SQC / SPC X Bar and R Bar Charts (a) When standards are given (i) Control Chart for

Mean, X bar chart Central Line Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit CL = UCL = LCL = + 3(/n) - 3(/n)

Example 16.1 In the production of an item, the process is said to be under control if the diameters have a mean of 3.5 inches and a standard deviation of 0.05 inches. Construct a control chart for the mean and the range of random samples of size (a) 10, and (b) 20, showing the warning and the control limits on the graph paper. (ii) The R-chart: The construction of R-chart, when the population, standard deviation is known, follows: Central Line Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit CL = UCL = LCL = d2 d2 + 3 d3 d2 - 3 d3

(b) When standards are not given (i) Control Chart for Mean, X bar -chart: X R =X/k =R/k CL = UCL = LCL = X X + A2R X - A2R

Central Line Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit (ii)

Control Chart for Range, R-chart: When the population standard deviation is not known, we estimate it using the sample data on ranges, as has been mentioned earlier. The range chart is prepared as follows.

Central Line Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit

CL = UCL = LCL =

R D4R D3R

Example 16.3 Using the following data relating to 12 samples of 5 items each, calculate the control limits for the mean and the range charts. Also plot the values on them. Dimensions (in cms) of Items 3 4 5 6 7 1.01 0.97 1.04 1.03 1.00 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.95 1.00 0.98 1.01 1.04 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.01

1 1.04 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01

2 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.03 1.01

8 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.95

9 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.01 0.97

10 0.96 0.95 1.02 1.03 1.01

11 0.93 0.98 0.99 1.04 1.04

12 1.05 1.05 0.97 1.02 0.99

p bar Chart and np bar chart when specifications are known (b) np bar chart Central Line Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit (c) p bar chart Central Line Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit CL = UCL = LCL = p p + 3 {p(1-p)}/n p - 3 {p(1-p)}/n CL = UCL = LCL = np np + 3 np(1-p) np - 3 np(1-p)

Example 16.5 A manufacturer finds from his experience that on an average 1 in 10 of the items produced by a machine is defective. On a particular day he selects a lot of 100 items randomly and finds that 20 of them are defective. Is the process in control?

p bar Chart and np bar chart when specifications are not known Example 16.6 In the following table are given the number of defectives found on 24 consecutive Production days of daily samples of 200 items. Draw (a) an np-chart, and (b) a p-chart. Which points fall outside the control limits? Production Days No.Of Defectives Production Days No.Of Defectives 1 1 0 1 3 1 2 2 5 1 4 1 5 3 10 4 1 2 5 11 17 10 6 9 18 4 7 19 19 11 8 4 20 11 9 12 21 26 10 27 22 3 11 25 23 10 12 9 24 11

15 16 1 8 4

(d) c-chart when specifications are known Central Line Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit CL = UCL = LCL = c c + 3 c c - 3 c

Example 16.1 The results of inspection of 40 pieces of an article give the mean number of defects.to be 2.25. a)Find the 3-sigma control limits for the c-chart.b) find warning limits c) find one sigma limits d) find 95%, 80% confidence limits.

(d) c-chart when specifications are not known Example 16.8 The following table gives the inspection result of 25 similar glass tubes for the number of defects in them. Using these values, draw a c-chart. Tube No. Defects Tube No. Defects 1 2 14 7 2 1 15 4 3 2 16 5 4 6 17 2 5 8 18 4 6 2 19 3 7 4 20 7 8 9 21 2 9 3 22 4 10 4 23 5 11 5 24 3 12 3 25 2 13 3