Test #2 Notes: Biochemistry

I. Biochemistry Atoms The smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical property. Protons (p+) Neutrons (n0 ) are found in the nucleus or center of an atom Atomic # -# of protons found in the nucleus of an element. The atomic # determines an elements identity. Atomic #1 = _____ protons = the element _________ Atomic #6 = _____ protons = the element _________ Atomic #7 = _____ protons = the element _________ Atomic #8 = _____ protons = the element _________

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Mass # - The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mass # 12 = the element ______________, which has _______ protons and ________ neutrons. Mass # 16 = the element ______________, which has _______ protons and ________ neutrons.

Element - A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. Isotopes Atoms of the same element that contain a different number of neutrons. C-12 = _____ p+ and _____ n0 C-13 = _____ p+ and _____ n0 C-14 = _____ p+ and _____ n0

Radioisotopes Radioactive/ unstable isotopes. What causes some isotopes to become unstable?

What are some biological uses of radioisotopes? Electrons (e-) are found traveling at specific distances pg. 1

(orbitals, energy levels, shells) from the nucleus The first and closest energy level, orbital, or shell can hold a maximum of 2 e- and the rest of the shells can hold a maximum of 8 e-. The electrons farthest from the nucleus, located in the outer energy level shell, are called valence electrons. *Complete the following diagrams by drawing the electrons in the correct positions. Carbon Sodium

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Atoms/ elements want full shells and will share, give, or take valence electrons to become full.

In an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons (+) equals the number of electrons (-). An atom that has an imbalance in the number of protons and electrons is called an ion. Chemical Reaction: The process of making or breaking bonds between atoms. Example: Water Chemical formula = H O, Structural formula =H 2

O H

? Why are valence electrons essential for life? ________________________________________ Molecules A combination of 2 or more bonded atoms. Ionic Bonds One atom ________or _____________ an electron (becoming a cation/ +), and the other atom accepts or gains an electron (becoming an anion/ -). As opposite charges attract, they form an ionic bond. Covalent Bonds Form when electrons are ___________ between atoms to fill the outer energy level/ shell. Most organic molecules (contain carbon and are essential to life) are formed from covalent bonds.

Hydrogen Bonds Are the result of weak electrical attractions involving hydrogen atoms
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Inorganic Molecules Molecules that do not contain the element Carbon (except carbon dioxide). The most common and most important inorganic molecule is WATER. Water: a unique inorganic molecule essential for life. Acts as a solvent to break up other molecules into ions which are used for biological reactions. Water acts as a solvent because it is a polar molecule: _____________________________ ***Draw a water molecule, show how it is polar.*** Water has the ability to travel through small pores or to move upward through narrow vessels against the force of gravity ___________________ Water molecules and the molecules of solid surfaces are attracted to each other. Water heats up and cools down at a slow rate, which keeps an organisms body temperature steady.

___________________ The uneven electrical charge within each water molecule causes them to be attracted to each other, the positively charged H+ is attracted to the negatively charge O-. Water molecules can react with other elements to form ions ( H2O H+ + OH- )

pH Scale - A range from 0-14 that indicates the ___________________________________________ Pure water has a pH of 7, the concentration of H+ and OH- are equal, and it is neutral. A solution with a pH above 7, has more OHions than H+ ions, and is basic. A solution with a pH below 7, has more H+ ions than OH- ions, and is acidic. Buffer - Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. *This helps humans maintain homeostasis by keeping our pH level at 7.4. If the pH changes more than .5, then many chemical reactions in our cells will be negatively affected. We cannot survive more than a few hours if our pH level moves too far in either direction. Organic Molecules

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Molecules from living things that contain ___________ Carbon possesses four valence electrons

Three reasons carbon molecules are so complex: a) The four valence electrons allow carbon to form four bonds. b) Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms as well as different atoms. c) Carbon can bond in many different positions creating different shaped molecules (remember shape determines function)

Straight Chain

Branched Chain Rings

Organic Macromolecule A __________ molecule containing ___________. There are 4 types: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids * Macromolecules are made up of many smaller molecules (______________), which are made up of smaller units (_________________).

Monomer (1 unit) = M (BRICK)

Polymer (many monomers) = M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M (ROOM) Macromolecule (multiple polymers) (FHC) M-M-M-M-M-M
M-M-M-M-M M-M-M

M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules Dehydration Synthesis The process of making a larger molecule from 2 or more small molecules/ monomers. - One monomer loses a hydrogen ion (H+) and another loses a hydroxide ion (OH-). - The loss of H+ and OH- (H2O water) makes valence electrons available for bonds to form. - As a result of dehydration synthesis, the monomers lose or give off energy. pg. 4

Also referred to as a condensation reaction, because water condenses as a product Hydration Synthesis The process of making 2 or more smaller molecules from a larger molecule. - One product will gain a hydrogen ion (H+) and the other gains a hydroxide ion (OH-). - As a result of hydration synthesis monomers gain or store energy. Also referred to as a hydrolysis reaction, because water is added and then broken apart during the reaction Reaction Dehydration Synthesis Hydration Synthesis (Hydrolysis) Water (lost or gained?) Energy (lost or gained?) Purpose (end result)

C. Energy in Reactions- In the two reactions above, energy is either stored or released as a result of the reaction. Chemical reactions do not always occur spontaneously; often energy is needed to start.

Activation Energy The energy that is needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes A type of protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed up a reaction by lowering the
amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction.

How enzymes work:

1. Substrates are the reactants in a chemical reaction that are catalyzed/changed by the enzyme. 2. Enzymes bind to the substrates. This is determined by their shape; they fit like lock and key. 3. Rate of chemical reaction is increased. (Happens faster because less activation energy is needed.) 4. Enzymes can be reused because they are not changed as a result of the reaction.

Enzymes can be used 1000s of times because they are not changed as a result of the reaction. pg. 5

There are four steps in the process of an enzyme working. 1. An enzyme and a substrate are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will attack. 2. The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the active site The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is the keyhole of the lock. 3. A process called catalysis happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. 4. The enzyme lets go. Big idea: When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same. The substrate is now called the product.

Q: Enzymes must function properly for organisms to stay alive and healthy. What determines the enzymes function? _______________________ Q: What factors can cause an enzymes shape to change, thus affecting its function?

Cellular Respiration

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

The Four Macromolecules 1) Lipids Atoms = __________________ Monomers = ___________________ Functions = long term energy storage & is a structural component of cell membranes

Examples = oils (liquids at room temperature), fats (solid at room temperature), waxes, and the cell membrane. 2) Carbohydrates (most end in ose) Atoms = __________________ pg. 6

Monomer = ___________________

*Some Monosaccharide Examples: glucose monosaccharide made by plants during photosynthesis fructose monosaccharide found in fruits. galactose monosaccharide found in milk Isomers Molecules that share the same molecular formula, but their structural formulas differ. For example, in the preceding diagram, glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), but different structures. Examples of carbohydrates with their functions: Disaccharides A combination of 2 monosaccharides by the process of _______________________. Sucrose = fructose + glucose Macromolecules Glycogen Made up of hundreds of glucose molecules bonded in a highly branched chain. - Animals store their glucose in this form, and it is used for short-term energy. Starch Made up of thousands of glucose molecules in straight or branched chains. Plants store their glucose in this form. Cellulose Made up of thousands of glucose molecules in long straight chains. Cellulose, located in plant cell walls, gives plants strength and rigidity for support. Is fiber in some animal diets. Chitin Structural component in animals (shells) & Fungi (cell walls) 3) Protein Lactose = galactose + glucose

Atoms = _________________ Monomers = ____________________________, (twenty exist in nature.) Amino Acid Structure: Each of the 20 amino acids have the same chemical make-up with one exception (see below).

General structure

Alanine

Serine

The sequence and number of bonded amino acids will determine the shape and size of the protein, thus its _____________.

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Examples of proteins with their functions Structural Proteins collagen found in tendons & ligaments, keratin in horns, feathers & nails for protection & support

Transport Proteins hemoglobin transports oxygen by blood, other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes.

Hormonal Proteins Regulation of bodily activities, Insulin is a hormonal protein that regulates blood sugar levels.

Contractile Proteins actin & myosin are proteins found in muscle that allows for muscle movement and contraction

Antibodies chemically defend the body against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Enzymes Enzymes act as catalysts to regulate the chemistry of cells by selectively speeding up chemical reactions.

Protein Structure: Protein shapes and functions are based on amino acids undergoing condensation and forming peptide bonds. 4) Nucleic Acids Atoms = Monomer = Examples of nucleic acids with their functions:

DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) ______________________________ ______________________________ RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid) ______________________________ ______________________________

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Biology Review Sheet Test #2: Biochemistry I. Multiple choice questions (1-22) A.

Test Date: September 29, 2010

Know the following terms: Atomic # and Mass # (p. 1) Radioisotopes (Definition & uses) (p. 1) Covalent and ionic bonds (Notes p. 2-3) Buffer (Definition & importance of) (p. 3) Polar, Cohesion and Adhesion (p. 4) What properties of carbon make it a unique element found in all living things? (p. 4) Dehydration Synthesis, Hydration Synthesis (p. 4-5) Activation Energy (p. 5) Enzymes (p. 5) Isomers (p. 6) Organic molecules vs. inorganic molecules (definition & examples) (p. 6-8) Catalyst (p. 8)

B. Be able to distinguish acids and bases by their concentrations of OH- and H+ ions, and be able to read a pH scale and determine which direction is more acidic v. basic. (p. 3) C. Building molecules and breaking them down Compare and contrast Dehydration Synthesis and Hydration Synthesis (Hydrolysis) (p. 4 - 5) Know that energy is absorbed or released in the breakdown or synthesis of organic compounds (p. 5) D. Enzymes Know the relationship between enzymes and their substrates. (p. 5) Explain how protein enzymes affect chemical reactions. (p. 5) Interpret data for the effect of enzymes on a biochemical reaction. (p. 5, see text book) Identify factors that effect the function of enzymes and why (they change their shape). (p. 5) E. Carbohydrates How do plants store their carbohydrates? Animals? (p. 7)

II. Matching (23-30) Match the 4 macromolecules to their elements, monomers, examples, and functions. Study your Macrobox!

III. Constructed Response (31-36) Draw a water molecule (structural) and state why it is considered a polar molecule. Why are valence electrons essential for life? Identify two internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action. Explain how an enzyme can have its shape changed/altered (into abnormal structure). Explain why changing the shape of an enzyme could affect the ability of the enzyme to function. Draw and/or explain the relationship between monomers, polymers, and macromolecules. Draw and label an electrically neutral atom (for example carbon, oxygen, etc.). You do NOT need to memorize atomic number.

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