CV6107 ( 7 (Part II) ) Lecture 4 Composite Column

Chiew Sing-Ping School f Civil S h l of Ci il and Environmental Engineering dE i t lE i i Nanyang Technological University

Scope of Lecture 4
General Local buckling of steel element Simplified calculation method Axial compression Resistance to compression and bending moment Worked example

Composite columns
Composite columns often offer significant economic advantages over either structural steel or reinforced concrete alternatives. High load carrying capacities and high flexural rigidities with smaller sizes at reduced costs. Excellent inherent fire resistances. Can be very strong - range of capacities for the same external dimensions resulting in same column size externally in all floors of a building.

Application of composite columns

Cross-section of composite columns

Composite columns may be classified into two main types: Concrete encased composite section Partially encased steel section Fully encased steel section

Concrete in-filled composite section in filled Circular steel hollow section Rectangular steel hollow section

Concrete encased sections

a) Full encased

b) partially encased

Concrete-filled hollow sections

a) concrete-filled rectangular hollow section

b) concrete-filled circular hollow section

c) concrete-filled circular hollow ti ith section with encased H-section

Local buckling
Fully encased steel sections
The concrete cover thickness should not be less than the lager of the two following 40mm b/6
cy bc b cy cz tw h tf cz hc

Local buckling- partially encased/concrete

filled fill d sections ti
Cross-section
t y z t d

Max (d/t), max (h/t) and max (b/t)

Circular hollow Steel section

max (d / t ) = 90

235 fy

Rectangular hollow Steel section

zzz y z
z b

max (h / t ) = 52

235 fy

Partially encased I section I-section

y z

tf

max (b / tf ) = 44

235 fy

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Calculation Methods
Two(2) methods for calculating the resistance of composite columns:

General Method
Second order effects and imperfections taken into account in Second-order calculation Can be used for asymmetric sections Needs suitable numerical software

Simplified Method
Full interaction between the steel and concrete sections until failure Geometric imperfections and residual stresses taken into account p in calculation, usually using European buckling curves Plane sections remain plane

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Simplified design method Limitations Li it ti

The i Th simplified method is subject lifi d th d i bj t to the following limitations: 0.2 0.9
Depth to width ratio: 0.2 < hc/bc <5.0 p The relative slenderness Steel reinforcement area: 0.3% As/Ac < 0.6% Concrete cover : y-direction: 40 mm < cy < 0.4 bc z direction: 40 mm < cz <0 3 hc z-direction: <0.3
< 2 .0
tw cy bc b cy cz h tf cz hc

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Cross-sections resistance to axial compression i

Cross-section Cross section resistance to axial compression is the sum of the plastic compression resistances of each of its elements:

Concrete encased steel section

N pl, Rd = Aa f yd + 0.85 Ac f cd + As fsd

bc b

hc

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Cross-sections resistance to axial compression i

Concrete filled steel hollow section

N pl, Rd = Aa f yd + Ac f cd + As f sd
t t d

zzzz
y h

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Cross-sections resistance to axial compression i

Concrete filled circular steel hollow section circ lar hollo

t fy + As f sd N pl, Rd = a Aa f yd + Ac f cd 1 + a d f ck k
Use in design if: Relative slenderness 0.5 e/d < 0.1, where e =MEd/NEd
t d

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Concrete filled circular steel hollow section

For 0 < e/d < 0.1:

a = ao + (1 ao )(10e / d )

a = co (1 10e / d )
For e = 0:

t d

a = ao = 0.25 (3 + 2 )

c = co = 4.9 18.5 + 17 2
For e/d > 0.1:

a = 1

c = 0

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Relative Slenderness

=
Npl,Rk Ncr

N pl, Rd N cr

is the i th Npl,Rd calculated using c = a = s = 1.0 l l t d i is the elastic critical force

2 (EI )eff N cr = L2

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Effective flexural stiffness

The effective flexural stiffness for short time loading: short-time
Steel section

(EI )eff

= Ea I a + Es I s + K e Ecm I c
Ke = 0.6 Ecm, secant modulus t d l of concrete EC2

Reinforcement Concrete

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Effective flexural stiffness

The effective flexural stiffness for long-time loading: long time

(EI )eff

= Ea I a + Es I s + K e Ec, eff I c
Ke = 0.6

Ec, eff = Ecm

1 + (N G, Ed / N Ed ) t
EC2

t creep coefficient

NG,Ed permanent part of axial design load

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Buckling Resistance
A composite column has sufficient resistance to buckling if:

N Ed 1 .0 N pl, Rd
the reduction factor (EC3)

1 + 2 2

1 .0

= 0.51 + ( 0.2) + 2
= N pl,Rd N cr

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Buckling curves for composite columns

the imperfection factor which allows for different levels of imperfection in the
columns (EC3) =0.21 = 0.34 =0.49 0 49 for buckling curve a for buckling curve b f b kli curve c for buckling Plastic resistance 1.0 10

a b

Perfect critical load

0.0

1.0

2.0
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Buckling curves for composite columns

Cross-section Concrete encased section y z Partially P ti ll concrete encased t d Section y z Circular and rectangular hollow section y z Circular hollow section with additional I-section y Partially encased H section with crossed H section y z Limits Axis of buckling yy y-y z-z y-y z-z Buckling curve b c b c a b b b b

s 3% 3% < s 6%

y-y zz z-z y-y z-z any

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Second-order amplification of bending moments b di t

The amplification factor:

k=

1 1.0 1 N Ed / N cr,eff
is the critical normal force
2 ( EI )eff, II L2

N cr, eff

N cr,eff =

(EI )eff,II = K o (Ea I a + Es I s + K e,II Ecm I c )

is an equivalent moment factor

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Second-order amplification of bending moments b di t

Factor for the determination of moment
Moment distribution MEd Moment factors First order bending moment from member imperfection or lateral load: =1.0

MEd MEd End moments: rMEd -1 r 1 =0.66+0.44r but 0 44 0.44

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Resistance of cross-section to compression and uniaxial b di d i i l bending moment t

Interaction curve for compression and bending -Fully encased H section

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Interaction curve for compression and bending moment b di t

Points A :
0.85fcd fyd fsd Fully encased H-section --- Points A NA= Npl,Rd MA=0 Npl,Rd

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Interaction curve for compression and bending moment b di t

Points B :
0.85fcd + fyd hn 2hn

fsd Mpl,Rd

hn

No axial force

Fully encased H-section --- Points B NB = 0 MB= Mpl,Rd

1 M pl , Rd = M max, Rd f yd W pan 0.85 f cd W pcn f sd W psn 2

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Interaction curve for compression and bending moment b di t

Points C :
0.85fcd +

fyd
hn 2hn hn +

fsd -

Mpl,Rd

Npm,Rd

Fully encased H-section --- Points C NC= Npm,Rd = 0.85fcdAc = fcdAc MC= Mpl,Rd
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for concrete-encased section for concrete-filled hollow section

Interaction curve for compression and bending moment b di t

Points D :
0.85fcd + + Fully encased H-section --- Points D ND = NC fyd Npm,Rd/2
fsd

Mmax,Rd

1 M D = M max, Rd = f yd Wpa + 0.85 f cd W pc + f sd Wps d d d 2

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Concrete filled Hollow section

hn =

Ac f cd Asn ( 2 f sd f cd ) 2bf cd + 4t (2 f yd f cd )
4

For circular hollow section b=h=d, r=d/2-t b=h=d r=d/2 t

Wpa = From Steel Section Tables

W ps = Asi [ ei ]
1

W pc =

( b 2t )( h 2t )
4

ps ,n

2 h r 3 r 2 ( 4 ) t r W ps 3 2

i =1

A sn ,i e z ,i

W pcn = (b 2t ) hn2 W psn

2 W pan = bhn W pcn W psn

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Concrete encased I-section

bc b

ps ,n

i =1

A sn ,i e z ,i

W pcn = bc hn2 W pa , n W ps , n
For hn<h/2-tf

ez y z h hc

hn =

Ac c f cd Asn (2 f sd c f cd ) 2bc c f cd + 2tw (2 f yd c f cd )

W pan = t w hn2

For h/2-tf<hn<h/2
hn = Ac c f cd Asn (2 f sd c f cd ) + (b tw ) (h 2t f ) (2 f yd c f cd ) 2bc c f cd + 2b(2 f yd c f cd )
2 W pan = bhn

Major -axis
Wpa = From Steel Section Tables

(b t w ) ( h 2t 2 ) f 4

ps

W pc =

c = 0.85

bh W pa W ps 4

i =1 2 c c

A s i [e i ]

For h/2<hn<hc/2

hn =

Ac c f cd Asn (2 f sd c f cd ) Aa (2 f yd c f cd ) 2bc c f cd
W pan = W pa
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Concrete encased I-section

bc b

ps ,n

i =1

A sn ,i e y ,i

W pcn = hc hn2 W pa , n W ps , n
For hn tw/2

y z

h hc

hn =

Ac c f cd Asn (2 f sd c f cd ) 2hc c f cd + 2h(2 f yd c f cd )

W pan = hhn2

For tw/2 < hn < b/2

ey

hn =

Ac c f cd Asn (2 f sd c f cd ) + tw (2t f h) (2 f yd c f cd ) 2hc c f cd + 4t f (2 f yd c f cd ) y

W pan = 2t f h
2 n 2 tw (h 2t f )

Minor -axis
Wpa = From Steel Section Tables

ps

i =1

A s i [e i ]

For b/2<hn<bc/2

b2 h W pc = c c W pa W ps 4

hn =

Ac c f cd Asn (2 f sd c f cd ) Aa (2 f yd c f cd ) 2hc c f cd

W pan = W pa
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Resistance of columns to compression and uniaxial b di i i l bending moment t

N/Npl,Rd 1.0 10 d=NEd/Npl,Rd Resistance locus of the cross-section

0
d=Mpl,N,Rd/Mpl,Rd M

1.0

M/Mpl,Rd

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Resistance of columns to compression and uniaxial b di i i l bending moment t

M Ed M Ed = M M pl, N, Rd d M pl, Rd
Med the greatest of the end moments and the maximum bending moment

Mpl,N,Rd the plastic bending resistance =dMpl,Rd M a reduction factor =0.9 for S235 and S335 =0.8 f S420 and S460 0 8 for d if >1.0 should not be used in practice

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The influence of transverse shear force

It can be assumed that the transverse shear Va,Ed is carried by the steel a, d section only. The effect of shear only needs to be taken into account if the shear force is more than 50% of the shear resistance Vpl a Rd of the steel pl.a.Rd section. the shear area is reduced over the sheared zone (usually the web of the steel section) A reduced design steel strength in shear area is: section).

(1 ) f yd

with

2V = a, Ed 1 V pl,a, Rd

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Resistance of columns to compression and biaxial b di bi i l bending moments t

N/Npl,Rd 1.0 NEd/Npl,Rd Mdy 0 N/Npl,Rd 1.0 NEd/Npl,Rd

Mdy

dy 1.0

My/Mpl,y,Rd

0 b) Axis(z-z)

dz 1.0

Mz/Mpl,z,Rd

a) Axis of anticipated failure (y-y)

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Resistance of columns to compression and biaxial b di bi i l bending moments t

0 Mdy

dy

My,Ed/Mpl,y,Rd Ed l Rd

Mdz

dz
Mz,Ed/Mpl,z,Rd c) Biaxial bending resistance

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Resistance of columns to compression and biaxial bending moments bi i l b di t

For combined compression and biaxial bending the following conditions should be satisfied for the stability check with the column length and for the check at the end.

M y,Ed dy M pl, y,Rd

M, y
dy = d

M z, Ed M, z dz M pl, z, Rd
M y,Ed dy M pl, y,Rd + M z, Rd 1.0 dz M pl, z, Rd

with

dz = d

M = M z M,
M = M, y

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Worked example
d= 406.4mm t=12.5mm
1 160.0mm m 1 138.5mm m 80.0mm

12 12 bar

C30/37 concrete S355 steel grade Effective length =3 0 m =3.0 2 Es=210kN/m fsk= 460N/mm2 NEd=4000kN MEd=50 kNm
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Design strength:
f yd = 355 / 1.0 = 355 N/mm 2 f sd = 460 / 1.15 = 400 N/mm 2 f cd = 30.0 / 1.15 = 20 N/mm 2

Cross sectional areas:

Aa = As = Ac = 406.42 381.42 = 15468.4mm 2 4 12x(12 )2 = 1357.2mm 2 4 (381.4) 1357.2 = 112891.5mm 2 4
2

Ratio of reinforcement:
= As / Ac = 1357 .2 / 112891 .5x100% = 1.2% < 6.0%

Note: if > 6% , has to be limited to 6%for calculation calculation.

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Check for local buckling:

d / t = 406 .4 / 125 = 32 .5 < 90

(235 / 355 )2

= 59 .6

Plastic resistance to compression:

N pl, Rd = Aa f yd + Ac f cd + As f sd = (15468.4 x 355 + 112891.5x20.0 + 1357.2x400.0 ) / 1000 = 8292.0 kN (without ( ith t confinement effect) fi t ff t)

Steel contribution ratio:

= Aa f yd / N pl, Rd = 15468.4 x 355 / 1000 / 8292.0 = 0.66

(0.2 0.9)

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Moment of inertia: M t fi ti
Ia = 40.644 38.144 = 30030.7cm 4 64 I s = 2 x1.131x16.02 + 4 x1.131x13.852 + 4 x1.131x8.02 = 1736.4cm 4 (38.14 )4 Ic = 1736.4 = 102134.2cm 4 64

Effective stiffness:

(EI )eff

= Ea I a + Es I s + K e Ecm I c = (210 x 30030.7 + 210 x1736.4 + 0.6 x 32 x102134.2 ) / 100 = 86078.6 kNm 2

Slenderness: assume short-time loading

N pl, Rk = Aa f y + Ac f ck + As f sk = (15468 .4 x 355 + 112891 .5x 30 + 1357 .2 x 460 ) / 1000 = 9502 .3 kN

N cr = 2 (EI )eff / l 2 = 2 x 86078 .6 / 32 = 94395 .7 kN

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 = N pl, Rk N cr = 9502 .3 94395 .7 = 0.317

Reduction factor for column buckling:

= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2 ) + 2 = 0.5 1 + 0.21(0.317 0.2 ) + 0.317 2 = 0.563

= 1 + 2 2 = 1 0.563 + 0.5632 0.317 2 = 0.973

] [

Confinement effect of concrete:

Confinement effect is considered since < 0.5 and e/d<0.1 (taking e=0 cm)

c = co = 4.9 18.5 + 17 2 = 0.744 a = ao = 0.25(3 + 2 ) = 0.909 < 1.0

t fy N pl, Rd = a Aa f yd + A c f cd 1 + c d f ck + As f sd = 8403 .7 kN

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Check axial compression

N pl , Rd = 0 973 8403.7 = 8176 8 kN > N Ed 0.973 8403 7 8176.8

Note: the increase in axial compression due to confinement effect

= 8403.7 / 8292.0 = 1.014

Therefore a 1.4% increase 1 4% increase.

Interaction curve
Plastic section moduli: Wpa = 1940cm3

W ps = Asi [ ei ] = 135cm 3
1

12

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W pc = =

( b 2t )( h 2t )
4

2 (d 2t )3 h r 3 r 2 ( 4 ) t r W ps = W ps 3 6 2

(406.4 25)3 -135 = 9112 cm3 135 6

Neutral axis position Assume 2 reinforcements lies within the region 2hn
hn = Ac f cd Asn ( 2 f sd f cd ) 2df cd + 4t (2 f yd f cd ) f ( = 2 406.4 20 + 4 12.5 ( 2 355 20 ) 112891.5 20 113 ( 2 460 20 ) = 42.5mm

Hence, assumption for Asn is verified

Plastic section moduli in the region2hn: Wpsn = 0

W pcn = ( d 2t ) hn2 W p = 38.14 4.25 2 0 = 689 cm 3 p psn
W pan = dhn2 W pcn W psn = 40.64 4.252 689 0 = 45 cm 3

M max, Rd = f yd W pa + 0.5 f cd W pc + f sd W ps = 833.8kNm

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M pl , Rd = M max, Rd f yd W pan 0.5 f cd W pcn f sd W psn = 811kNm

The resistance force

N pm, Rd = Ac f cd = 2258 kN
Point Bending Moment A M=0 MA= 0 NA= 8403.7 MB= 811 NB= 0 MC= 811 NC= 22 8 2258 MD= 833.8 ND= 1129 kNm kN kNm kN kNm kN k kNm kN Compression force N=Npl,Rd Bending Moment M=Mpl,Rd M=Mpl,Rd

Compression force N=0 Bending Moment C Bending Moment D

Compression force N=Npm,Rd C i f M=Mpm,Rd

Compression force N=0.5Npm,Rd

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Interactioncurve
9000 8000 7000 N 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 M 600 800 C D B 1000 A

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Bending capacity

d = N Ed / N pl , Rd = 4000 / 8403.7 = 0.48

pm = N pm, Rd / N pl , Rd = 2258 / 8403.7 = 0.27
d =
1 d 1 0.48 = = 0.71 1 pm 1 0 27 0.27

M Ed 50 = = 0.09 < 0.9 d M pl , Rd 0 71 811 0.71

Hence, the composite column is acceptable

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