, he travelled in days and earnt masses from it. He then became famous and rich. Q6. Pedestrianism was the beginning of what is athletics today. Peasants/servants would race each other over particular distances. This become very popular in pre-industrial Britain as people would wager and bet on who would win the race this also meant that the peasants could move from rags to riches is they were good at it as they would earn money from the betting. An example of someone who moved from rags to riches was man called --, he travelled in days and earnt masses from it. He then became famous and rich. Masters of the peasants would also increase their status if their peasants were winning all the races. Soon the recreation became very popular and it developed into athletics this was a mixture of games such as gurning. There is a clear divide between the upper and lower classes participation in the sport as the lower class did all the work. In post-industrial Britain athletics became almost a craze, it was made up of several different games/sports in which people would compete for some sort of prize such as a leg of meat. There would be festivals for the games to be played and it became ritualistic. An example of such games is the Highland Games in Scotland played every year, one a year. The people playing and taking part in the athletics were the lower/middle class and the upper class would spectate as they are too good for something like that. Today athletics is huge, every four years there is the Olympic Games where countries compete in different activities/sports such as the high jump and running. It is now played by anyone who is at elite level in the sport and class doesnt matter.

Exercise Physiology Q1. VO2 max is the ability to take in, transport and use oxygen in the body. A common method in order to evaluate it is the Multi Stage Fitness Test. This test is progressive and manual and it is where a 20 metre distance is timed with a bleep which progressively gets shorter. Once the performer cannot keep up/drops out you are able to estimate/predict their VO2 max. Q2. Males tend to have higher values for VO2 max due to the fact that they tend to have a higher percentage of muscle and therefore more fibres. This allows them to work quicker and alongside

PE A2 Mock

Kate Perry 13 ASm

their efficient respiratory system they a provided with plenty oxygen. Men also have a higher body mass in general, than women and so they can work harder and more efficiently. Q3. The alactic component of recovery is the fastest recovery process and the increased breathing is in order to resynthesize ATP. It also replenishes the muscle stores of myoglobin (sugar store) and haemoglobin with oxygen. It takes about 3 minutes to fully restore ATP and PC stores. Q4. The warm mostly prepares the body for physical activity and prevents any muscles to be pulled and harmed. It also prepares and starts up the aerobic energy system in order for the muscles to receive enough oxygen to work during the exercise. It warms up the muscles and supplies them with sufficient ATP for 2-3 minutes and the PC for 30-60 seconds. The cool down helps to break down the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles and therefore prevent muscle fatigue. It also increases the efficiency of the vascular shunt mechanism as it slowly and progressively slows down the exercise and therefore the amount of oxygen required for the muscles. It also prevents a large oxygen debt as you are slowly decreasing the muscles work intensity. Finally the cool down prepares your body for the next time to take part in activity as it stretches out the muscles and allows them to improve as you train more. Q5. Periodisation is where training is split into macro-, meso- and micro-cycles in order to structure a training programme to your specific sport/requirement. In order to develop your aerobic capacity several different types of training can be used such as fartlek training and continuous running. This is an example of how a training programme can be structured: Macro-cycle Meso-cycle Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 March April May June July August

Biomechanics Q1.

Before the hockey ball is hit, it is in a state of uniform velocity/stationary and when it is hit by an external force (the hockey stick) the ball accelerates in the direction it is being struck Newtons 1st Law. The hockey ball is being flicked and therefor the resultant force is upwards and forwards causing it to lift up off the ground. This relates to Newtons 3rd Law which states that every action

PE A2 Mock

Kate Perry 13 ASm

(hitting the ball underneath and on the side) has an equal and opposite reaction (a flick shot upwards and forwards). It also means the harder you hit the ball the further it will go. Q2. During a 100m backstroke a swimmer is affected by fluid friction as they are in the water. Their hair in the water will cause them to slow down due to a higher surface area in contact with the water and the hair being a rough surface so in order to overcome this, the swimmer can wear a swimming cap which is smooth (prevents friction) and it reduces the surface area as the hair it kept contained. Their face is also quite a rough surface with external and bumpy surfaces such as the eyes. So in order for them to overcome this (and also see in the water) they can wear goggles which are smooth and shaped well to travel through water (streamlined with slanted sides). Hair on their body in general may interfere with the water and so they can shave their legs to prevent this. During the backstroke the swimmer is moving their arms and legs very quickly in order to travel quickly and so the faster they go the higher the impact of fluid friction on their body. The higher the crosssectional area going against the water means the higher the fluid friction acting on the body and so the swimmer needs to be buoyant on top of the water. Q3. Flight path of a shot putt:

This flight path is asymmetrical. This is because the weight of the shot putt dominates to drag going against it. Therefore as it is thrown through the air, it falls vertically due to the sheer weight of the shot putt giving an asymmetric shape to the curve. The resultant force is forwards and downwards. Flight path of a fast moving badminton shuttle:

PE A2 Mock

Kate Perry 13 ASm

This is a symmetrical flight path (also known as parabolic). This is due to the fact that the drag dominates the weight of a shuttle as the shuttle is very light, so causes the flight path to be longer and symmetrical. The resultant force is forwards. Q4. Between points A- B the high jumper is preparing to take off for the jump. This relates to Newtons 1st Law that says a body will remain stationary/in uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external force (which will be when they take off). The net impulse is 0 and the centre of mass is within the body so they are balanced. B-C is where the jumper begins to bend their knees acting downwards, against the ground causing a negative force/impulse to be created. As the jumper bends their knees, this is increasing the time in which to body (feet) is in contact with the floor and so the longer/harder the jumper presses into the floor the higher they will go. This relates to Newtons 3rd Law which states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Impulse is a change in momentum, and so when the jumper acts downwards onto the floor this will create a motion going upwards. Again the body is balanced as the centre of mass is within the body. Between points C-D is the equal and opposite reaction Newtons 3rd Law, produced from the downwards force acted on the floor. This creates a positive force/impulse as the jumper lifts of the ground. In order to curve around the bar, their centre of mass is slowly going outside of the body so they are progressively becoming unbalanced. Finally D-E is where the high jumper is just going over the bar and landing on the safety bed. The centre of mass is now outside of the body, causing them to be unbalanced and therefore fall onto the safety bed. The safety mat increases the time in which the body is in contact with it and therefore reduces the impact on the body so the person is less likely to be harmed. This is because the safety bed is made of a spongy material and therefore the body sinks into it before they become stationary. The impulse therefore progressively decreases as there is a negative change in momentum.