Medical Sceince

Section XI: Medical Sciences
97th Indian Science Congress

January 3-7, 2010 Thiruvananthapuram
PROCEEDINGS
SECTION OF
Medical Sciences
(Including Physiology)
President Prof. T.K. Bose
97th Science Congress 2010
Thiruvananthapuram
CONTENTS
Presidential Address ........................................................... 5
II Abstract of Platinum Jubilee Lecture .................................. 39 III Abstract of Young Scientist Award Programme .................... 43 IV Abstracts of Symposium / Invited Lectures .......................... 47 V Abstracts of Invited Foreign Lectures ................................. 77 VI Abstracts of Oral / Poster Presentations ............................... 83 i Ergonomics and Sports Physiology ..................................... 85 ii Microbiology and Immunology ........................................... 105 iii Clinical and Epidemiology ............................................... 123 iv Homeopathic, Ayurvedic & Alternative medicine ............. 130 v Forensic Medicine and Science ........................................... 149 vi Neurophysiology and Neurology .........................................155 vii Oncology ............................................................................. 164 viii Nutrition ...........................................................................174 ix Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology ......................179 x. Diabetology ........................................................................182 x i Biochemistry ..................................................................... 196 xii Miscellaneous ..................................................................... 211 VII List of Past Sectional Presidents ............................................. 227
Thiruvananthapuram

PROCEEDINGS
Presidential Address
President Prof. T.K. Bose

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Torture Historial, Social and Legal Aspects with Changing Scenario.
President : Tapas Kumar Bose

Head, Department of Forensic Medicine N.R.S. Medical College. 138, A.J.C.Bose Road. Kolkata 700014
Distinguished scientists and honorable delegates, At the outset I am feeling extremely proud to welcome you all in the inaugural session of the Medical Science including physiology in 97th session of Indian Science Congress. in the historic city of Thiruvananthapuram, capital of Kerala-the Gods own country.Thiruvananthapuram built on seven low coastal hills the city is an unique mixture of tree lined avenues, massive buildings, ancestral homes and a long sea coast washed by Arabian sea. The heritage of our venue Kerala University is also unique the modern university vision in 1937, it was formed as University of Travancore with the motto Karman Vyagyate Prajna knowledge realizing itself in action adapted from Panchatantra. It is a pleasure that the glorious Science Congress has its session first time in Thiruvananthapuram.Thanks to the local organizers for the excellent hospitality. Today I shall discuss the opposite of hospitality that is hostility, the birth place of torture. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or Punishment Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights INTRODUCTION Torture (Latin torquere, to twist), in law, infliction of severe bodily pain either as punishment or to compel a person to confess to a crime or to give evidence in a judicial proceeding. Among primitive peoples, torture has been used as a means of ordeal and to punish captured enemies. Examination by
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torture, often called the question has been used in many countries as a judicial method. It involves using instruments to extort evidence from unwilling witnesses. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading treatment or Punishment. G.A. res. 39/46, [annex, 39 U.N. GAOR Supp (No. 51) At 197,U.N. Doc. A/39/51(1984)], entered into force June 26, 1987 defines. Torture as means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from inherent or incidental to lawful sanctions. The Vienna Declaration and program of action (1993) emphasized one of the most atrocious violations against human dignity is the act of torture, the results of which destroys the dignity and impairs the capability of victims to continue their lives and their activities. There are no international accepted definitions of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Usually practices like internment in dark cells, interrogation under duress, biomedical experiments on prisoners, the use of drugs on prisoners, castration, female genital mutilation, reduction of diet, restrain by means of Shackles or other pain-causing devices etc are considered in this category. Torture today is not merely the occasional lapse of legal restrains in a few isolated incidents, rather it reflects a conscious choice of highest government officials to destroy the legal restrains that would inhibit the excess of that power. Some governments and some insurgency movements use torture as a means of gaining information and of terrorizing the general population. Torture cannot be justified morally or legally. All member states of the United Nations are bound by article 5 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which prohibits torture. In no conditions torture should be used for extracting confession even from a terrorist who has put innocent lives in danger because torture can produce false confessions and erroneous information as well as it offends the principle of just punishment and the use of torture in a single case creates a precedent for its use on a much broader scale.
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HISTORICAL ASPECT The term torture was as old as human civilization and has been prevalent in ancient times in one form or other. In the epic of Mahabharata and Ramayana lot of examples of tortures are there like sexual molestation of Droupadi by Dushsasan in presence of noble persons of dynasty all kept mum. TORTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA Kautilyas Arthashastra states that only those about whom there is a strong presumption of guilt shall be tortured to elicit a confession. It also gives a list of persons who should and should not be tortured. (4.8.14, 17-20, 25-27) According to Arthashastra, there are eighteen methods of torture four for ordinary offences and fourteen for serious offences. The four ordinary ones are: six strokes with a stick seven lashes with a whip Suspending twice by the arms tied together from above the water tube (pouring salt water through the nose) The fourteen kinds of torture for serious offences are: nine strokes with a cane twelve lashes with a whip tying the right leg to the head tying the left leg to the head twenty strokes with a stick thirty two slaps tying the right hand and foot at the back hanging from above by the arms hanging from above by the feet pricking with a needle under the finger nails burning one of the joints of a finger after being made to drink gruel making one stand in the sun for a day after being made to drink oil making one lie on a bed of balbaja points The instruments to be used, the conditions, the methods of infliction, the duration and the termination of torture shall be ascertained from the appropriate manual. (4.8.21-24)
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Another means of ascertaining guilt was the ordeal, which could be used in both civil and criminal cases. Several ordeals are mentioned including ordeals by fire and immersion. Specially interesting is the ordeal of the ploughshare, in which the accused man had to touch a red-hot iron ploughshare with his tongue; if he was not burned he was deemed innocent psychologically a fairly sound test of his own confidence in the result, since if he had a guilty conscience his salivary glands would not function properly, and his tongue would be burnt. In British India, the early incidence of custody death was reported in Madras in 1678. Subsequent to a drunken brawl abused his superior officer, Thomas Savage, a soldier, was tied to the cot and his neck and heels with hands behind and knees on shoulders were bound. Because of this, he died his body was examined by Surgeons John Waldo (Surgeon) and Bezaliel Sherman (Second Surgeon). Based on the apparent marks of binding around his neck, they opined that it was the cause of his death. HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1948 The growth and evolution of Human Rights and International Law had achieved a remarkable progress since the year 1948. The Constitution of India also facilitated the impact of the evolution of the concept of human rights and its dissemination to every segment of the society in India and the elected bodies and the judiciary took up the vigorous implementation of the rights enshrined in it. In India, the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 was enacted to provide for the constitution of a National Human Rights Commission, State Human Rights Commissions in States and Human Rights Courts for better protection of human rights and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. India is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In Peoples Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, it was held by the Supreme Court that Article 21 of the Constitution of India in relation to human rights has to be interpreted in conformity with International Law. Further, Article 25 (2) of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 7 (b) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have been cited by the Apex Court while upholding the right to health by a worker. These Covenants find statutory acceptance in the Statement of Objects
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and Reasons of The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, which defines in Section 2 (f) that International Covenants mean International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 16, 1966. In addition, the Human Rights Commissions are empowered to study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation. The definition of torture is from United Nations Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of December 1991. In this convention Torture is defined as Any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtained from him or a third person information or a confession punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person ,for any reason based on the discrimination of any kind ,when such pain and suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other persons acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only form, inherent in or incidentals to lawful sanctions TYPES This official practiced torture process typically starts with the arrest, usually at night, with a formidable display of power and unnecessary use of violence. A softening phase, which often follows, usually consists of some days and nights of unsystematic violence with beating, kicking and other humiliations. After this, systematic torture starts when the torturers explore the weak spots in the victim to make him or her break down. But the aim is not to break down the victim too quickly. Systematic torture can be conducted in physical and psychological forms, usually performed at the same time, both of which aim at a long-lasting destruction of the physical and psychological well-being of the victim. Sophisticated torture methods can cause destruction of the identity and selfrespect of human beings, and still it will be claimed that the victims were never exposed to torture. A new science has developed, and modern days torture is practiced in many countries with the assistance of medical doctors and psychologists. Physical methods a summary of physical torture methods indicates the followings. Electric shocks are applied to the most sensitive areas of the body, or the victim is suspended for hours by his arms or by a leg. The head can be
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forced under water until the victim is about to suffocate, or cigarettes or red hot iron rods to burn the skin. The victims are beaten systematically, for instance and typically under the feet until the soles are badly damaged. Sexual offences are common. Women in particular are attacked as sexual objects, and men, are harmed in their ability to function as men. Trained dogs can be used for direct attacks or for rape of, both men and women. Mock executions bring the individual to the brink of reality and a. nightmarish of almost suspended animation. Filthy food and drinking water further worsen the situation during detention. Freedom of movement is limited, and prisoners are closely packed in small cells and thus forced to sleep by turns. Sanitary conditions are extremely poor, and any request for visiting the toilet will often be turned into a pretext for torture. Psychological methods - Psychological torture takes place at the same time: For instance, deprivation of sleep, blindfolding, and lack of human contact. All these methods will leave the victim with a deep sense of helplessness and fear, and may cause hallucinations Total isolation for months or years can take place, and during all that time the victim does not know what is going to happen. His family will often not know his whereabouts. Many victims are threatened with having to do or say things that go against their ideology or religious convictions. The purpose here is to attack fundamental parts of their identity such as self-respect and self-esteem. The torturers particularly attack political and ethical values when they force the victims to sing songs that praise everything they fought against. The attempt to break down the personality often begins at the time of arrest, with the removal of personal belongings, including life-saving drugs, glasses, etc, and replacing them with badly fit uniforms. Numbers replace names, and jailers must be addressed with great respect. It is important to understand that the nature of torture influences even common life situations. During torture the bullies often avail themselves of very common objects used by everyone. cigarettes, telephone books, knives, needles, water, light, noise-often the radio is tuned into music-and in this way they achieve that the survivors will in the future associate torture with objects from everyday life. In such a manner the trauma of torture is nearly, specific. The survivor of torture will be reminded of his/her torture oil the conscious as well as the unconscious level nearly constantly throughout the day, year in and year out. And this is exactly the torturer intends; that the recollection of the torture, the reminders should nag and plague the survivor for a long time or the rest of his/her life. This is in the treatment process counteracted by psychotherapy among other things. The recognition of symptomatology related to torture was a phenomenon of the 1970s. At that time, there was no systematic
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medical literature on torture. Subsequently, a series of findings was encountered contrary to expectations. SEX ORIENTED TORTURE Sexual torture is a worldwide phenomenon barring odd exceptions: to understand the existing problem let us look at the present scenario: In 283, torture victims [ 135 examined by Amnesty International (AI) Danish Medical Group, and 148 by the International Rehabilitation and Research Center for Torture Victims (RCT)], the prevalence of sexual torture was 61%. More Latin Americans than Europeans had been sexually tortured. In the centre for torture and trauma survivors in Stockholm 201 subjects from 34 countries were documented during a period of 5 years, of the subjects examined 17% were women, of whom 79% reported having been raped during torture . Homosexuality occupies an interesting place in the life of the Turkish people of the Republic of Turkey. The police force employed terror tactics against homosexuals in Istanbul involving pressure and cruelty and because of sexual torture of police towards guys of whom 18 sued the police submitting a petition to attorney general and later launched a hunger strike in Taksim square. In a retrospective study of the frequency, severity, modalities and mental health consequences of torture in 28 Latin American refugees in Toronto, it was observed that in female victims the severity of torture was related to the degree of their political involvement. Torture was more frequently sexual and its consequences more often affected the womens sexual adaptation. A 16-year-old girl was gang raped by 6 home guard jawans at SDO court premises in Chakradharpur in west Singhbhum district in June, 1994. She was later recovered unconscious from the spot. In another incident a person who was working as a vendor in a liquor shop at Banner (Rajasthan) was picked up by the police on a complaint lodged by his employer that he was having illicit relation with the employers wife and daughter, later on in presence of the incharge police station, two policemen chopped off his genitals. Apart from these examples of state sponsored torture, let us have a look on sex oriented torture caused due to ethnic conflicts and other reasons. During the riots that took place on May 13 to l5, 1998 in Indonesia a lot of inhuman activities have been committed by one group of people of Indonesia. They gang raped some Chinese women and children. Some of the rapes took place in front of public eyes; some were committed in front of the victims husband and children. A significant number of raped victims were killed after being
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raped; some of them took their lives by committing suicide. The girls and women ranging in age from 10 to 55 years were gang raped in front of a crowd in the Chinese commercial district of Ghodok In the midst of the riot, a group of men stopped a city bus and forced out all the non-Chinese women. Then they chose the beautiful women among the Chinese and raped them inside the bus. Head of the womens centre Kalyanamitra witnessed 10 men forcing their way into one house in Indonesia, smashing everything they could lay their hand on. Then they raped the mother and daughter in front of the father and the son. An elderly woman at home watched her grandchildren being raped. Content analysis of current detective magazines shows that their covers juxtapose erotic images with images of violence, bondage and domination. Their articles provide lurid descriptions of murder, rape and other forms of sexual torture and they publish advertisements for sexual aids. Many case histories of sexual sadist illustrate the use of these magazines as a source of fantasy material. These detective magazines may contribute to the development of sexual sadism, facilitate sadistic fantasies and serve as training manuals and equipment catalogues for sexual torture. These detective magazines may be considered during policy debates about media of violence and pornography. Easy availability of sex related literature and pictures on internet, video and other electronic media need urgent concern. It is essential that some motives or objectives of sexual torture. There are many motives some of which are (1) TO SEEK CONFESSION The torturer tortures the victim in order to force him/her to confess the crime. The victim is forced to sign a written statement admitting the crime frequently the victim signs the statement even if she/he has not committed the crime to avoid further torture. (2) TO TAKE REVENGE The torturer can torture the victim merely to take personal revenge, at times, the torturer takes revenge by torturing not only the individual concerned but also his/her family-members endangered by torturing community people. Raping an enemys wife, sister or daughter is a well known way of revenge that we see in Indian films.
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(3) TO POLLUTE THE RACE The torturer tortures the victim in order to pollute the race. (4) SEXUAL STARVATION OF SOLDIERS AT WAR Soldiers at war living apart from their wives for long time may get sexually starved, and in turn they may sexually torture the women of enemy country. (5) ETHNIC CONFLICTS These may cause various types of tortures. (6) PERSONALITY DISORDER Persons suffering from personality disorder may sexually torture the men/ women in custody. (7) MISUSE OF CUSTODY Torturer may take advantage of his position and sexually torture the men/ women in custody as in police station, jail, etc. (8) TO DISTORT THE PERSONALITY Some people are daring to raise their voices against the dictatorial regimes or oppression in society and motivate and mobilize people in the community against these evils. These persons are identified, arrested and sexually tortured in such a way that the victim develops sense of hopelessness, loss of self confidence, helplessness and worthlessness. (9) TO OBTAIN INFORMATION After arrest, a person may be subjected to torture in order to get information about his/her activities and the person and organizations involved therein. The torturer continues his sexual torture till the information is obtained. If the information given is found to be incorrect he/she will be tortured further. There could be innumerable methods which can be invented by the torturer, some of the documented methods are: Sexual torture using instruments : Use of cigarettes to cause burns on sensitive parts; penetration of the vagina or anus by batons, rods, bottles or similar objects; suspension of weights on the penis and scrotum; electrical torture of the sexual organs; mutilation of breasts, genital organs, etc.
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Sexual torture without the use of instruments: Verbal sexual abuse and humiliation; undressed in front of others; raped by person of the opposite sex; raped by person of the same sex; squeezing breasts; forced to masturbate in front of others; forced to witness the sexual torture of others; forced to perform sexual torture on other victims; being photographed in humiliating positions and situations. Sexual torture by using animals: Rape by trained dogs, monkeys, etc; rats, mice, spiders, ants, lizards, etc, introduced into the vagina or anus. Sexual torture is an important problem of human rights violation. Though this phenomenon is old but its prevalence is increasing. It is legitimate duty of doctors to be vigilant while dealing with a case of sexual torture. Doctor should provide accurate medical reports to establish charges of sexual torture. In event of death of sexually tortured victim in custody, postmortem examination should be video recorded and conducted in accordance with National Human Rights Commissions recommendations. Topic on human right violation is required to be incorporated in undergraduate medical curriculum. By definition ordinarily sexual torture is that which is committed for the purposes of confession and information by state. But in the changing scenario of the last phase of this millennium, there has been upsurge of terrorism, war groups, and ethnic separatist and violent politics, which has resulted in powerful counter or parallel power centers to the state. These groups are well known to indulge in physical and sexual torture of the innocent subjects. While dealing with these situations, due to bias against the state, the sympathetic attitude is taken towards torturer, by doing so one may not only ignore the human rights of innocent subjects but may also passively perpetrate the violation of human rights of the innocent subjects. Therefore it is suggested that the sexual crimes by an individual or a group in above circumstances may also be included in the definition of sexual torture. It is also suggested that sex related crimes such as rape domestic violence. Due to damage of social values, breaking of family institutions, degeneration of moral and social ethics the basic concept of sexuality has changed. Sexual acts are now more for enjoyment than procreation.Yesterdays punishable offence that is anal intercourse now becoming accepted sexual preference.So new genesis of sexuality is to be understood.The respect and revival of moral values in society respect for weaker sex, dignity and social awakening may be an answer for this demon issue.
AFTER EFFECTS/SEQUELE
The first detailed systematic studies of the methods of torture and its
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immediate after-effects were presented by Danish medical doctors in 19741975. The search for forensic medical evidence that torture had occurred, had begun. At an early stage, they concluded that the worst sequelae of torture were psychological. That was a first surprise, confirmed by other international study that not only is torture unbearable and extremely painful, it also stays with survivors and haunts them many years later. Physicians have learned much about the documentation of torture based on both physical and psychological sequelae. Examination methods, interview techniques, and data collection have become more sophisticated. Through medical examination, physicians can now detect indications of torture in most of the major organ systems, including: the dermatological, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, neurological, urological, gynaecological otorhinolaryngical, and ophthalmological systems, as well as in the teeth. Psychological symptoms now fit into the well-defined category of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined by the World Health Organization and the American Psychiatric Association in DSM-IV (Arnerican Psychiatric Association, 1994). The medical professions level of sophistication in assessing torture victims has evolved to the extent that the concept of a torture syndrome based on the results of both physical and mental torture has been proposed. Torturers today are capable of creating conditions which effectively break down the victims personality. The feeling of guilt may be caused by the mere fact of survival when friends died while being tortured; or perhaps information was given that could have harmed friends. This deep feelings of guilt may also be produced by the so-called impossible choice, when victims are forced to choose between, for instance, revealing the names of their friends, or seeing members of their family tortured. Regardless of what the victim chooses, the end result is a disaster for which the victims feel responsible. And that is exactly the aim of torture as it is practiced in most cases nowadays. The Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT) that was established in 1982 has as its objectives to examine and document torture and to develop diagnosis and treatment of torture victims through research. This centre have revealed through psychological studies of survivors of torture the following symptoms: Anxiety, memory gaps, depression, changed personality, The psychological after-effects of torture can be considered to be the same in all torture survivors, whereas the physical after-effects of torture depend upon the type of physical torture methods used. Falanga (persistent beatings on the soles of the feet) results frequent nightmares about prison and torture, and difficulty in remembering and concentrating. Fatigue, headache, and sexual
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disturbances are also common in impaired walking; suspension by the arms results in shoulder pain, etc. Over the years the examinations of many hundred survivors from more than 45 countries have provided knowledge about the methods and their after-effects. The studies have made it possible to ascertain that the methods of torture used are the same all over the world. This is also a natural consequence of the fact that the aim of torture is the same all over the world: to break down strong persons identities. The methods are the same and so are the after-effects. This knowledge, which is most useful in the medical work against torture, was obtained through systematic analysis of PTSD. At the Centre for Victims of Torture in Minnesota, nearly 70% of the clients meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Nearly all the clients exhibit at least one or, two symptoms of this disorder. It was concluded that the attempts to describe a single torture syndrome... are generally unconvincing. Finally, Monica and Caspi Yavin, who have considerable experience working with refugee survivors from South East Asia, concluded that medical investigations of torture survivors not only failed to demonstrate a unique torture syndrome, but demonstrated symptoms closely associated with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD. Consequently, investigators have shifted their focus away from demonstrating the presence of a unique syndrome to establishing the prevalence of PTSD in torture survivors. However, the association between PTSD and torture is not a simple linear one. Research has shown that although there is an association between torture and PTSD different forms of torture produce different PTSD symptoms. More specifically, individuals who had experienced isolation or blindfolding, impact torture, and other types of physical torture had a predominance of PTSD intrusion symptoms, whereas individuals who had been sexually tortured described more avoidance phenomena. This may suggest that PTSD in the cases of tortured individuals is not a uniform syndrome. Vesti and Kastrup from the RCT concluded in 1995 that a substantial proportion of survivors developed symptomatology similar to that of PTSD but that others did not. This is consistent with our knowledge that there are individual differences in response to severe stress, and that we are in the early stages of describing the latter group, Basoglu for instance, documented that perceived severity but not objective severity of torture was associated with PTSD anxiety, and depression in torture victims. Impact of captivity experience on family was the strongest predictor of PTSD symptoms. Age, personality, previous emotional and physical health, ideological and political commitment, and quality of the post-torture environment can affect the development of PTSD and other symptoms. The presence or absence of social support and the
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individuals perception of other persons helpfulness are important variables for the reduction of the probability of full-blown PTSD. Petersen et al, who re-examined 22 Greeks who had been tortured, found that eight of them met the criteria for the chronic organic psycho-syndrome. These included symptoms, experienced, of at least three of four types: (1) Reduced memory or ability to concentrate. (2) Disturbances of sleep. (3)Emotional liability, anxiety, and depression. (4) Vegetative symptoms of the gastrointestinal or cardiopulmonary systems. Some centers in developing countries placed an emphasis on the recognition of torture as a medical issue and the need for a formal account of the symptoms that follow severe violations of human rights. These centers pointed out that no compensation is currently given to victims and that there is no understanding in their populations or among their politicians that sequelae of torture exist. Therefore, the diagnosis of post-torture syndrome is important. Regarding the existence of a torture syndrome the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT) acknowledges that influential researchers on torture have shifted their focus away from a unique torture syndrome and include the psychopathological syndromes following torture as a subtype of the PTSD category. However, the criteria for PTSD are not sufficient for the categorization of the entire picture after torture. The psychological and physical profiles of PTSD and the post-torture state diverge considerably. Workings towards the eradication of torture and for the rehabilitation of victims of torture are working for democracy. The rehabilitation of torture victims serves as prevention. Torture may include belief in violence and loss of confidence in humanity. Rehabilitation can make people believe in humanity again. That is why rehabilitation can help development and hence democracy to prosper. In the long run rehabilitation can help prevent future conflicts. Another way of preventing torture is creating awareness of the problem; making torture visible can be done by establishing centers and programmes for the rehabilitation of victims of torture. Information and education are also very important tools in the endeavour to create awareness. In 1998 the United Nations Commission on Human Rights proclaimed the 26th June, the UN International Day in Support of Victims of Torture. The IRCT launched a campaign to mark this day. A day like this will not only create awareness. It will be a very important moral support to torture victims. It is a symbolic gesture that recognizes the victims and their families, and honors those who did not survive the torture. The support from the UN and the Secretary General, Kofi Annan, from many governments, human rights organizations, NGOs, and numerous
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initiatives constitute an important help to break through the silence, the insecurity, the indifference and will make a stand to make torture visible, a stand for openness, for acceptance among the boards of various foundations, for the understanding of the necessity for moral rehabilitation of torture victims. Since there is an inverse relationship between torture and democracy this support also shows that the UN, and thus the world community, has made an important step toward the strengthening of the democratic initiatives in dictatorships. The IRCT has estimated the global need for international funding in 1998 at US $28 million. There is a lack of more than US$ 10 million to meet this need. Some countries may hesitate to contribute to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture because of scarce resources, although even small amounts have a symbolic value. Article 60 of the Vienna Declaration from 1993 refers to torture as one of the most atrocious violations against human dignity and urges all states to put an immediate end to the practice of torture and abrogate legislation to impunity for torture. Therefore this article states that legislation leading to impunity for those responsible for torture and other grave violations of human rights should be abrogated. Not much progress has been made in this area. In several countries where torture takes place or has taken place, the identity of many of the torturers and those responsible for torture is well known. Still, there are very few examples of these persons being punished. First of all, this is a problem for the moral rehabilitation of the victims of torture. If the torturers are not punished, the victims will easily be left with the sentiment of being powerless and humiliated. Secondly, victims of torture go through unnecessary fear and distress when exposed to the risk of encountering their torturers in the streets. Thirdly, impunity creates a twisted set of norms and values in society. Letting the persons responsible for gross human rights violations go free, and at the same time hitting hard on conventional crime can lead to an increased brutalization of society. However, some positive experiences and initiatives can be noted. The IRCT notes as a positive step that the South African Government through the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission has gaven hope to the many people, not least Chileans, who have lived in the shadow the dismantling of the obstacles for a stable democracy by focusing on the practice of torture during the apartheid regime. Similarly, the recent Pinochet case is very interesting and stimulating, in this context. The process that was started by Spanish lawyers. Thus of the Article 60 of the Vienna Declaration from 1993 refers to torture as one of the
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most atrocious violations against human dignity and urges all states to put an immediate end to the practice of torture and abrogate legislation to impunity for torture. Therefore this article states that legislation leading to impunity for those responsible for torture and other grave violations of human rights should be abrogated. Not much progress has been made in this area. In several countries where torture takes place or has taken place, the identity of many of the torturers and those responsible for torture is well known. Still, there are very few examples of these persons being punished. First of all, this is a problem for the moral rehabilitation of the victims of torture. If the torturers are not punished, the victims will easily be left with the sentiment of being powerless and humiliated. Secondly, victims of torture go through unnecessary fear and distress when exposed to the risk of encountering their torturers in the streets. Thirdly, impunity creates a More than 20 years of professional medical and psychological works against torture have proved the following. Sufficient knowledge is available today. Also the experience a medical and psychological basis allows us to make strong statements also to politicians and decision makers against the practice of torture, and to make, it possible to talk about torture and its effects in a more substantial and assured way. Similarly sufficient basic knowledge (e.g. social analysis on disclose torture even when it is performed in the most sophisticated ways. The fact that our knowledge is founded on social analysis with a medical and psychological basis has proved to be an effective tool. What is further needed is to disseminate the knowledge, the expertise through books and other teaching materials and the analysis GENDER BIAS Torture has been a long time expression of power by the strong over the week. Strong states have attached weaker neighboring states, strong economies have displaced weak economies, and social and cultural practices of the dominant group or class have swallowed weaker groups. The history of civilization is one of undiminished expression of a brute display and execution of power, in the olden times powerful kings subjected smaller kingdoms and extended their own boundaries. They captured the defeated kings soldiers, kidnapped the women. They were inhumanly tortured. From this primitive expression of power, expansionism has now moved to the state level where the entire state machinery is geared to suppress revolt, opposition, any form of dissent. The black slave was tortured, the Jews, an economically powerful minority, were targeted. Nearer home in India under British rule brute torture was the order of the day. Torture was justified and legitimized in the name of
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law and order, good governance. Economic prosperity was used as a smoke screen. It was the economic well-being of the colonizer and not the colonized. Within the population of India, society was raven by caste conflicts. The upper caste (which was also the upper class) controlled all resources by gross exploitation of the so called lower caste. The continuous exploitation was so internalized that even the oppressed caste accepted upper caste domination as natural and weekly assigned their own inferiority and deprivation to fate. These have set a dangerous precedent. The states use of violence is accepted as necessary to keep bad elements in control and caste/class violence is seen by the oppressed as a result of their sins in a previous life. When visible violence acquires legitimacy the citizens accept violence as a natural tool for subjugating recalcitrant elements in their personal lives. Violence and torture against women have to be viewed against this perspective. The poor are oppressed in general but even among them the poorer women are more vulnerable. On the personal level they face violence within the family and they also become victims of caste-class violence outside the family. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Domestic violence must be recognized as a form of torture, a violation of human rights. It entails severe physical abuse, mental agony, intimidation, creates fear, psychosis and insecurity. The constant violence erodes the victims personality. She loses all sense of self worth. Womens organizations have experienced an abject sense of surrender among victims of domestic violence. The humiliation of being physically assaulted and sexually denigrated leaves behind deep emotional scars. Domestic organizations should start a widespread movement to prevent violence within the four walls of the family. The campaign should focus on: A separate law against domestic violence which should be clearly worded leaving no scope for misuse. Recognition of domestic violence as a severe form of torture and human rights violation, greater involvement of civil liberties organizations. Not cosmetic gender sensitization but a thorough grounding of police and judiciary in the basic tenets of human rights. This should part with the general educational curriculum and should be made compulsory. Create awareness about gender discrimination at the family level. Identify power politics that leads to socio economic disparity and discrimination against woman and identity and the ability to live a full life
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with other human beings. The worst consequences of torture for the survivors are psychological. Deep feelings of guilt and shame often occur after torture. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT OF TORTURE. Medical profession is highly vulnerable for involvement in the worst form of violation of human rights and involvement of torture continued in different parts of the world. World Medical Association declared that doctors should not countenance, condone or participate in torture. (Tokyo declaration of WMA). UN Principles of Medical Ethics lay down that contribution to torture was a great contravention of medical ethics. Many such declarations, conventions, edicts etc were formulated over the years try the UN and world medical bodies to fight the Evil. The medical work against torture started in 1973 when Amnesty International launched a campaign against torture and asked medical doctors to take part in the work of helping and diagnosing torture victims. There are very few cases which are reported to the court of law but earlier in absence of Medical opinion the court can not discriminate the allegation of the defense council as performing self damage, like banged own head into the wall, jumped from staircase etc.So only medical profession can have the opinion about the cause and nature of injury. So Denmark created the first Amnesty International Medical group. It began its work in 1974 and consisted of 4 doctors working on a voluntary basis but after few more years about 4000 doctors in 34 countries organized in Amnesty International Medical group. They are working to diagnose victims of torture as well as development of sophisticated diagnostic kits. Torture began as a legal procedure and was typically used to gain a confession for use as a legal proof. Early Greek and Roman law permitted torture on slaves, foreigners and peoples considered dies honorable. During 300 A.D. to 200 A.D. tortures in the Roman Empire spread to other classes of people and become a routine affair. It was declined after fall of the Roman empire in late 400 A.D.But lot of countries torture as a legal procedure was acceptable and state run political torture were in good shape. In the recent past, many complaints of alleged medical negligence and deficient service by the private and government hospitals and medical professionals are filed either at National Human Rights Commission or State Human Rights Commissions since right to healthcare is considered as a human right.
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In M.P. Human Rights Commission v. State of M.P.it was held: it cannot be said by any stretch of imagination that the Human Rights Commission cannot canvass the cause of the persons who have lost their eye sight in eye camps conducted by the Blindness Control Society. The plea in regard to the locus standing of the petitioner would be in the realm of hyper-technicality. In the absence of disputed questions of fact and in view of the fact, the Human Rights Commission has knocked at the doors of the High Court to agitate the cause of the anguished persons, the High Court cannot shut its eyes to the factual scenario that has emerged and ask the affected parties to file appropriate application before any other legal forum for obtaining compensation. The law has marched like a Pegasus to override this kind of technical fetters. TYPES OF MEDICAL INVOLVEMENT IN TORTURE assessing torture techniques training others in techniques assessing detainees fitness monitoring torture administering punishment reviving detainees helping torturers disguise the effects of torture providing treatment after torture providing certificates/reports failing to denounce known examples of torture assessing people who claim to have been tortured rehabilitation of survivors ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF TORTURE Freedom from torture is among the human rights contained in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Doctors are obliged by the Hippocratic Oath, not to use their professional knowledge in order to harm their patients. This obligation has been reconfirmed in the Geneva Declaration of the World Medical Association and precludes any medical involvement in the practice of torture. The Tokyo declaration stated that a doctor must in no way, for any reason, take part in the practice of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading procedures as the doctors role is to alleviate the distress of his/her fellow
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persons and, no motive whether personal, collective or political shall prevail against this higher purpose. The Declaration of Malta of World Medical Association on Hunger Strikers state that the ultimate decision on intervention or non-intervention should be left with the individual doctor without the intervention of third parties whose primary interest is not the patients welfare. However, the doctor should clearly state to the patient whether or not he is able to accept the patients decision to refuse treatment or, in case of coma, artificial feeding, thereby risking death. If the doctor cannot accept the patients decision to refuse such aid, the patient would then be entitled to be attended by another physician. The declaration of Hamburg of World Medical Association prohibited the medical doctors throughout the world from countenancing, condoning or participating in the practice of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading procedures for any reason. The victims of torture may either suffer from injuries or may die because of injuries and therefore, such cases should be carefully and thoroughly examined, reported to the police or the magistrate and treated. A proper examination may help in establishing or disproving the charge of tortures both, during the examination of the injury and autopsy. Section 330 and 331 of the IPC deals with crime and punishment of voluntarily causing hurt and grievous hurt for the purpose of extorting confession or any information, which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct. PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL ETHICS In resolution 37/194 of 18 Dec 82, the General Assembly adopted the Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the role of health personnel, particularly physicians, in the protection of prisoners and detainees against torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Principle 1 of the principle of Medical Ethics provides that health personals, particularly physicians, charged with the medical care of prisoners and detainees, have a duty to provide them with protection of their physical and mental health and treatment of diseases of the same quality and standard as is afforded to those who are not imprisoned or detained. Principal 2 states that: It is a gross contravention of medical ethics, as well as an offence under applicable international instruments for health personnel, particularly physician to engage actively or passively, in acts, which constitute participation in complicity or incitement or to attempts to commit torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
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EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE Medical examination of suspected torture victims might be carried out for different purposes for example examination of an individual to initiate treatment for after effects of torture or there may be a group of peoples to diagnose tortures. The examination method and the reports will be variable. So it is the duty of the doctor to evaluate the situation and adapt to the available conditions and possibilities. In principle, the examination of torture victim is not different from other medical examination. The special thing is the combination of physical and psychological elements, which are normally met separately, rarely in combination. The examination must be able to show assaults on the examined that often tries to suppress it for fear. The interval between examination and trauma varies from days to years and makes the examination difficult. So the doctor must be prepared for considerable variations for victims reactions and to vary his examination technique accordingly. DOCUMENTATION AND INJURY INTERPRETATION Torture, produces not only physical effects but also psychological and functional effects. They may be acute, sub acute or chronic the physical injuries may be external and easily documentable but the physical evidence commonly resolves completely as most of the examinations are done long after the injury. In those late examinations the absence of physical evidence of torture is neutral finding and should not be taken as a proof against torture. On the other hand the minority of individuals who has some residual physical evidences can be said to have corroborative evidences of torture not a confirm diagnosis of torture. The primitive methods of torture which gives rise to physical injuries like beating burning suspension etc are now replaced by torture with no physical evidence like positional abuses, sleep deprivation. Loud noise etc reduces greatly expectations of physical findings but psychological counseling is immensely important. Therefore the importance of background information and the taking of detailed. History is of great help. For example a. person subjected to plastic bag asphyxiation can tell vividly, the situation and symptoms can be verified. Any physical injury should be well described and overall injury should be assessed. Fresher the injury easier the interpretation are generally non-specific but a group of small scars inner aspect of thigh may be an example of torture using electrodes. An attempt to offer opinion is very much desirable if possible the opinion should be in two parts suggestive of injury and the degree of certainty about the cause, for example an injury
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might be said to be diagnostic of a blow from a an object such as baton, meaning that the diagnosis can be made with reasonable medical certainty. Alternatively, the injury might be described as suggestive of a baton injury that means most likely cause of injury although there may be other possible causes. Lastly, an injury can be described to be consistent with something or other, meaning that the injury may. Have many possible causes, including the alleged object. LAWS IN RELATION TO TORTURE IX NATIONAL LEGAL REGIME IN COMBATING TORTURE
A) Relevant provisions of Indian laws
1. Status of International Treaties in Domestic Law: India is a party to many international conventions/covenants, which prohibits the acts of torture. However, there are no explicit provisions in the constitution regulating the incorporation of and status of international law in Indian legal system. But Article 51(c) stipulates as one of .directive principles of state policy, that: The state shall endeavor to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized people with other. In this regard Article 253 of the Constitution read as follows:
Article 253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this chapter, Parliament has power to make any law for the whole or any part of the territory of India for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or countries or any decision made at any international conference, association or other body. For the successful implementation of International laws in the domestic legal system they have to be transformed in to domestic law by the legislative act and the Union has the exclusive power in this regard under A.253 of the Constitution and to this end it has passed only Geneva Conventions Act, 1960.The judicial opinion in India as expressed in numerous recent judgments demonstrates that the rules of international law should be construed harmoniously, and only when there is an inevitable conflict between these two laws should municipal law should prevail over international law. The supreme court has even gone a step further by repeatedly holding, when interpreting the fundamental rights provisions of the constitution, that those provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which
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elucidate and effectuate the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution can be relied upon by the courts as facets of those fundamental rights and are, therefore, enforceable. The Supreme Court in Chairman, Railway Board v. Chandrima Das (1993) 2 SCC 746 observed, the applicability of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and principles thereof may have to be read, if need be, into the domestic jurisprudence. In Peoples Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 433, at page 442, the Supreme Court stated that, For the present, it would suffice to state that the provisions of the covenant, which elucidate and go to effectuate the fundamental rights guaranteed by our Constitution, can certainly be relied upon by courts as facets of those fundamental rights and hence, enforceable as such. In Vishaka v State of Rajasthan (1997) 6 SCC 241 the Supreme Court held that it is now an accepted rule of judicial construction that regard must be had to international conventions and norms for construing domestic law when there is no inconsistency between them and there is a void in the domestic law. In the absence of domestic law occupying the field, to formulate effective measures to check the evil of sexual harassment of working women at all work places, the contents of International Conventions and norms are significant for the purpose of interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with human dignity in Articles 14, 15, 19(1) (g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards against sexual harassment implicit therein. Any International Convention not inconsistent with the fundamental rights and in harmony with its spirit must be read into these provisions to enlarge the meaning and content thereof, to promote the object of the constitutional guarantees. This is implicit from Article 51(c) and the enabling power of the Parliament to enact laws for implementing the International Conventions and norms by virtue of Art. 253 read with Entry 14 of the Union List in Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. In Apparel Export Promotion v AX Chopra 1999 (1) SCC 759, the SC has stated that In cases involving violation of human rights, the courts must remain alive to the international instruments and conventions and apply the same to a given case where there is no inconsistency between the international norms and the domestic law occupying the field.Criminal accountability under statutory law Indian Penal Code, 1860:
S.119. Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent
Whoever, being a public servant, intending to facilitate or knowing it to be

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likely that he will thereby facilitate the commission of an offence which it is his duty as such public servant to prevent; voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a design to commit such offence, or makes any representation which he knows to be false respecting such design. If offence be committed- shall, if the offence be committed, be punished with imprisonment of any description provided for the offence, for a term which may extend to one-half of the longest term of such imprisonment, or with such fine as is provided for that offence, or with both; if offence be punishable with death, etc- or, if the offence be punishable with death or 51 [imprisonment for life], with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years; if offence be not committed- or if the offence be not committed, shall be punished with imprisonment of any description provided for the offence for a term which may extend to one- fourth part of the longest term of such imprisonment or with such fine as is provided for the offence, or with both. Illustration A : an officer of police, being legally bound to give information of all designs to commit robbery which may come to his knowledge, and knowing that B designs to commit robbery, omits to give such information, with intent to facilitate the commission
S.304. Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder
Whoever commits culpable homicide not amounting to murder shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, or with fine, or with both, if the act is done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause death, but without any intention to cause death, or to cause such bodily injury as is likely to cause death.
S.304A. Causing death by negligence
Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
S.319. Hurt
Whoever causes bodily pain, disease or infirmity to any person is said to cause hurt.
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S.320.
Grievous hurt
The following kinds of hurt only are designated as grievous: First- Emasculation. Secondly- Permanent privation of the sight of either eye. Thirdly- Permanent privation of the hearing of either ear, Fourthly- Privation of any member or joint. Fifthly- Destruction or permanent impairing of the powers of any member or joint. Sixthly- Permanent disfiguration of the head or face. Seventhly- Fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth. Eighthly- Any hurt which endangers life or which causes the sufferer to be during the space of twenty days in severe bodily pain, or unable to follow his ordinary pursuits.
S.321. Voluntarily causing hurt
Whoever does any act with the intention of thereby causing hurt to any person, or with the knowledge that he is likely thereby to cause hurt to any person, and does thereby cause hurt to any person, is said voluntarily to cause hurt.
S.322. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt
Whoever voluntarily causes hurt, if the hurt which he intends to cause or knows himself to be likely to cause is grievous hurt, and if the hurt which he causes grievous hurt, is said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt. Explanation- A person is not said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt except when he both causes grievous hurt and intends or knows himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt. But he is said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt, if intending or knowing himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt of one kind, he actually causes grievous hurt of another kind.
S.323. Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt.
Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 334, voluntarily causes hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.
S.350. Criminal force
Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that persons

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consent, in order to the committing of any offence, or intending by the use of such force to cause, or knowing it to be likely that by the use of such force he will cause injury, fear or annoyance to the person to whom the force is used, is said to use criminal force to that other.
S.351. Assault
Whoever makes any gesture, or any preparation intending or knowing it to be likely that such gesture or preparation will cause any person present to apprehend that he who makes that gesture or preparation is about to use criminal force to that person, is said to commit an assault. Explanation- Mere words do not amount to an assault. But the words which a person uses may give to his gestures or preparation such a meaning as may make those gestures or preparations amount to an assault.
S.354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.
Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
S.355. Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonor person, otherwise than on grave provocation.
Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, intending thereby to dishonor that person, otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
S.375. Rape
A man is said to commit rape who, except in the case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following description:First- Against her will. Secondly, - Without her consent. Thirdly- With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt. Consent when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be married. With her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, by
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reason of unsoundness of or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to she gives consent. Fourthly- With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age.- Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence exception - Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age is not rape. (2) Whoever, (a) Being a police officer commits rape (i) within the limits of the police station to which he is appointed; or (ii) in the premises of any station house whether or not situated in the police station to which he is appointed; or (iii) on a woman in his custody or in the custody of a police officer subordinate to him; or (b) being, a public servant, takes advantage of his official position and commits rape on a woman in his custody as such public servant or in the custody of a public servant subordinate to him; or (c) being on the management or on the staff of a jail, remand home or other place of custody established by or under any law for the time being in force or of a womans or childrens institution takes advantage of his official position and commits rape on any inmate of such jail, remand home, place or institution; or (d) being, on the management or on the staff of a hospital, takes advantage of his official position and commits rape on a woman in that hospital; or (e) commits rape on a woman knowing her to be pregnant; or (f) commits rape on a woman when she is under twelve years of age; or (g) commits gang rape, Shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may be for life and shall also be liable to fine: that the court may, for adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the amendment, impose a sentence of imprisonment of either description for a term of less than ears.
S.376: Punishment for rape
(1) Whoever, except in the cases provided for by subsection (2), commits rape shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which
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shall not be less than seven years but which may be for life or for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine unless the women raped is his own wife and is not under twelve years of age, in which cases, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years or with fine or with both: Provided that the court may, for adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than seven years. Shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may be for life and shall also be liable to fine: Provided that the court may, for adequate and special reasons to be mentioned: in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment of either description for a term of less than ten years. Explanation 1- Where a woman is raped by one or more in a group of persons acting in furtherance of their common intention, each of the persons shall be deemed to have committed gang rape within the meaning of this subsection. Explanation 2- Womens or childrens institution means an institution, whether called an orphanage or a home for neglected woman or children or a widows home or by any other name, which is established and maintained for the reception and care of woman or children. Explanation - Hospital means the precincts of the hospital and includes the precincts of any institution for the reception and treatment of persons during convalescence or of persons requiring, medical attention or rehabilitation
376D. Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital
Whoever, being on the management of a hospital or hem, on the staff of a hospital takes advantage of his position and has sexual intercourse with any woman in that hospital, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation- The expression hospital shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 3 to subsection (2) of section 376. I. Evidence in Torture Cases Medical Evidence The role of medical evidence is crucial to the proper investigation of torture
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or ill-treatment. While increasingly torture is carried out without leaving signs or with signs resolving within days leading to permanent traces, experienced doctors can nevertheless evaluate testimony, accounts of post-sums symptoms and physical and mental squeal and draw conclusions from these. INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872 .OPINIONS OF EXPERTS When the Court has to form and opinion upon a point of foreign law or of science or art, or as to lenity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinions upon that point of persons special skilled in such foreign law, science or art, or in questions as to identity of handwriting or finger expression are relevant facts such persons are called experts.
S.46. Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
In facts, not otherwise relevant, are relevant if they support or are inconsistent with the opinions of experts, when such opinions are relevant. CONCLUSION Today we have sufficient knowledge. We know now how torture affects the individual. We know about torture methods, after-effects short and longterm and we know how to diagnose, which is of course extremely important. We know how to rehabilitate the victims and how to rehabilitate them according to different models. We should work very hard to help establishing new treatment centers, because without rehabilitation of victims of torture, development and democracy will be at stake. Not only do we as a world community owe it to the victims, but it is necessary to heal the wounds of torture in a country in order to have peace and tranquility. We have enough experience to be able to speak about torture and its effects in a more substantial and assured way. Together we have sufficient basic knowledge (i.e., social analysis on a medical and psychological basis) allowing us to make very strong statements also to politicians and decision makers against the practice of torture, and to disclose torture even when performed in its most sophisticated ways. The fact that our knowledge is founded on social analysis and with a medical and psychological basis is, in our opinion, the reason why politicians and decision-makers listen to us. We have a specific professional knowledge about torture. The analysis and documentation concerning torture we, as health professionals, have made our strength. It reveals torture as a power instrument playing with the physical and psychological health of human beings. This, I think, is why torture is
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disgusting and offending to most people. The fact that totally healthy people are tortured with the acceptance and knowledge of their own government is despicable. Our research has proved that torturers who work for governments are aiming at breaking down the victims, and we know that they are always capable of doing so if that is their intention. Our research has proved that all over the world torture methods (there are cultural differences) are the same, because the aim of torture is the same. Our research has proved that torture is used as a power instrument often used against people who are working for better and more democratic conditions in their own country, primarily people like student leaders, union leaders, honest politicians, journalists, leaders of ethnic minorities, etc. Our research has revealed that torture is used in one-third of the countries in the world today because governments want to stay in power, and that is why they use torture as their means. Researches of the IRCT network have revealed this pattern. We should use all our strength and energy to spread this horrible knowledge. The people in power, i.e., the people responsible for torture, have of course always known these facts. The new thing is that we, who want to help the victims, now understand how horrible and long-lasting the effects of torture really are. Now we are as clever as the torturers and they cannot fool us anymore. In summery usual torture, victims examined by doctors do not have any physical evidence but careful history concerning the method of torture and their effect may provide important evidence. Psychological assessment is very important and will invariably reveal torture. The injury if present to be evaluated against the history and documented as common clinical documentation, proper documentation is the best campaign of a doctor against torture. In conclusion, it is permissible to quote Maos thought which Nixon did, to drive home point to point. So many deeds cry to be done and always urgently. The world rolls on. Tirne passes. Ten thousand years are too long. Seize the day. Seize the hour. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 2 The Medical profession and Human Rights: Handbook for a Changing Agenda Zed Books with British Medical Association. London 2001 p. 61 Section 6.6 of Indian Medical Council (Professional conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations, 2002: General Principles, The Physicians Responsibility, Medical Council of India (New Delhi, dated 11March, 2002 No. MCI-211 (2) / 2001/ Registration. In exercise of the powers conferred under section 20A read with section 33(m) of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956)Published in Part III, Section 4 of the Gazette of India, 35
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dated 6 April. 2002) KautilyasArthashastra. Ed. Rangarajan L.N. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1992 Basham A.L.: The Wonder that was India, Fontana Books in association with Rupa & Co. Calcutta 1967 page 117; Edgar Thurston: Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, Asian Educational Services, Reprint 1989 5. Fort St. George Consultation 1678-79; Wheeler J. Talbots Madras in the Olden Times In: Mathiharan K.: Medical Profession and Human Rights, Issues in Medical Ethics, Vol. VI No. 4, October December 1998 p. 117-1 6 Mathiharan K.: The Fundamental Right to Health Care, Vol. XI No. 4, October December 2003 p. 123 7. Received the assent of the President on January 8, 1994 and published in the Gazette of India, Extra. Part II, Section I, dated 10th January, 1994, p. 1-16, SI.No.10 997(1) SCC 301 8. The Medical Profession and Human Rights: Handbook for a Changing Agenda Zed Books with British Medical Association, London 2001 9 Lunde I et al Prevalence and sequels of sexual torture .Lancet,1990:336:288-91 10. Edston E Body evidences can reveal torture: 5 years experience of torture documentation. Lakartidningen 1999,96:628-31 11. Yuzgun A- Homosexuality and Police terror in Turkey.- J.Homosex 1993:24:159-69. 12. Allodi F,stiasny S-Woman as torture victim. Can J. Psychiatry.1990:35 144-8 13. Dogra T.D.et al: Sex oriented torture an overview. JIMA 97.11450-52 14. Basu R.: Editorial JIMA: 97:11 15. Chowdhury P.K.-Medical profession and torture, JIMA: 94:7.96 255-56 16. Pounder D Wounds torture 1997,Suppl 1:34-38 17. Pounder D- Documenting and interpreting Injuries. Torture 1999.1:15-16 18. Dorfelt A. Exam technique and reporting. Torture 99 1:12-14 15. Levin Leah: Human rights 1998 1st Ed NBT India 94-100 16. Umesh MS Torture and Medical profession an overview. JIMA 1996.94.7. 257-58 17. Ray Chowdhury B: Medical Ethics and Torture- Indian Perspective JIMA 1996. 94.7 259-61 18. Krishna Iyer V R- Perspectives in criminology, law and social change. Allied 1980 19. Ray Indrajit Torture ethics and Health professionals- Editorial JIMA 94.7.1996 250 20. Inge Genefke: Achievements after more than 20 years of health professionals work against government aided torture.Lecture given at the congressional hearing on the treatment of Torture victims: Washington DC may 8,1996 JIMA 94.7.1996263-66 21 Maitreyi Chatterjee- The gendered face of torture: Torture and Society, Centre of care of torture victims, Kolkata 23-28 22. Inge Genefke et al- Torture a plague to the world society.JIMA 98.6.2000 304-8 23. Michael peel et al- Medical Investigation and documentation of torture a handbook for health professionals: Human rights centre University of Essex 2005 available at http:// www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/MidtHb.pdf 24. Amnesty international- Combating torture: A manual for action and modifications available at http://web.amnesty.org/library/index?ENGACT400012003?open &of=ENG-ZAF 25. Matheran K Modis Medical jurisprudence, 23rd edition.276-283 26. The Medical profession and human rights: Handbook for a changing agenda. Zed books with British Medical Association, London 2001 p61 3 4 36
27. Kautilas Arthashastra. Ed Rangarajan.L.N.New Delhi: Penguin books, 1992 28 Section 6.6 of Indian Medical Council (Professional conduct, Etiquette and ethics) regulations2002. 29. Barrett T W & Mizes J S: Combat and social support in the development of post traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans, Behaviour (1988) modification.12 (1), 110-115 30. Basuglu.M et al: A comparison with tortured with matched non tortured political activist in Turkey. American Jr of Psychiatry, 151.76-81
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38

II
ABSTRACT OF
Platinum Jubilee Lecture
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Health and Globalization
Prof Indrajit Ray

Pro-Vice Chancellor. West Bengal University Of Health Sciences. Kolkata
Key words: Healthcare,Globalisation, Approach Health has been defined by WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity. But as health is dynamic in nature, besides the above mentioned three dimensions, there are also spiritual, vocational, behavioural and environmental aspects , which also need to be considered . Globalization is seamless integration of world market into society without artificial barriers imposed by nation and investment norm . In broad economic terms, globalization involves the deregulation and internationalization of markets, a process which has been facilitated by the evolution of an international regulatory regime with new and historically unprecedented powers to enforce trade rules . The pro-globalization argument postulates that increased trade and foreign investment through liberalization can increase economic grouth . Growth can be used to sustain investment in health care . Growth may also reduce poverty , leading to desirable change in the determinants of health . Improved health condition is increasingly associated with improved economic growth , and so the circle virtuously closes upon itself . Critics of the pro-globalization thesis respond that the virtuous cycle can have a vicious undertow . This includes the rapid spread of infectious diseases and increased adoption of unhealthy Western lifestyles by larger number of people . The more significant challenge is that integration into the global economy does not always lead to economic growth and, even it does , the result is not necessarily the reduction of poverty .
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Globalization is a multidimensional process and involves profound and world wide shifts encompassing economic , geographic , cultural , social , political and technological components . Health care is a huge industry today with Health Tourism , Health Insurance , and Information Communications Technology in Health . A balanced and proactive approach in our planning for Healthcare delivery would make an immense contribution towards the growth of healthcare in particular and the country in general.
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III
ABSTRACT OF
Young Scientist Award Programme
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An Approach Towards the Development of a Candidate Shigella Vaccine
Debasis Pore
Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010. Email : debasis_micro@yahoo.co.in
In the present study we purified 34 kDa major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Shigella flexneri 2a for the first time. The amino terminal sequence of the purified 34 kDa outer membrane protein does not match with any known membrane protein of Shigella spp. It shows a significant ATPase activity, which is inhibited by vanadate, suggesting its transporter activity. The circular dichroism study revealed that MOMP has predominantly - helix content, which is also typical of bacterial transporter proteins. The purified protein exists as a monomer of 30.5 kDa molecular weight and a stokes radius of 24.6 . Antibody raised in BALB/c mice immunized with purified MOMP of S. flexneri 2a reacted strongly with whole cell preparation of S. flexneri 2a in an immunoblot assay. The immunofluorescence microscopic and antibody absorption studies revealed that the murine antiserum epitope was surface exposed on an intact bacterium. The cross-reactivity and conservation of MOMP antigen among Shigella spp. were confirmed by immunoblot analysis. The purified antigen also up-regulated the production of nitric oxide, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and IL-12p70, indicating that the MOMP has the ability to initiate protective immune response against invading bacterial pathogens. On the basis of our observations the purified MOMP should be considered as a potential vaccine candidate
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IV
ABSTRACTS OF
Symposium/ Invited Lectures
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1.
Does Physical Exercise Helps in Maintaining Body Composition and Lipid Profiles?
A.M. CHANDRA
Dept. of Physiology,University of Calcutta University College of Science 92- A.P.C.Road, Calcutta -700 009
Key words: Body composition, Lipid, Age, CAD Introduction: The importance of physical exercise on body composition (BC) and blood lipid profile (LP) as a preventive measure of coronary artery disease (CAD) have been widely recognized in recent years. But scanty reports are available for elderly. Objective: The present study was aimed to compare the BC and LP status between habitually sedentary and habitually daily walkers. Methods: The study was conducted on 30 healthy, Indian males with the age range of 55-75 years and without any report of previous heart attack. The volunteers were divided into two groups, group-A (Daily walkers) and groupB (sedentary control). Body composition, in terms of body fat percent (% fat), fat weight (FW)/lean body mass (LBM) ratio and waist/hip ratio and serum lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio and LDLC/HDL-C ratio), the independent risk factors of CAD, were studied in 18 habitually walkers (group-A) who used to walk for 2 hours/day, 7 days/week, for at least two (2+) years and 12 habitually sedentary persons (group-B). Results: Though no significant differences were observed in TG and VLDL-C between the groups, %fat, FW/LBM ratio, waist/hip ratio, TC, LDL-C, TC/ HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C (CAD producing factors) were significantly lower and HDL-C (CAD regressing factor) was significantly higher in daily walkers than in the sedentary persons. Conclusions: daily walkers had significantly lower levels of atherogenic and higher levels of antiatherogenic lipids and lipoproteins in comparison to their sedentary controls.
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2.
Chemoprevention of Pancreatic Cancer using Novel Crocetin Compound
Animesh Dhar, PhD

Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Building 15, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA Hematology and Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66103, USA.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies in humans and there is no effective conventional treatment available for the cure of patients with pancreatic cancer. Presently approximately 50-60% of cancer patients in the United States utilize therapies derived from plants, herbs, flowers, or nutrients (complementary and alternative medicine [CAM]), exclusively or concurrently with their chemotherapy, radiation therapy, etc. One such CAM therapy is crocetin, a carotenoid molecule isolated from saffron. Recently it has been demonstrated by us that crocetin treatment has potent antimitotic effects on both in vitro and in vivo pancreatic cancer models. There are ancient reports of saffron being used to treat various diseases, particularly cancer, by Indian, Greek, and Chinese cultures. The aim of this work is to identify the effect of crocetin on growth and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. First, human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines were treated with different doses of crocetin and proliferation assay using H3-thymidine or BrdU incorporation was evaluated. Cell proliferation was inhibited with all concentrations of crocetin evaluated by thymidine incorporation assay and inhibition is more pronounced in higher of crocetin concentrations. Cell cycle distribution was evaluated using flow cytometric analysis and there is a significant accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase with concomitant reduction of cells in S phase. Accumulation of cells in Sub-G0 or apoptosis phase was also observed following crocetin treatment. To understand molecular changes involved in the inhibition of proliferation, cell cycle regulatory proteins were investigated. Since crocetin inhibited cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase, first, one of the key cell cycle proteins, cdc-2 phosphorylation was evaluated. The phosphorylation of cdc-2 was significantly increased by crocetin in comparison to control with the decrease of cdc-2 expression. To understand further, cdc-25c phospahatase that regulates cdc-2 phosphorylation was evaluated. It has been revealed that cdc-25c expression in both mitotic and
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interphase proteins were inhibited significantly which suggested the increased cdc-2 phosphorylation due to the less expression of cdc-25c phosphatase. Next, cyclin B1 was evaluated because cyclin B1 has been considered as marker of interphase including S and G2 phases. It has been demonstrated that cyclin B1 is significantly inhibited following crocetin treatment in higher dose. Next, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) protein phosphorylation and its expression were evaluated and crocetin significantly inhibited EGFR activity as indicated by the ratio between the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated protein, in pancreatic cancer cells in comparison to untreated control. Apoptosis was significantly stimulated as demonstrated by Bax/Bcl-2-ratio in crocetin treated pancreatic cancer cells. Our in vivo tumor xenograft model using pancreatic cancer cells injected into the right hind leg of the athymic nude mice, showed significant regression in tumor growth following inhibition of proliferation and increase of apoptosis in crocetin treated animal. Recently, we have separated a novel crocetin compound using preparative HPLC and LC/MS analysis. That novel purified crocetin compound showed significant effect on proliferation and apoptosis in lower doses than commercial crocetin in vitro. This study indicated that crocetin compound has a significant antitumorigenic effect on pancreatic cancer. Ultimately, this study will enhance our knowledge of the novel therapeutic interventions that could lead in improving survival rates in pancreatic cancer using novel crocetin compound.
3.
Oxytocin: A Multifaceted Hormone
BS Prakash
Head, Division of Dairy Cattle Physiology National Dairy Research Institute Karnal-132001
In mammals the neurohypophysial hormone oxytocin is know to exhibit a wide spectrum of central and physiological effects. The hormone is best known for its ability to stimulate labor and milk ejection in mammals. It is also known to be released from the ovarian cells for regulation of cyclic activity in nonhuman female mammals. Oxytocin receptors in uterus play a central role in
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early recognition of pregnancy in bovines and ewes. In recent years the actions of oxytocin in modulating neuro-endocrine reflexes for establishing complex social and bonding behaviors related to reproduction and care of offsprings have also been identified. Monitoring oxytocin concentrations in body fluids thus becomes very important in understanding its physiological role. In veterinary medicine, oxytocin has been used for induction or enhancement of uterine contractions at parturition, treatment of postpartum retained placenta and metritis, mastitis therapy, and, in treating agalactia. In dairy practice exogenous oxytocin is frequently administered to cows and buffaloes before milking for milk let down. In recent years people have voiced their concern over rampant use of oxytocin administration in dairy livestock. With reference to our recent findings, this presentation will therefore a) review the physiological roles of oxytocin, b) its measurement in body fluids (milk and blood plasma) and c) address research work related to safety concerns of exogenous oxytocin administration in bovines.
4.
Identification of the Influence of Quorum Sensing Autoinducer Molecules on the Flagellum- Dependent Signal Transduction Cascade Controlling Biofilm Formation and Virulence Gene Expression in Vibrio cholerae
Dr. Chandradipa Ghosh

Reader & Head Department of Human Physiology with Community Health Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, WB
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of life threatening diarrheal syndrome cholera persists in the aquatic bodies of the environment in regions of endemicity. It is believed that the formation of biofilm in the aquatic environment ensures their long survival. In a subset of Vibrio cholerae organisms with prime epidemiological importance a flagellum dependent signal transduction pathway has been identified which regulates the EPS expression, phase transition in colony morphology, biofilm formation as well
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as virulence expression. The present study is undertaken to understand whether the flaA- vpsR signal transduction cascade is under the control of quorum sensing signaling autoinducer molecules like CAI-I and AI-2 that constitutes an overall regulatory circuit for EPS expression and virulence gene expression. For this purpose Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal MO10 lac- flaA, cqsA [responsible gene for autoinducer CAI-I], D luxS [potential gene for AI-2 production], flaAcqsA and flaAluxS mutant strains have been generated by the homologous recombination method. The MO10 lac- flaA strain has been observed to be non-motile, produced rugose colonies over the smooth colony wild type strain, and formed significantly greater biofilm than wild type strain and much lesser cholera toxin as reported earlier. MO10 lac- cqsA has been observed to be motile, produced rugose colonies over the smooth colony wild type strain, and produced significantly greater biofilm than wild type. Whereas MO10 lac- flaAcqsA mutant strain has been found to be nonmotile, produced smooth colonies and produced lower biofilm than the rugose strain but greater than the wild type. MO10 lac- luxS has been observed to be motile, produced rugose colonies over the smooth colony wild type strain and formed significantly greater biofilm than the wild type. Whereas MO10 lac- flaAluxS has been observed to be non-motile, produced smooth colonies and also produced biofilm even lower than wild type. From the mutation analysis it appears that the quorum sensing autoinducer molecules hold a complex relationship with the said signal transduction cascade.
5.
Study on Biological Markers of HIV-1 Resistance Conferring Polymorphism and Their Distribution in Injecting Drug Users Population of North-Eastern India
Kamalesh Sarkar*, Sekhar Chakraborty & Santa Sabuj Das

*. Scientist-E, Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases; P-33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700010
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among injecting drug users population of north-eastern states of India to understand their genetic susceptibility to HIV infection. The objective was to assess the existence and
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magnitude of genetic mutations of chemokine receptors of CCR2-64I, CCR-5 D-32 and SDF-1-3A in them that are known to confer resistance to HIV infection in some set up. A total of 711 injecting drug users from Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Meghalaya were subjected for this study. The selected participants were interviewed to study their socio-demography, risk behaviors and risk perceptions after obtaining their verbal informed consent. The interview was followed by collection of about 5ml of blood samples by unlinked anonymous method for studying genetic mutation and HIV infection. All samples were transported and processed at the virology laboratory of National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India. The genetic mutations were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) assay techniques. The study revealed that most IDUs belonged to the age group of 20 29 years (46.1%; n=328) followed by 30 39 years (42.9%; n=305) and the lowest number of IDUs belonged to the age group of above 49 years (0.3%; n=2). The HIV sero-positivity rate varied widely among IDUs living in different north-eastern states that ranged in between 4.5% to 61%. There was no single injecting drug users with CCR5 mutation. Mutated genes of CCR2-64I and SDF-1-3A were detected in the frequencies of 37% and 25% respectively in them. The HIV sero-positivity rate in IDUs having CCR2 mutant gene was (30%, n=79) and without mutation was (32%, n=142). Similarly HIV sero-positivity in IDUs with and without SDF1 mutation was 32% (n=57) and 31% (n=164) respectively. Both the differences were not statistically significant. The absence of CCR 5 mutant gene in this studied population appear to make them genetically susceptible to HIV infection as CCR 5 mutation is known to be the most prominent marker that confer resistance against HIV infection. Analysis also revealed that although mutation to CCR2 and SDF1 was present to some extent in this studied population, but that didnt confer any additional resistance against HIV. This indicates that north-eastern IDUs are susceptible to HIV infection genetically apart from vulnerabilities caused by behavioral and other relevant factors.
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6.
Regulation of Ca2+-ATPase by a Synthetic Calcium Channel Blocker, 2,4 DPH : Aiming Towards a Targeted Cancer Therapy
Swatilekha Ghosh1, Pinki Nandi1, Arghya Adhikari1, Salil Putatunda2, Srabasti Chakraborty3, Arijit Chakraborty2, Tanya Das1 & Parimal C. Sen1
1. Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700 054, 2. Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700 013 and 3. Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata- 700 107 Email: parimalsen.boseinst@gmail.com
Calcium ATPase is involved in the transport of calcium ion across the cell membrane. Impairment of the transport leads to different cell abnormalities including diseases. A synthetic analog of nifedipin, 4-(3-nitro)-phenyl-6- methyl-2oxo-1,2,3,4tetrahydro-pyrimidine-5-carboxylate ( 2,4 DPH) is found to be a potent inhibitor of Ca2+- ATPase without having any significant effect on any other ATPase. IC50 are found to be 300 and 260 M with respect to Mg2+independent and dependent Ca2+-ATPase respectively. Binding of the compound to ATPase does not affect its affinity to the substrate ATP, whereas the affinity towards Ca has been decreased. An additive type of inhibition was observed with other calcium channel blockers like trifluoroperazine whereas a counteractive effect was evident in presence of a low molecular weight stimulator protein of Mg2+- independent Ca2+-ATPase. The compound is found to affect dephosphorylation step of the overall reaction sequence of the enzyme which is partly reversed by the above stimulator protein. It is known that calcium is a ubiquitous signal molecule that is involved in the control of proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, there are significant differences in Ca2+ homeostasis between cancer and normal cells. Ca2+- ATPase may, therefore, be a potential target for cancer therapy. Our results illustrated apoptogenic effect of DPH in human breast cancer as well as lung cancer cells. Importantly, apoptogenic dose of DPH, i.e., 150 M, did not show any toxicity towards the normal cells. The detail mechanism of DPH- mediated Ca2+-ATPase regulation including its role in cancer cell apoptosis will be described.
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7.
Repeat Number Variation in the Promoter Region of XRCC5 Gene Associated with Increased Susceptibility to Oral Cancer
Keya Chaudhuri
Molecular & Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata-700032.
XRCC5 or Ku80 gene known for its various functions like role in DNA non homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair, V(D)J recombination and telomere end capping is related to different cancers and autoimmune diseases. We have studied different polymorphisms in Ku80 gene present in normal Indian population and also their association with the disease phenotype in oral cancer and pre cancer patients. We prepared genomic DNA from the peripheral blood of Indian population and patients suffering from cancer and precancerous lesions and conditions. By use of PCR, we amplified the exons and flanking regions of the XRCC5 gene followed by sequencing to identify the nucleotide variants. We genotyped the SNPs in 1871 individuals (normal population) by use of the Sequenom mass array system. We made linkage disequilibrium plots using Haploview software. In addition to SNPs, a novel variation in repeat number at the promoter region [-267 to -120] of Ku80 gene has been found to be particularly important for the predisposition of oral cancer. The repeat sequence is composed of a near perfect palindrome of 21 bps repeated 5, 6, 7 or 8 times with small base changes and controls sp1 binding dependent Ku80 expression level. We have found that increase in repeat number is a risk factor. Repeat number 5 is protective and higher repeat number 7 is associated with increased risk of oral cancer. Possible functional consequences of repeat number variation will be discussed.
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8.
Doctor Patient Conflict
Prof Sanjay Das

Head of the Deptt Of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. HIHT University,Swami Ram Nagar,Jolly Grant Dehradun.248140 ( Uttarakhand)
Key words: Medical negligence,Conflicts, Solution Conflict between doctors and patients is ever on the rise. The healer is no more regarded as one next to God. The doctor too views every patient as prospective litigant. With the ever increasing bombardment of information through different media including internet, the layman feels complacent with a half-baked knowledge. He thus, very often refusesto comply with the advice given by the doctor due to the belief that he may be misled into a more expensive experience. Many a times he may be right, some doctors do employ unscrupulous means with an ulterior motive. The present scenario,the various lacunae and the rarely explored aspects of this sensitive issue shall be discussed in details with emphasis on methods to tackle and surmount such situations.
9. The Size of Ovarian Follicular Reserve Modulates the Expression of GDF-9 and NOBOX, and Dictates the Rate of FollicularAtresia
Syed N. Kabir & Sayani Banerjee
Deputy Director & Head, Reproductive Biology Research Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India Cell Biology & Physiology Division Email: sdnkabir@gmail.com/snkabir@iicb.res.in
During foetal life the ovary receives a finite pool of follicles that keeps on undergoing atresia until menopause ensues. Except for a tiny number of follicles that are expended in the form of ovulation, atresia remains the major form of
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follicular expenditure at all stages since ovary develops. The rate of follicular atresia therefore impacts the span of reproductive life, which is species-specific and appears to be genetically tuned. Follicular reserve, however, declines at an exponential rate leading to accelerated rate of decay during the years preceding menopause. We investigated if the size of follicular pool impacts the rate of atresia. Premature ovarian aging was induced in rats by attenuation of embryonic galactosyltransferase activity. The litters thus produced demonstrated the sequel of ovarian failure including fewer number of follicles in the initial ovarian reserve, delayed onset of puberty, poor ovarian response to gonadotropins, and accelerated rate of granulosa cell apoptosis of the remaining follicles. Expression of GDF-9, an oocyte-specific factor essential for early phase follicular maturation, was down regulated along with down regulation of its upstream transcriptional regulator, NOBOX. Grafting of 25day old control rat ovary under the bursa of the follicle-deficient ovary reversed its expression of GDF-9 as well as NOBOX, and retarded the rate of atresia. The observations are interpreted to suggest that perhaps certain threshold number of follicles is essential to provide an optimum ovarian milieu that keep the downstream signaling pathways on towards follicular maturation. The possible contribution of follicle size in modulating the rate of follicular atresia is the subject of discussion of the present submission.
10.
Pharmacogenomics and Diabetes
Prof Subhankar Chowdhury

Head,Deptt Of Endocrinology S.S.K.M. Medical College and Hospitals Kolkata
Pharmacogenomics by definition is the application of genetic technology (gene sequencing, statistical genetics and gene expression) for drug discovery and development so that pharmacotherapy can be tailored to those most likely to benefit and exclude those who does not respond or develop toxicity. The concept of pharmacogenomics is all the more applicable to Diabetes for the following reasons.
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(1) Diabetes is becoming the leading non communicable disease all over the world making a dent on personal and medical resources and it is high time an effective individualized strategy is devised for tackling the issue. (2) Wide variations exist among diabetics concerning the type of diabetes complications and treatment. (3) Racial, gender and environmental differences exert an impact on the development and progression of disease and its complications. (4) Effectiveness of medications and its adverse effects are also dependent on individual genetic variations. (5) Candidate gene association studies, and genome-wide association (GWA) scans and highlight potential clinical applications of new genetic knowledge to risk prediction, pharmacologic management, and patient behavior. (6) Each individual with type 2 diabetes has a unique phenotype that points out intricate associations between genetic and environmental factors. The optimal treatment of such patients requires integration of genetic information with existing treatment modalities. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF DIABETES GENETIC INFORMATION Genetic dissection studies may bring forward, subtle phenotype differences that cannot be achieved with current phenotyping methods. The data generated can construct susceptibility proles that will help in the prediction, prevention, and treatment of type 2 diabetes, thereby ushering in a new era of personalized medicine.
1) Predicting risk of developing diabetes
Four genes identied using candidate gene association studies and convincingly associated with type 2 diabetes include PPARG, KCNJ11,WFS1 and HNF1B. Genome wide association studies came out with TCF7L2 association which had the highest odds ratio for predicting diabetes. The other genes included SLC30A8 which encodes a -cell zinc transporter expressed in insulin containing granules and the HHEX gene encoding a transcription factor involved in early pancreatic development. The genetic defects of insulin synthesis leading to MODY syndromes and defects of insulin action leading to Donahue syndrome and Rabson Mendenhall syndrome are known and are
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still under active research. Polymorphisms in the HLA complex account for 4050% of the genetic risk of developing type 1 DM. Most individuals with type 1 DM have the HLA DR3 and/or DR4 haplotype. Refinements in genotyping of HLA loci have shown that the haplotypes DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302, and DQB1*0201 are most strongly associated with type 1 DM. In addition to MHC class II associations, at least 10 different genetic loci contribute susceptibility to type 1 DM (loci recently identified include polymorphisms in the promoter region of the insulin gene, the CTLA-4 gene, interleukin-2 receptor, IFIH1, and PTPN22). Genes that confer protection against the development of the disease also exist. The haplotype DQA1*0102, DQB1*0602 is extremely rare in individuals with type 1 DM (<1%) and appears to provide protection from type 1 DM.
2) Predicting diabetes related complications
The rate of progression to cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, retinopathy, and other diabetes-related complications is known to differ among patients with similar diabetes duration and glycemic control, raising the possibility that individuals may have a genetic predisposition to specic complications. Z-2 allele of Aldose Reductase gene increases risk (p0.009) for Retinopathy in Caucasian T2 DM. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is lower in Indians compared to other ethnic Asians probably due to genetic differences. DD genotype of ACE leads to 2.8 fold increased risk for renal but not Cardiovascular endpoints in Chinese T2 DM patients. Positive association between D allele of ACE gene and diabetic protienuria can be seen in South Indian T2 DM patients.
3) Response to therapy with different genotypes
Carriers of specific mutations at KCNJ11 were found to have relative risk of sufonylurea failure of 1.45 compared with E23E homozygotes. The risk allele was associated with an earlier onset of diabetes and worse metabolic control in nonresponders. Ser/Ser homozygotes at ABCC8 had a 26.1% decrease in FBS compared with a 31.6% decrease in Ala/Ala homozygotes. Patients with TCF7L2 variants have increased disease severity and therapeutic failure. They are more likely to fail with sulfonylurea but not metformin therapy. Lifestyle therapeutic interventions were effective in reducing the genetic risk conferred by the high-risk homozygous genotype to the level of their wildtype counterparts. Conflicting reports exist regarding the response to glitazones in PPARG variants and more studies are regarded regarding the confirmation of any existing variation. Studies have shown reduced effect of metformin on
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AMP kinase phosphorylation in Oct1-deficient mouse hepatocytes and poor absorption of metformin in Oct1-deficient mice. They also showed that the OCT1 reduced-function allele in healthy human subjects is predictive of higher glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. A recent analysis identied a single strong association of myopathy with the rs4363657 SNP located within SLCO1B1, a gene encoding the organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP1B1, which was previously shown to regulate the hepatic uptake of statins. This finding may be of significance as current guidelines recommend a more wide spread use of statins.
Can genotype affect non pharmacological therapy
One of the cornerstones of therapy in diabetes is exercise and diet control. However the adherence to lifestyle modifications is very low. Whether genotype can make a difference in these patients is yet to be ascertained.
Gene therapy
The past 15 yr have seen great progress in our understanding of normal and pathogenic pancreas development. Current status of islet cell transplantation and stem cell therapy though promising require further research to provide us with a long term convincing result. Breakthroughs in the field of nuclear reprogramming and transdifferentiation carry great promise to provide customized diabetes cell therapy by generating patient specific -cells.
What does the future hold?
The current set of type 2 diabetes allele variants may explain as little as 5 10% of the genetic basis for type 2 diabetes. The future of pharmacogenomics in diabetes is based on prediction and prevention of complications, therapies tailored for each individual based on genotype addressing optimal drug response, minimizing adverse events and motivation of life style changes. With continued efforts and rigorous assessments, hopefully the potential of generating enough new -cells from stem cells will be realized in the not too distant future, thus providing a total cure of diabetes.
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11.
Pharmacological Evaluation of Herbal Nutraceutical Beverage Camelia Sinessis (Black Tea) with Special Reference to Psychophysiological and Behavioral Function of Mammals A Pharmacoclinical Study.
UMA ROY
Ex-Reader- Dept. of Home Science (Food and Nutrition) Calcutta University, Kolkata 700027
Challenges faced by science in 21st century include utilization of natural sources, environmental protection and sustainable development of therapies for adverse behavioral function of modern stressful life, search after noctic function modulatory agents in plant medicine a potential area of dynamic research. Outcome of primary screening has provided some discrete information regarding influence of the leaf extract of camellia Sinensis (Black Tea) on different CNS activities. Present work is to study the probability of finding of non-toxic potency of this extract for contributing the beneficial effects on different neuro-psychophysiological functions of mammals. The process was concerned with cognitive endurance, learning and adaptogenic activities etc and significant protection was afforded to stress induced pathopsycological condition with emotional changes due to aggression.All these effects could be compared with the results of the standard therapic agents. Clinical evaluation of this important beverage demonstrated its enhanced learning, adoptegenic and antifatigue properties which significantly released the symptom of pathophysiological state of human suffering of all socioeconomic groups of people.
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12.
Synthetic Pyrethroid Cypermethrin Induced Toxicity on Testicular Spermatogenesis, Steroidogenesis, and Oxidative Status of Mature Wister Male Albino Rats.
Sujata Maiti Choudhury.

Dept. of Human Physiology with Community Health. Vidyasagar University, Midnapore721102, West Bengal,India. E-mail: sujata_ vu @ yahoo.co.in
Key words: Cypermethrin, Spermatogenesis, Steroidogenesis, Percentage of motile Spermatozoa, Oxidative stress, Steroidogenic enzymes. Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid and permethrin analogue used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Chemically it is alpha-cyano-3phenoxybenzyl(IRS)-cis,trans-3-3(2,2dichlorovinyl)-2-2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylate. Cypermethrin exhibits high toxicity to fishes, bees and water insects but very low toxicity towards birds. It is toxic not only for insects but also for mammals. It produces brain and locomotor disorders and polyneuropathy,respiratory depression and moderate hepatotoxicity.This present study is designed to investigate the toxic potential of cypermehrin on the reproductive system of male albino wister rats after seven consecutive oral(51mg & 72mg/kg body weight) doses. Significant decrease in body weight, alteration in adrenalo-somatic index, testiculo-somatic index, epididymalsomatic index,seminal vesiculo-somatic index were observed. Reduction in epididymal sperm count, percentage of motile spermatozoa, fructose concentration in seminal plasma, adrenal cholesterol, testicular protein concentration were seen in cypermethrin treated rats compared to control group in a dose-dependent manner. Testicular transaminases(GOT& GPT), testicular cholesterol were increased significantly whereas the activities of 53-HSD and 17-HSD were significantly reduced. The testicular malondialdehyde(MDA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level were increased,at the same time the diminution of testicular reduced glutathione(GSH)level and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were observed in treated rat in a dose-dependent manner compared to the respective control group. The results of this
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investigation clearly reveal the toxic potentiality of Cypermethrin on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in mature wister male albino rats because diminution of sperm count and steroidogenic enzymes activities and their related parameters are the negative indicators of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Cypermethrin also produced oxidative Stress by the elevation of MDA,GSSG, and decrease in GSH and antioxidant enzymes.
13.
Molecular Approach for Monitoring Drug Resistant Plasmodium Falciparum in Kolkata, West Bengal
Somenath Roy*, Santanu Kar Mahapatra & AmiyaKumar Hati

*Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, Pin-721102, West Bengal, India Email:somenathroy@hotmail.com
Key words: P. falciparum, Drug resistant, pfcrt, pfmd I, Kolkata
The emergence of drug resistant malaria is a serious problem in tropical countries and an early detection is very important for providing proper medical treatment. Chloroquine resistance is linked to mutations in the pfcrt and pfmdrI genes of Plasmodium falciparum. The aims and objectives of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanism of drug resistant through identification of mutation alleles in pfcrt and pfmdrI genes in the clinical isolates P. falciparum from malaria patient in Kolkata, West Bengal. In the present study, one hundred clinical isolates of P. falciparum were obtained from 5ml venous blood samples of the patients participated in the clinical trials conducted in Gautam Laboratory, Kolkata between 2007 and 2008. RBC pellet (1.52ml) was used to isolate parasite DNA. The prevalence of three putative genetic polymorphisms of drug resistance (pfcrt K76T, pfmdrI N86Y and pfmdrI Y1246D) was studied by PCR-RFLP.
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We have found that, mutant T76 allele was present in 65% samples. Out of these 23% were mixed allele contains both K76 and T76 and rest 42% samples were containing completely resistant allele (T76). Beside that, 37% mutant Y86 alleles were present in total studied isolates. Among them 6% were mixed (both N86 and Y86) and remaining 31% were completely resistant allele (Y86). Beside that, D1246Y alleles were also searched. We have found that, 33% samples carried mutant 1246Y allele. Among these, 4% samples were mixed mutant types (D1246 & 1246Y), and 29% samples were completely resistant. These results were indicating that, 65% were resistant to chloroquine, 37% were resistant to chloroquine as well as sulfadoxin and mefloquine and 33% were resistant to chloroquine and other antimalarial drugs. So, the present study may represent a significant advance in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug resistance of P. falciparum in Kolkata, West Bengal.
14 . Neurophysiology at High Altitude: A Biomedical Perspective

Dr Shashi Bala Singh
Director, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh, C/O- 56 APO
The decrease in partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude influences physical performance and mental health of soldiers deployed at strategic locations along the Himalayas. Our studies on human subjects reveal decreased vigilance and response time along with decreased cerebral oxygenation which is both altitude and duration dependent. Alterations in evoked potentials and change in hedonic matrix were also observed following exposure to high altitude environment. Further investigations in animal models exposed to simulated altitude revealed a multifactorial response of the brain to the decreased oxygen availability. There was depletion in the antioxidant status along with increased free radical generation. Neuromorphological studies revealed neurodegeneration and dendritic atrophy in the hippocampus. Altered neurotransmitter synthesis, release and metabolism were also observed along with occurrence of calcium overload in neuronal cells. Administration of N acetyl cysteine to animals exposed to hypobaric hypoxia showed considerable
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improvement in memory functions along with decrease in free radical generation. Acetyl-L-Carnitine administration during hypobaric hypoxia also improved the cognitive capabilities in animal models. Our investigations revealed a multifactorial action of Acetyl-L-Carnitine that included improved mitochondrial bioenergetics, neurotrophin mediated signaling and a novel Nrf2 mediated mechanism of improved antioxidant status. These findings establish the prophylactic and curative potential of Acetyl-L-Carnitine for high altitude maladies and amelioration of hypobaric hypoxia induced cognitive dysfunctions.
15.
Battered Baby Syndrome The Other Name for Child Abuse.
Prof. R. Basu, M.D., F.I.P.H.A, F.A.F.Sc,

Former HOD Forensic Medicine and Vice Principal, N.R.S. Medical College, Kolkata.
Atrocities on child was in practice since time immemorial. Killing of deformed infants was quite prevalent in China, Greece and Italy but it was never reported and first legal challenge on child abuse was reported from New York in 1876 and Child Charter was formed in USA in 1899 after reading of a paper by Samuel West in 1888. But in last century, no attention was placed till in 1946, when Dr. J. Caffey, a pediatric radiologist published a paper in Am. Jour. Roent ( 56 : 163) on Pits Syndrome, mostly related to radiological evidence of child abuse and it was given a name Caffey Syndrome. Ultimately in early 60s the name was proposed as Battered Baby Syndrome and recently the name has been changed to Non Accidental Injury in USA and Abused Child in UK. First case of Battered Baby Syndrome was reported in India in 1967. Since then sporadic cases are being reported in India also. The Battered Baby Syndrome does not always connote physical injury but may take other forms which need to be diagnosed by careful observation and examination, by which parental involvement can be proved. The injuries may be skeletal or even visceral.
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Apart from physical injuries, there are other ways of abuse have been noted namely, viz, Sexual abuse, Emotional abuse. Drug abuse, Abandonment, Exploitation of child etc are the various other ways of child abuse. All the various parameters will be discussed in details during deliberation. The whole problem is mostly socio-economic problem which need to be probed properly.
16.
An Ergonomic Approach for Modifying the Workstation for Threshing Task for the Women Agricultural Workers
Praksh C. Dhara
Ergonomics and Sports Physiology Division, Dept. of Human Physiology with community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, W.B.
Key words: Threshing machine , Posture, EMG, Pulse rate
A large number of women in India are involved in agriculture, especially in post harvesting activity. Women are also engaged in threshing, which is one of the important post-harvesting activities. Threshing is performed by a mechanical threshing machine, which is operated in standing posture for a long duration of time. The present study was aimed to evaluate the suitability of providing a seat for doing the job under sitting condition. The study was carried on ten rural women agricultural workers between the ages of 20 to 35 years in different areas of the Paschim Medinipur districts of West Bengal. EMG was recorded from back and leg muscle by BIOPAC system in different postures, viz., resting erect posture, threshing in standing posture, and threshing in sitting posture. The results showed that the absolute value and RMS values of EMG had lower magnitude during working in sitting posture than that of standing posture. Working heart rate also shower slightly lower value in sitting posture than that of standing posture. Then efforts were made to optimize the
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seat height. Experiments were performed with different seat heights (36 cm, 38 cm and 40 cm). Results showed that both the leg muscle and back muscles had the lowest RMS value of EMG voltage during threshing operation under sitting condition with a seat height of 38 cm. Whereas the working pulse rate was significantly lower (p<0.05) while the workers performed threshing work under sitting condition with a seat height of 40 cm. To settle the matter psychophysical studies were performed. From the results it was noted that a seat of 40 cm exhibited the best preference score. It may be concluded that provision of a seat would be beneficial for operating the threshing machine and the optimum height of the seat would be 40 cm for the women worker. However, redesigning of threshing machine along with the provision of seat might be best solution for ensuring comfort to the workers.
17.
Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
Jamboor K Vishwanatha, Ph.D. & Anindita Mukerjee, Ph.D.

University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
Keywords: Nanoparticles, Sustained delivery, Anticancer drugs, Biodegradable, Multifunctional drug delivery
In the pharmaceutical industry, novel drug delivery technologies represent a strategic tool for expanding drug markets. Delivery of anticancer drugs through nanoparticles is expected to create innovations and play a critical role not only in drug delivery but also in target-specific drug therapy. Biodegradable polymers are preferred because surgical removal of spent device, as in the case of implants, is not required. Further, there is no possibility of toxicological problems, their release rates can be tailored and they degrade in biological fluids to produce biocompatible or non-toxic products in the body, which are removed by normal physiological pathways. Our present work investigates the method for the efficient encapsulation of various anticancer drugs in PLGA nanospheres using multiple emulsion solvent evaporation method.
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18.
Melatonin Protects Against Oxidative Stress in Rat Heart
Debasish Bandyopadhyay
Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology Kolkata, INDIA
Melatonin, a tryptophan derivative, was first isolated from the bovine pineal gland and identified as N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine by Lerner and coworkers in 1958. Since then, melatonin has been found to be present in bacteria, unicellular organisms, fungi, plants and almost all vertebrates including human. Apart from its physiological functions, melatonin has been shown to possess widespread antioxidant effects in a variety of organ systems both at physiological level and when administered at pharmacologic doses. Melatonin has been shown to protect cells, tissues and organs from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species as well as from nitrogen-based reactants. Recently, we have focused our attention on the cardioprotective ability of melatonin in experimental animals. Melatonin was found to attenuate isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequent investigations revealed that antioxidant mechanisms of melatonin were involved in the mitigation of isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress in rat heart. Protective effect of melatonin against thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stress in rat heart is also evident from one of our studies. A number of drugs used clinically to reduce the likelihood of developing cardiac disease inflict collateral damage. Thus, while they may be helpful for a specific condition, at the same time they subvert molecular physiology and cellular function to the extent that they eventually compromise the overall well-being of the organism. Cumulative data suggest that these damaging effects are mediated by free radicals and related reactants. Cardiac adaptation in response to intrinsic or external stress involves a complex process of chamber remodeling and myocyte molecular modifications. In this context, administration of some exogenous antioxidative compounds has been shown to exert protection against oxidative cardiovascular disorders. The discovery of melatonin as a direct free radical scavenger and as an indirect antioxidant via its stimulatory actions on antioxidative enzymes, and as even high pharmacologic doses were found to be without side effects, has greatly increased interest in the potential cardioprotective properties of the indoleamine.
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19.
Typographic Influence on Reading in Digital Media
Dhurjati Majumdar
Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi - 110054 e-mail : majum55@yahoo.com
Keywords: Font type, Size, Reading on screen, Young individual, Cognitive workload
Reading is an everyday activity and is a highly complex perceptual and cognitive process. We are experiencing a transition of media from the printed paper to the computer screen. This evolution is modifying the process of how we read and understand a text. As reading involves both perceptual and cognitive inputs, it is not surprising that several visual and linguistic characteristics of text have been shown to affect reading. Font type and size characteristics play an important role in understanding the complexities of visual information in human-computer interface. Throughout the world, researchers have not been able to define any standard font size and type to facilitate better readability for computer operators. A detailed investigation of the effect of font type and size on reading on computer screen has been carried out by using subjective, objective and physiological evaluation method on young Indian adults. A group of postgraduate researchers, 25 to 35 yrs volunteered for this study. Two types of fonts were used, Serif fonts and Sans serif fonts. Serif font included Times New Roman (TNR), Georgia and Courier New. Sans serif fonts included Verdana, Arial and Tahoma. All these fonts were presented in 10 point, 12 point and 14 point sizes. This study used a 6 x 3 (font type x size) within-subjects design matrix. Subjects read 18passages (18 font type and size combinations) of approximately the same length and reading level written in black on white background on a 17" TFT LCD monitor one after another. Reading time for each passage was recorded. Subjects ranked the font conditions for general preference on a seven point scale. Overall mental workload was measured by standard questionnaires. Eye movements were recorded by a binocular eye movement recorder. Readability in terms of time
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was better for Serif fonts than Sans serif and reading time was minimum for Courier New 14 point. However, Sans serif fonts were preferred more than Serif fonts. Subjects ranking was highest and overall mental workload was least for Verdana 14 point. Pupil diameter, mean fixation duration and total gaze duration were least for Courier New 14 point. Present study recommended the use of 14 point sized fonts for reading on computer screen. Courier New for fast reading and Verdana for on screen presentation were suggested.
20.
Avian Influenza, an Old but New Global Scourge: A Short Critical Review with its Unique Therapeutic Remedy.
DEVAVRATA CHAKRAVARTI
Past President,Medical Sciences[including physiology]Section , 84th.Session of the Indian Science Cogress , 1996-1997.
Key words: Bird flu: H5N1 Type A Strain-mutated-subtype H2N2NIH Tamiflu Pulsatilla Nigricans. Avian Influenza has various names, i.e. avian flu, bird flu and H5N1.The World Health Organization [WHO] describes it as an infectious disease affecting birds caused by Type A Strains of the influenza virus. The infection causes a wide spectrum of symptoms in birds ranging from illness to a rapidly fatal disease. H5N1 is the worlds major influenza pandemic and it belongs to RNA family. Across the world ,different strains of this virus has mutated to kill nearly 53 million or 23 times of the population of Manipur State.India[2.3 million] since 1918 when the Great World War came to a close in November of that year.Surprisingly it is from a small farm in Kansas, USA that the first pandemic originated.Known as Spanish flu caused by H1N1 strain ,it killed 500,000 in the USA alone and anything between 20 and 50 million worldwide.The second pandemic by another subtype H2N2 known as Asian flu,killed another 70,000 in the USA and a million worldwide between 1968-69.
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The United States National Institute of health [NIH] states that it infects birds including chickens,other poultry and wild birds, such as ducks. It does not normally infect humans. Also of the 15 avian influenza subtypes,H5N1 is among the most dangerous.That is because it has found new host in mammals and in infecting species,such as cats and tigers,beside human.At the moment humans are getting infected after being in close contact with object contaminated by their faces.But if more and more humans continue to get infected ,it is possible that a novel subtype of this virus could result. NIH says the first case of an avian flu virus or H5N1 infecting a person directly in Hong Kong in 1997.Since then this virus has spread to birds in countries across Asia.Africa and Europe. In 2008 the vaccine Tamiflu proved unsuccessful after administering it first time on two H5N1 victims in Japan. The classical system of medicine [i.e Ayurveda] from the days of yore have been curing so many dreadful diseases following the maxim; Treat the patient, not the disease. The Homeopathis herbal medicine Pulsatill Nigricans [Anamone pratensis, Pulsatilla pratensis, Pasque flower:N.0. Ranunculaceae] comes as a seviour to combat the dreadful virus H5N1.
21 The Excellent Role of Antimonium Crudum (Native Sulphide of Antimony,Sb2S3 ) as a Theraputic Remedy of the Global Old but New Scourge, SWINE INFLUENZAE.
DEVAVRATA CHAKRAVARTI
Past President,Medical Sciences[including physiology]Section , 84th.Session of the Indian Science Congress,1996-1997.
KEY WORDS:
H1N1 Flu S IV influenza family influenza C antibodies - zoonotic swine flu.
Swine Influenza (H1N1 flu, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu) is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (S
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IV) is any strain of the Influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known S IV strains include Influenza C and the subtypes of Influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, and H2N3.These viruses are 80120 nanometers in diameter. Evidence for a connection between swine influenza and its human counterpart of 1918-19 has been accumulating since; but whether transmission initially took place from swine to man, or vice versa, has never been clearly established. In 1976 there was a warning in the United States that a swine influenza variant might again be on the rampage among human populations. Swine influenza is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human influenza, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood if transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. The meet of an infected animal posses no risk infection when properly cooked. During the mid 21st century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine Flu in human are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in severe headache, coughing, chill, fever, sore-throat, muscle pains. The most common cause of death by this virus is respiratory failure. Other causes of death are pneumonia (leading to neurological problems), dehydration (from excessive vomiting and diarrhea) and electrolyte imbalance. Fatalities are more likely in young children and the elderly. In 2009 the deadly virus attacked and killed a huge toll of people starting from mexico to all over the globe. In late june, the CDC estimated that one million Americans hd so far contracted this flu. By comparison, an estimated 15 million Americans to 60 million Americans are infected in the seasonal flu each year, leading to roughly 36000 deaths. According to CDC, however, only about 1 in 20 cases was being officially reported in the US In late may. In the UK some experts thought the number of cases was potentially 300 times more than early published estimates, warning that cases estimates by the U.K. and other governments were meaningless and hiding its true extent. There were also estimates that Japan may have had approximately 30000 cases by late may.
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Highest authority of the world prescribes Tamiflu medicine witch had already been proved futile in bird flu cases. Antimonium Crudum was first reported by Tholdon in 1450.X-raying all symptoms it can be said that this chemical is quietly able to cure the swine flu.
22. Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Contemporary Biomedical Research

Arnab Ghosh
Biomedical Research Laboratory Department of Anthropology Visva Bharati University Sriniketan 731 236, West Bengal Email: arnab_cu@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, Obesity, Economic cost, CVD, Asian Indians Prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MS) is rapidly increasing in developing countries including India, leading to increase morbidity and mortality due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). With improvement in economic situation, increasing prevalence of obesity and the MS is seen in adults and particularly in children and adolescents. The main causes are increasing urbanization, nutrition transition, and reduced physical activity. Furthermore, aggressive community nutrition intervention programs for undernourished children may increase obesity. Some evidences suggest that widely prevalent perinatal undernutrition and childhood catch-up obesity may play a role in adult onset MS and T2DM. The economic cost of obesity and related diseases is enormous. For example, the total estimated cost of diabetes in 2007 in the United States is $174 billion, including $116 billion in excess medical expenditures and $58 billion in reduced national productivity. Medical costs attributed to diabetes include $27 billion for care to directly treat diabetes, $58 billion to treat the portion of diabetes-related chronic complications that are attributed to diabetes, and $31 billon in excess general medical costs. The children and adolescents are highly susceptible to acquire such unhealthy lifestyle changes. Overall, obesity and the metabolic
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syndrome are becoming increasingly prevalent in adults, and disquietingly, in children and adolescents in the urban areas of India. These changes are conducive to development of early onset T2DM and accelerated atherosclerosis. It is particularly important to effectively implement and strengthen populationbased primary prevention strategies for the prevention of epidemic of obesity and the MS in India. Concomitant with increased rates of obesity, the insulin resistance (IR) has climbed sharply over the past 10-15 years. These twin epidemic are temporally related to a dramatic rise in consumption of fast food; until recently, it was not known whether the fast food was driving the obesity, or vice versa. It is noteworthy to mention that the unique properties of fast food that make it the ideal obesigenic foodstuff and elucidate the mechanisms by which fast food intake contributes to obesity, emphasizing its effects on energy metabolism and on the central regulation of appetite. It seems reasonable to pay heed on the insulins role in the central nervous systems (CNS) regulation of energy balance, and demonstrate the role of CNS insulin resistance as a cause of leptin resistance and in the promotion of the pleasurable or hedonic responses to food. Fast food including high-energy density, high fat, high fructose, low fiber, and low dairy intake, favors the development of CNS insulin resistance and obesity.
23 Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Thyroid Peroxidase by Tea-flavonoids

Amar K Chandra, Neela De
Endocrinology & Reproductive Physiology Laboratory Department of Physiology University College of Science & Technology 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata- 700 009
Key words: Green and black tea, Flavonoids, Thyroid physiology, Thyroid peroxidase Flavonoids are important stable organic constituents of a wide variety of plants. Flavonoids are universally present in vascular plants and in a large
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number of food plants. Because of their widespread occurrence in edible plants such as fruits, vegetables, grains and beverages, flavonoids are an integral part of the human diet. Following ingestion by mammals flavonoid glycoside undergoes hydrolysis by intestinal glycosidases to flavonoid aglycone. These are absorbed and undergo metabolism by mammalian tissues with the production of various metabolic monomeric compounds. Tea leafs contains flavonoid i.e. catechins that have anti oxidative, anti mutagenic, anti-tumor, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, anti ulcer, virus inactivating including induction of apoptosis activities. However, green tea catechins of Japanese origin and its derivatives have been reported for antithyroidal activities. India is one of the large tea producing country; most of its population irrespective of age, sex, caste and socioeconomic status consume tea regularly. The information about the green and black tea extract of Indian origin on morphological and functional status of thyroid is not available. Therefore the doses of green and black tea are prepared based on the consumption pattern of tea as mild , moderate, and high doses equivalent to 2.5 cups, 5 cups,10 cups and 20 cups respectively per individual per day to fed orally to albino rats for a period of four weeks. The parameter used to evaluate the thyroid status were the histological and morphological state of thyroid, thyroid peroxidase, NaK-ATPase activities and T4, T3 and TSH profiles. Our study reveals that green and black tea extract of Indian origin has no such adverse effect in the alteration of the physiology of thyroid at low and moderate doses but at high doses showed certain ill effects and the relative potential of green tea is much more than that of the black tea. The mechanism of inhibition of thyroid function by tea extracts at high doses has been discussed in this article.
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V
ABSTRACTS OF
Invited Foreign Lectures
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1.
Medical Humanities (MH) in Undergraduate Medical Education
Prof. Trilok Pati Thapa, MBBS, MS

Principal,KIST Medical College Lalitpur, GPO Box:14142 Kathmandu , Nepal. Email: doctrilok54@hotmail.com, drtpthapa@gmail.com
ABSTRACT Medical Humanities (MH) is an interdisciplinary endeavor drawing on the creative and intellectual strengths of diverse disciplines, including literature, art, creative writing, drama, film, music, philosophy, ethical decision making, anthropology and history in pursuit of medical educational goals. MH aims to protect, nurture and respect the innate humanity, dynamic imagination and precious individuality of medical students. Literature and painting can help students gain greater clarity and insight into patient problems and identify better with clinical situations and patients. Drama can teach the art of oral communication while philosophy can teach the skill of analyses and argument. Many medical schools offer a number of elective courses in MH. Other schools have a core subject area in the humanities but students can choose electives of their interest. Small-group, activity based learning is used in majority of medical schools while lectures have been used occasionally. There are strong MH programs in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Argentina, Israel and New Zealand. MH modules in Southeast Asia are new to medical educationists. The structured MBBS curriculum hardly speaks about medical humanities though there are some components of communication skill. KIST Medical College, the newest medical College affiliated to Tribhuvan University, Institute Of Medicine, committed to holistic medical education, has started a MH module titled Sparshanam (touch in Sanskrit) for first year MBBS students. Small group, activity-based learning was at the core of the module. The module was conducted over 22 sessions with each topic being covered over two one and half hour sessions. Among the various topics covered were Empathy, The doctor, The doctor-patient relationship, The medical
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student, Sources of support during illness, What it means to be sick in Nepal and Breaking bad news. Case scenarios, role-plays, activities, paintings, interpretation of art, poems and songs were used to explore various aspects of MH. Students acted as cofacilitators for certain modules under the guidance of the facilitators. A quick student feedback was positive and a plan to include the module as a structured curriculum is in the pipeline.
2.
Protooncogene Induced Cancer Stem Cells (PICSCs): A Novel Paradigm for Cancer Growth and Metastasis.
Dr.Shrikant Anant , PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, and Cell Biology, and Director of Gastroenterology Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P. O Box 26901, WP1360 Oklahoma City, OK 73126-090, USA e-mail: Shrikant-Anant@ouhsc.edu
ABSTRACT Satish Ramalingam, Dharmalingam Subramaniam, Vibhudatta Awasthi, Randal May, Stanley Lightfoot, Courtney Houchen and Shrikant Anant University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK-73104, USA. The cancer stem cell hypothesis is an evolving concept of oncogenesis where a few relatively quiescent set of cells have the ability to induce primary tumors. Within a tumor, only a small fraction of cells maintain stem cell characteristics. These stem cells are believed to be required for continuously replenishing the tumor with additional progeny cells exhibiting a more differentiated phenotype. Recently, we reported that translation regulatory factor RBM3 is the first RNA binding protein to be classified as a protooncogene, RBM3 overexpression was observed in many tumors of
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epithelial origin and downregulating its expression results in inhibition of tumor growth. Given this observation, we sought to determine whether RBM3 expression affects stem cell population and function both in tumor initiation and metastasis. Overexpression of RBM3 induced NIH-3T3 cells to transform and grow in an anchorage independent manner, and form tumors in athymic nude mice. Moreover, immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL-1) positive cells. We have recently demonstrated that DCAMKL-1, a microtubule-associated kinase is a marker of quiescent stem cells. Additionally, overexpression of RBM3 in established cancer cell lines resulted in a 10-fold increase in these DCAMKL-1+ cancer stem cells. Using Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we were able to isolate the DCAMKL-1+ stem cells from the bulk of the tumor and grow them in tissue culture dishes. We have named these cells Protooncogene-Induced Cancer Stem Cells (PICSCs). To our surprise, when the cells were plated at low density, they developed long neurites that touched neurites of neighboring cells even when the cells were located at a distance away from each other suggesting the presence of cell:cell communications. Recent studies with mammary and neuroectodermal tumors have suggested that inappropriate Notch activation promotes self-renewal and transformation of progenitor cells. We observed that there was a significant upregulation of activated Notch-1 expression in the NIH-3T3-RBM3 PICSCs. Inhibition of Notch-1 with a specific inhibitor, DAPT resulted in the loss of neurite formation in the PICSCs. Furthermore, PICSC-mediated tumor growth in nude mice was arrested. These data demonstrated that Notch signaling is essential for selfrenewal in stem cells thereby affecting tumor growth. We next determined the stemness of the DCAMKL-1+ PICSCs. For this, we performed serial dilutions of the PICSCs starting at 10, 000 cells and injected them into the flanks of nude mice. Even when 50 cells were injected, a primary tumor was observed at about 10 weeks. However, these mice showed significant morbidity after 12 weeks. Mice were injected [18F]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose ([18F]-FDG), which allows the evaluation of glucose metabolism and is the commonly used tracer in oncology. Subsequent positron emission tomography (PET) and micro-CT imaging of the animals revealed metastatic lesions in the lung, liver, bone and spleen, which were further confirmed by histological analyses of these tissues. These data, taken together imply that overexpression of RBM3 results in increased dedifferentiation into cancer stem cells that overexpress Notch protein. Furthermore, RBM3 overexpressing PICSCs are potent inducers of tumor formation, suggesting that these cells are cancer stem cells that have an aggressive phenotype.
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VI
ABSTRACTS OF
Oral/ Poster Presentations
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I ERGONOMICS AND SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY 1. An Ergonomic Intervention for Modifying the Blacksmiths Workstation
Amitava Pal, Subhasis Kundu , Sujaya De, Piyali Sengupta & Prakash C. Dhara
Ergonomics and Sports Physiology Laboratory Department of Human Physiology with Community health Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India
Key words: Blacksmiths work station, Ergonomic intervention, Joint angle The present investigation was aimed to assess work related health hazards of the blacksmith and efforts have been made to modify the workstation of the blacksmith from the ergonomic viewpoints. The study was carried out on 20 blacksmiths workshop in different areas of West and East Midnapore districts in West Bengal. The MSD of the workers (n=20) was evaluated by questionnaire method. The center of gravity and the spinal curvature of the subjects were determined by standard methods. The joint angle in normal and working posture were recorded. The anthropometric dimensions of the subjects were taken in standardized static conditions. Using the percentile values of the anthropometric dimensions the workstation of the blacksmith was modified. The height of the working platform, anvil, seat, and different dimensions of the shelf were changed. The distance of the tools, fire place, and water tab from the worker, was varied by considering the body dimension and biomechanical characteristics of the blacksmith. For the evaluation of modified workstation different joint angle were studied while the workers worked in the modified workstation. From the joint angle study it has been revealed that there were significant changes (p<0.01) in different joint angles (shoulder, ankle, elbow, wrist and hip) during working in the modified workstation than that of existing one. It may be concluded that the ergonomic intervention improved the working condition of the blacksmiths in the modified workshop.
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2. Effects of Military Load Carriage in Two Walking Speeds on Spatio-temporal and Trunk Angular Changes
Deepti Majumdar, M.S. Pal & D. Majumdar

Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi -110054, INDIA
Key words: Load carriage, Spatiotemporal parameters, Trunk angle, ROM, Speed of work
Changes in spatial, temporal and forward lean responses were recorded during eight military load carriage operations at two walking speeds (0.97m.sec-1 and 1.7m.sec-1, respectively) on ten healthy male Indian soldiers with mean(SD) age 23.3(2.6)yrs, height 172.0 (3.8)cm and weight 64.3 (7.4)kg. Gait data was collected using 3D Motion Analysis System while the subjects walked on a 12m level ground walkway with and without load. Load carried were no load (NL), rifle (R,4.2kg), haversack (HS,4.4kg), light machine gun (LMG, 6.8kg), backpack (BP, 10.7kg) and a combination of them, such as, HSR (8.6kg), HSLMG(11.2kg), BPR(14.9kg) and BPLMG(17.5kg). Spatial, temporal parameters, trunk forward lean angles at different gait events, such as initial foot strike (FS1), midstance (MST), terminal stance (TS) and toe-off (TO) and ranges of motion (ROM), maximum angles at support and swing phases were evaluated at both the speeds. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett post-hoc test was used for comparing load conditions against NL at each speed. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied for comparing the data at slow speed with that of fast speed. Spatiotemporal parameter changes were small, insignificant and unrelated to load magnitude. Significant change in midstance was observed only at slow walking speed. At both speeds changes in forward lean responses at all gait events were significant. No significant change in trunk ROM was observed in any walking speed.Trunk angle for NL and BPLMG at FS1 was -0.3(0.05) and 7.7(1.21) at slow walking speed and 4.2(0.69) and 10.4(2.07) at fast walking speed, respectively. The results indicated that comparatively lighter military load (17.5 kg) at slow walking speed produced higher trunk forward inclination.
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The increased forward inclination in soldiers may be explained as due to design artefact of the existing BP or may be attributed to some intrinsic adaptive phenomenon in the military personnel to counterbalance load and speed effect.
3. Comparisons of Anthropometric, Body Composition and Blood Pressure Measures in Pre- and Post-Menarcheal Girls in Kolkata, West Bengal
Paramita Mondal & Arnab Ghosh
Biomedical Research Laboratory Department of Anthropology Palli Charcha Kendra, Visva Bharati University Sriniketan 731 236, West Bengal Email: arnab_cu@rediffmail.com
Keywords: body composition, menarche, obesity, sex hormone, adolescence In the present cross-sectional study an attempt was made to compare anthropometric and body compositional characteristics in pre- and postmenarcheal girls in Kolkata, West Bengal. A total of 360 healthy adolescent girls aged 8 to 18 years took part in this study. The study population was divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 157 pre-menarcheal girls and Group II consisted of 203 girls whose have already experienced menarche. Participants were recruited randomly from seven schools in Kolkata. The anthropometric measures namely height, weight were collected using standard techniques. The body compositional measures such as percentage of body fat (%BF), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass index (BMI) were measured using an Omron body fat analyser. The left arm blood pressure was taken from each participant with the help of an Omron M1 digital electronic blood pressure/ pulse monitor. Most of the subjects (60.6%) were belonged to nuclear family. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were significant (p<0.01) group differences for the mean height, BMI, BMR, SBP and DBP. Contrastingly,
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no such significant group difference was observed for Log10SF4: BMI. The influx of female sex steroids with the onset of menarche could have attributed for these differences in body fat topography.
4. Geriatric Assessment of the Problems of Bengalee (Indian) Old Aged People

Piyali Sengupta, Sera Chakraborty, Sujaya De, Amitava Pal & Prakash C. Dhara
Ergonomics and Sports Physiology Division Department of Human Physiology with Community Health Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102 West Bengal, India Key words: Aging, obesity, arthritis.
The present study was aimed to assess the health and movement related problems of the old aged persons among the Bengalee population. This study was conducted on 153 elderly people (Male-76, Female-77) having the age range of 60 to 101 years in Municipal areas of Kharagpur town, West Bengal State, India. The Body weight, height, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was takes as the objective measures of the elderly subjects. Questionnaire method was employed for subjective assessment body discomfort/pain. The occurrence of pain / discomfort was analyzed in different postures and working condition. Katz Index for Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was also determined. Results showed that about 36% of males and 30% of females were either overweight or obese. Females had significantly higher blood pressure (p<0.05) than that of males. Knee and lower back were the most affected body parts of elderly person. Pain / discomfort during walking were the most prevalent movement related problems among the elderly respondents. As arthritis is formed to be the most common diseases in old aged persons, its association with other abnormalities was analyzed. By computing Yules Phi () coefficient, it was noted that arthritis was significantly correlated with hypertension (p<0.05) and obesity (p<0.01).
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5. Is Anthropometric, Body Composition and Physiological Variables Vary by Puberty in Boys: The Kolkata Childhood Obesity Study
Rupak Dutta & Arnab Ghosh

Biomedical Research Laboratory Department of Anthropology Palli Charcha Kendra, Visva Bharati University Sriniketan 731 236, West Bengal Email: arnab_cu@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Body composition, Puberty, Sex hormones, Obesity, Asian Indians The present cross-sectional investigation was aimed to study the variation in anthropometric, body composition and physiological characteristic between the boys with and without having secondary sexual characteristics in Kolkata. A total of 399 healthy boys, aged 8-18 years were participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups based on the pubertal status. They were selected randomly from seven schools in Kolkata, West Bengal. The anthropometric measures namely height, weight, skinfolds thickness at biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac were collected using standard techniques. Sum of four skinfolds (SF4) were computed subsequently. The body compositional measures such as percentage of body fat (%BF), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass index (BMI) were measured using an Omron body fat analyser. Left arm blood pressure was taken from each participant with the help of an Omron M1 digital electronic blood pressure/ pulse monitor. It was observed that larger proportion of the subjects belonged to those families having good educational and economic background. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were significant (p<0.001) group differences for the mean height, weight, SF4, Log SF4: BMI, %BF, BMR and SBP. The SF4 was found to be decreased through pre-pubertal to pubertal stage. However, no such significant group difference was observed BMI. The greater onset of male sex hormone during the puberty along with the development of secondary sexual characteristics could have attributed for these differences and warranted longitudinal investigation for childhood prevention of chronic diseases e.g. obesity.
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6.
An Assessment of the Impact of Different Activities on Static Musculoskeletal Fitness Among Fish Processing Workers
Sangita Barman*, Suhana Ghosh* & Ananga Mohan Chandra**
AFFILIATION: * Research Fellow, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology (U.C.S.T.),University of Calcutta,92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-9 ** Professor, Department of Physiology, U.C.S.T., University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-9
KEY WORDS: Fish processing workers, Grip strength, Pinch strength, Dynamometry, Repetitive movement An ergonomic assessment of the involvement of static muscular forces like grip strength and pinch strength in different activities was made. A study was conducted on 200 normal adult females (100 subjects per group) which included box making workers and peeling workers selected from a fish processing industry. Their maximum handgrip strength and pinch strength were measured with handgrip and pinchgrip dynamometers respectively. The observed values of grip strength and pinch strength of all sample groups were significantly higher in box making workers than the peeling workers. The findings clearly indicate that static muscular strength varies significantly in different task in fish processing industry.
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7. Relationship Between Selected Body Compositional Variables and Physical Fitness Variable of Adolescent Boys in North Tripura District.
SANTANU GHOSH
Assistant Professor, Government Degree College,Dharmanagar,Tripura(North). E mail: sgrintuk11@gmail.com
Keywords: Body Composition, Physical fitness, Adolescent, North Tripura. Talent search is the prediction apparently though with good accuracy, whether or not a child has a chance of becoming Olympic athlete, as then the chosen receive the chance to develop their potential and others are left to enjoy the sports as play or recreation. A high level performance in sports and games not only require certain physical qualities like speed, endurance, etc., but also a good physical structure. Studies on physique is useful in choosing suitable physical activity for an individual whose sole purpose is to find and develop talent It is often said that athletes are born and they are made. This statement implies, firstly, a natural endowment or genotypic potential for successful performance and secondly, the opportunity and environment condition to realize this potential. For this study thirty boys of age group 12-13 years were randomly selected with the help of drawing lots from the students of a school in Dharmanagar, North Tripura. Various body compositional variables such as Body weight, Lean Body weight, Fat weight, Body Fat percentage of the aforesaid students were calculated. Tests for physical fitness include 50 Yard Dash, Standing Broad Jump, 600 Yard run and walk; Pull Ups and Sit Ups were conducted on these subjects. For statistical analysis mean, standard deviation, Z scores and coefficient of correlation r was calculated through Pearsons product moment. Body weight did not show any significant relation with the Physical Efficiency variables whereas factors like B.F. %, lean body weight, and fat weight has significant co-relation with some of the Physical Efficiency variables. B.F.% has significant negative co-relation with 50 yard dash, pull
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ups and 600 yds run and walk test performance. Fat weight is significantly and negatively co-related with 50 yard dash and 600 yard run & walk. Body fat percentage is found to be inversely co-related with 50 yards dash and 600 yard run and walk and pull ups. Fat weight is negatively and significantly co-related with 50 yard dash and 600 yard run and walk. On comparing with European and American data it appears that the subjects of the present study are qualitatively in lower standard with their European counterpart. This may be because the subjects of the present study belong to a rural North Tripura district where training facilities are almost non existent. However present data are very close to Indian standard of this age group.
8. An Assessment of Physical Discomfort and Psychological Stress Among Library Employees of West Bengal
Suhana ghosh*, Sangita Barman* & Ananga Mohan Chandra**

* Research Fellow, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology (U.C.S.T.),University of Calcutta,92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-9 ** Professor, Department of Physiology, U.C.S.T., University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road,Kolkata-9
KEY WORDS: Musculoskeletal discomfort, Psychological work stress, General health complaints, Guestionnaire, Library employees. Musculoskeletal and psychological disorders are the leading causes of occupational ill health. The present study was aimed to find out the prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal and psychological stress among the library employees of West Bengal, India. One hundred seventy five male (175) and eighty five (85) female subjects were selected from different college and university libraries of WB. Cases of discomfort were identified by means of questionnaire surveys requiring respondents to report their symptoms of discomfort. Information was obtained on demographics, general health status,
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psychological stress level and musculoskeletal discomfort. The findings revealed that the female employees had significantly higher musculoskeletal and psychological discomfort level than the male employees. The results also showed that musculoskeletal discomfort was significantly increased with rise in work experience in both gender. The body parts mostly affected by musculoskeletal discomfort were lower back (92.9%), neck (87.8%), shoulder (82.4%), wrist (77.6%) and knee (77.6%). The general health questionnaire showed that dust allergy (80.3%), headache (53.8%) and eye strain (63.8%) were the most common symptoms among the employees. The major psychological stress factors identified were role overload, powerlessness, under participation, unprofitabality etc
9.
Road Safety Symbols: Perception of Different Stakeholders
Shankarashis Mukherjee, A M Chandra

Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta
Keywords: Accident prevention, Road traffic injuries, Zero harm, Road safety Road accident is the commonest type of accident, which, is defined by ILO as unexpected, unplanned occurrence may be involving injury. According to WHO forecasts that without any increased effort and new initiatives, the total number of road traffic injuries and deaths worldwide would rise by 65% between 2000-2020 and in less developed countries, the predicted rate of increase would be 80%. The majority of such deaths are at present of vulnerable road users, pedestrians, pedal cyclists and motorcyclists. In India, in 2004 the number of such deaths had been 92,618. The mortality rate in India is 8.7 per hundred thousand population and in terms of mortality per 10,000 vehicles, the rate in India is as high as 14 as compared to less than two in developed countries. A study by the Planning Commission in 2002 estimated only the social cost of road accidents in India at Rs.55, 000 crore annually (2000 prices), which constitutes about 3% of the GDP. In terms of the safety engineering principles, any accident, including road accidents, is attributed to unsafe human
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actions, which in turn, is a function of few factors including lack of knowledge. An attempt has been made to assess the knowledge level in respect of road safety symbols of different road stakeholders like professional drivers, other licensed drivers, under graduate student motor cyclists, pedal cyclists and only users. This is of utmost importance for accident prevention and achievement of the ultimate goal of zero harm. The findings will be discussed in the presentation.
10. Lung Function Test of College Students
M. Balamurugan*, P. Parimalam** & M.R. Premalatha***

*. UG Student, Home Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104 **. Associate Professor, Dept. of Family Resource Management, Home Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104 ***. Professor and Head, Dept. of Family Resource Management, Home Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104
Key words: Forced Expiratory Volume, Forced Vital Capacity, Lung function, College students. Forty five Under Graduate Students in the age group of 18 to 20 years were selected for the study. Lung function test (ZAN USB 100 Spirometer) was conducted for all the workers following the norms of the test procedure. The mean height of the respondents was 165.7cm and weight was 40.2 kg. The mean FVC values for boys and girls were 2.290.40 and 1.980.29. The FEV1 values for boys and girls were 2.29 0.39 and 1.98 0.28. The FEV1 values were higher for boys than girls, however the percentage of prediction was vice versa. Multiple regression analysis indicated that height and sex were the major contributing factors in determining the FEV1 values.
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11. Effect of Variability of Age and Training on Lipids and Lipoproteins Profile of Indian Soccer Players
Indrnil Mannaa *;Gulshan Lal Khannab & Prakash Chandra Dharac

a. Department of Physiology, Janaki Medical College, Janakpur, Nepal b. Department of Health Sciences, Manav Rachana Educational Institute, Faridabad, India c. Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
Key words : Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, Training, Soccer The present study was aimed to find out the effect of variability of age and training on lipids and lipoproteins profile of soccer players. One hundred twenty Indian male soccer players volunteered for the study, were divided equally (n=30) into 4 groups: U16 (14-15 yrs); U19 (16-18 yrs); U23 (19-22 yrs); senior (23-30 yrs). The training sessions were divided into: Transition Phase (TP, 4 weeks), Preparatory Phase (PP, 8 weeks); Competitive Phase (CP, 4 weeks), which consisted of aerobic, anaerobic and skill development training, and were completed 4 hours/day; 5 days/week. A significantly higher (P<0.05) total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) have been noted in the senior players when compared to that of the junior players. Further, an increase (P<0.05) in HDL-C; and a decrease (P<0.05) in TC, TG and LDL-C have been found in PP and CP when compared to that of TP. The unique profile of age related changes should be taken into consideration while administering training to the athletes. The the data of the present study can be a frame of reference for monitoring of training of soccer players of different age groups.
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12. Lung Function Test of Fabric Dyers and Printers
P. Parimalam*, M.R. Premalatha*, D.S. Padmini*** Duraisamy, M.R.,* & A.K. Ganguli ****
* Associate Professors, Dept. of Family Resource Management, HomeScience College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104 ** Professor and Head, Dept. of Family Resource Management, HomeScience College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104 *** Project Fellow, Dept. of Family Resource Management, HomeScience College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104 **** Deputy General Manager, Occupational Health Services, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Tiruchirapalli
Key words: Fabric dyers, Printers, Forced Expiratory Volume, Forced Vital Capacity, Lung function. Dyeing and Printing is an age old process of dyeing yarns and fabrics. One hundred and eighteen workers employed in small scale dyeing and printing units were selected for the study. Lung function test (ZAN USB 100 Spirometer) was conducted for all the workers following the norms of the test procedure. Sixty seven workers were fabric dyers and fifty one were fabric printers. When comparing dyers and printers, printers had better percentage of prediction of Vital Capacity (VC), Forced Vital Capacity (FVCex) and Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) values. The mean FVC values for dyers were 1.940.62 and 2.060.73 for printers. The FEV1 values for dyers and printers were 1.85 0.57 and 1.94 0.69 for printers. However, both the dyers and printers had lower percentage of prediction as against their predicted values. The results of the test indicated that there was no significant difference between the nature of the work with the static and dynamic parameters.
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13.
The Impact of Cardiovascular System During Various Weight Carrying Strategies on Human Performance.
Dr. Priyanshu V. Rathod, PT, MPT, DNHE, MIAP

Principal, Assistant Professor, R K College of Physiotherapy, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Key words: Cardiovascular responses, Human performance, Weight carrying strategies

Need of the study
In this fast growing globalize world, the impact of physical excursion and stress are significantly increased on untrained / trained human body. Physical excursion and stress are most common factors compromising human performance. Human performance has close loop with cardiovascular status. Research has also showed that significant increases in cardiovascular & cerebral-vascular accidents and sequences of myocardial ischemia are result of increased physical excursion on compromised physiological system of human body. However, there are several activity of daily living (ADL) are further responsible to increase physical excursion and stress. Weight lifting / carrying, defecation, urination are kind of physical activities where human performance is widely dissociated. However, weight carrying activities are not only involved in ADL but many occupations are adjunct with such physical excursion and stress. Inappropriate strategies of weight carrying may lead to major impact on human performance and cardiovascular status. Therefore, our study is needed to distinguish various weight carrying strategies (weight on hand, on back, overhand) and its impact on human performance in health individuate. Aim of the study: To evaluate the impact of weight carrying strategies on human performance in healthy individual. Methodology: the total number of 120 healthy individual (M=64, age group between 18 to 30 years) were voluntarily participated in the study. Health status of every Healthy individual was evaluated by healthy survey questionnaire SF-36. Following to basic health assessment, every healthy individual were performed 3 min. walk test (3MWT) with weight on hand, on back, on overhead as well as without weight as a different weight carrying strategies. Human performance was evaluated by pulse rate, Respiratory rate, Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and distance covered in 3 MWTest. All above parameters were
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taken in pre, peri, and post 3 MWT with and without weight. Data Analysis: SPSS 17 was used to analysis repeated measure ANOVA. Level of significant kept at 0.05 with CI 95 %. Discussion: there are significant changes seen on all parameters of healthy individual with weight carrying on hands as compared to weight carrying on overhead and on back with 3MWT. Conclusion: weight carrying on back has least impact on human performance as compared to weight on over head and hand as an activity of daily living. It should be taken in to consideration for life-style modification for every individual who fall in highhealth-risk ratio.
14.
A study on the Concept of Safety Among Drivers of School Bus of Kolkata
Samrat Dev, Tarannum Ara, Goutam Ghoshal, Tamal Das & Somnath Gangopadhyay
Occupational Ergonomics Laboratory Department of Physiology University College of Science and Technology University of Calcutta
Keywords: School bus, Concept of Safety, School bus drivers, Kolkata School bus is one of the most important modes of transportation and plays a significant role in the transit of students to and from the school in Kolkata and throughout the world. This study is performed to find out the concept of safety among the school bus drivers regarding the school bus design as well as the problems faced by them while driving the school bus to minimize the occurrence of accidents. For this study questionnaires were formulated and performed among 70 School bus drivers of six different schools of Kolkata. From this study it was found that condition of Indian school buses is not
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good and from the analysis of questionnaire it was revealed that school bus drivers were not much aware about the school bus safety and they facing many problems while driving school bus. Finally, it was suggested to formulate a detailed training program for school bus drivers and some changes must be done according to the Ergonomics design concept towards the establishment of a safe environment in the school buses of Kolkata.
15.
Ergonomic Evaluation of Physiological and Thermal Workload of Handloom Weavers
MD. Warish1, Moumita Basak2, Ananga Mohan Chandra3 & Amalendu Samanta4
1. Research Fellow, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology(U.C.S.T), University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata-700009 2. Ex-student, Department of Physiology, U.C.S.T 3. Professor, Department of Physiology, U.C.S.T 4. Guest Lecturer, Department of Physiology, U.C.S.T
KEY WORDS: Handloom weavers, Cardiac strain, Musculoskeletal pain, Questionnaire. Handloom is one of the oldest cottage industries of India where a large number of rural people are engaged in weaving. The present investigation was done to find out Cardiovascular and musculoskeletal stress of the weavers. Forty two (42) male handloom weavers were randomly selected for this study. Modified Nordic questionnaire was used to collect subjective responses about musculoskeletal pain of the workers. The cardiac cost and the energy cost of different task was also determined to find out their cardiovascular stress. These results showed that their work was highly repetitive and produce musculoskeletal pain mainly in hand, wrist, neck, back and leg. If immediate measures are not taken to minimize these problems and to ensure the health of the workers it will lead to an extremely adverse effect on the individual and consequently the productivity of the whole industry.
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16.
Biomechanical and EMG Analysis for Determining the Suitable Posture in a Classroom for the Rural Primary School Children
Subrata Dutta & Prakash C. Dhara

Ergonomics and Sports Physiology Division Department of Human Physiology with Community Health Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102 West Bengal, India
Key words: Posture, EMG, Base contact area, Center of gravity, Body joint angle In many of the rural primary schools, students are not provided with bench and desk. The pupils used to sit on the floor during reading and writing for a long duration (4-5 hrs) in a school. The present study was aimed to evaluate the suitability of adopting Indian traditional sitting posture, i.e., sitting on the floor with folded knees, in the class room by the primary school children. The study was conducted on 100 primary school children (5 to 10 years) selected from 10 rural schools. The EMG, base contact area, center of gravity, body joint angle and subjective discomfort were studied on rural school children in different postures. The results of EMG voltage centre of gravity, and neck flexion angle showed that the children had greater bodily stress while sitting on the bench than that in sitting on the floor. The hip angle and base contact area were remarkably greater during sitting on the floor with folded knees than that of sitting on the bench. The EMG voltage in both back and shoulder muscles showed significantly lower values (p<0.001) in sitting with folded knees than that in sitting on the bench. There was a significant negative correlation between the base contact area and the EMG voltage of the students. It may be concluded that the Indian traditional sitting posture may be suitable for the rural school children in their classroom
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17.
Occupational Variation of Hand Grip Strength in Women
Sujaya De, Piyali Sengupta, Amitava Pal, Manashi Ghosh & Prakash C. Dhara
Ergonomics and Sports Physiology Division Department of Human Physiology with Community Health Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102 West Bengal, India
Key word: Hand grip strength, Brick kiln workers, Agricultural workers, Office workers, Housewife, Anthropometric characteristics The present investigation was aimed to find out the variation of hand grip strength among the women of different occupational group and its related factors. The study was conducted on 400 female subjects having the age range 20-60 years. Subjects were divided into four different occupational groups, viz., office worker, brick kiln worker, agricultural worker and housewife. The grip strength was measured using Lafayette hand grip dynamometer (USA) in elbow 900 angle in standing position. Results showed that the grip strength was found to be varied significantly (p<0.001) among the workers of different occupational groups. Multiple comparison test showed that brick kiln worker had significantly higher grip strength (p<0.001) in both right and left hand than that of the agricultural workers and office workers. The grip strength of office worker was 3.6%, 13.6% and 10.40% lower in right hand than that of the agricultural worker, brick kiln worker and housewife respectively. No significant difference in grip strength was observed between office workers and agricultural workers. From the above results it may be concluded that occupational variation of the grip strength in women may be attributed to the variations of anthropometric dimension and type activity of the concerned workers.
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18.
Study on Sound levels and its Impact in School Children of Kolkata
Sandipan Chatterjee, Shankarashis Mukherjee & A M Chandra

Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta Keywords: Sound, Hearing sensitivity, School environment, knowledge era
A countrys future depends on the children. Hence it is important that they grow up well in a congenial environment in all respect. The physical aspect of the environment has its role, too. It should be able to provide optimal levels of light, sound, temperature, humidity etc. In absence of these, the physical mental growth and well being of the children can get compromised. Sound beyond the permissible limit causes auditory and non-auditory impact on humans. As growing children spend a considerable part of their time in the educational institutions they attend, it is of utmost importance to have optimal levels sound in the school premises. This is all the more important as quality of teaching and learning can be affected by adverse conditions, which in turn, can be alarming for the country in this knowledge era. But situation within the school premises in school buildings located by the side of the busy and crowded main roads IN Kolkata municipal area is alarming. An attempt has been made to assess the levels of sound in different portions, e. g, class lecture rooms, library, laboratory, staircases, passages etc and hearing sensitivity of students of some of the schools located on main roads. The detailed findings will be discussed in the presentation.
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19.
Ergonomic Studies on Causes of Poor Productivity in Some Unorganized Sectors in West Bengal
Shankarashis Mukherjee, A Samanta, A M Chandra

Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta
Keywords: Occupational health, Unorganized sector, Productivity, Safety, West Bengal West Bengal has a population of 80.18 million, as per 2001 census; more than one-third constitute the working population. Only 0.94 million persons remained employed in about fourteen thousand registered factories, in 2007. Therefore the vast majority of workers are earning their livelihood from the unorganized sector, in virtual absence of any form of safety, health, welfare mechanisms. Foundries and handlooms are two such areas in the unorganized sector which have not only originated and developed in Bengal, but have been providing thousands of people an opportunity to earn their living and contributed significantly towards the economy of the state and earned a name for the quality of work as well. But things are not all well for both these traditional sectors. Despite having good market for their products, they are plagued with many common problems including poor productivity, besides some unique sector specific problem. In order to find out the reasons for poor productivity, an ergonomic study has been carried out on 327 foundry workers and 312 handloom weavers from the state of West Bengal. The detailed findings will be discussed in the presentation.
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20.
Comparative Study of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Training Programme in COPD
S. VENKATASUBRAMANIAM
M.P.T venkatvengal@yahoo.com. JKKM College of Physiotherapy, Komarapalayam 638 183, Tamil Nadu.
Back ground & Aim: To compare the effectiveness of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training programme in COPD. Method: From the literature search, support have been obtained for to compare the effectiveness of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training programme in reducing COPD. Result: of including 20 subjects, there were divided into inspiratory (A) and expiratory (B) group with 10 each. Following applications of muscle training, patient reported more improvement in inspiratory muscle training group than compare the expiratory muscle training group. According to the parameters. Mean different (13) [(A)25, (B) 12]. Conclusion: The study showed that the inspiratory muscle training was most effective than expiratory muscle training on exercise performance, perception of dyspnoea and pulmonary endurance. The 6 minute walk test. Modified Brog scale and maximum voluntary ventilation were effective parameters in the study or respiratory muscle training for COPD patients.
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II MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 21. Surveillance of Rotavirus Strains Circulating in Manipur, North-eastern India: Increasing Prevalence of Zoonotic Transmission
Anupam Mukherjee*, Ng. Brajachand Singh & Mamta ChawlaSarkar*

*. National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India. . Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.
Key words: Group A rotavirus; Interspecies transmission; Genotype G12P[6] The rotaviruses are the major cause of severe gastroenteritis and account for an estimated 100,000 deaths and 400,000 hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age in India. To date, 23 G and 31 P genotypes have been reported on the basis of differences of the outer capsid VP7 and VP4 encoding genes. North-Eastern states of India are geographically distinct with temperate weather compared to rest of the India. Few outbreaks were reported during the year 1979 to 1988 in Manipur with evidence of zoonotic transmission but systematic surveillance study was not done till date. To determine the frequency and type of rotavirus strains, samples were collected from children hospitalized with acute diarrhea at Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Manipur. The globally common genotypes G1P[8] and G2P[4] constituted 58% of the total positive strains, while 3% and 8% strains were of the emerging genotypes, G9P[6] and G12P[6]. G12 strains have been reported from Manipur for the first time. The G12 strains clustered with lineage III strains and had >98% identity with Bangladeshi, Thailand and USA strains. Few unusual G-P combinations like G4P[4], G4P[6], G10P[6] and G9P[19], along with some G-P non-typables were also found. G4 and G10 clustered with porcine and bovine strains, indicating zoonotic transmission. High frequency of rotavirus infection ( 50%) and predominance of the common strains G1P[8] and G2P[4] among children with acute diarrhea emphasizes the need for implementation of currently available vaccines to reduce the burden of rotavirus induced diarrhea in high risk regions of developing countries.
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22. Antibiotic Activity of Frog Bile
Aravind A Menona, Dr.Prakasa Rao.Jb & Dr Chiranjoy Mukhopadhyayc

a. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal b. Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal c. Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Correspondent Author: aravindamenon@gmail.com
Key Words: Antimicrobial, Disc diffusion method, frog bile, MRSA

Introduction
It has been proved that the skin of frogs is capable of producing antibiotic agents possibly through the generation of antimicrobial peptides. The unsanitary living conditions that the animal is exposed to, and the fact that the organism ingests its food as whole also adds to the presumption of the presence of an intrinsically produced antibiotic in its enteric or biliary secretions. The rationale behind the execution of this project is to investigate the occurrence of any similar antimicrobial agent in the frog bile. Material and Methods: Bile samples were collected and various dilutions were prepared.Various dilutions of bile salt free extract and also the original bile samples were then subjected to sensitivity testing against standard strains of E. coli, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using well-diffusion method. Three trials were conducted each involving bile samples of different dilutions.
Results
During the course of trials E.coli, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas exhibited resistance to the bile samples. However, Staphylococcus showed sensitivity. Furthermore it was found out that methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was sensitive but MRSA was resistant to the various bile preparations. However, the sensitivity displayed was much less than the standard laboratory antibiotics used in sensitivity testing.
Conclusion
E.coli and Enterococcus proved resistant as they are primarily part of the enteric flora and have probably grown resistant to bile and its constituent chemicals. Differential sensitivity exhibited by MSSA and MRSA casts a doubt
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on the established mechanism of resistance development in MRSA. Bile expresses its anti microbial action by amphipathic molecules which disintegrate the cell membrane.The presence of differential sensitivity may indicate the presence of a receptor based mechanism also involved in the antimicrobial activity of frog bile.
23. Diagnosis of Filarial Parasites
Gaurav Kaithwas1*, Udaya Pratap Singh1, Yadav Pankajkumar Subhaschandra1, Vikas Kumar1, Hans Raj Bhat1, Danish Ahmed1
Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University, Allahabad, India, 211009. Email: gauravpharm@gmail.com
Keywords: lymphatic filariasis (LF), Diagnosis The traditional method of diagnosing filarial infection is to examine blood or skin samples and for mocrofilariae and for many these is still the standard procedure. However, since the present global campaign to eliminate lymphatic filariasis new diagnostic tools like PCR, antigen detection using finger-prick blood taken and ultrasound to visualise adult worms. The last two can be applied in endemic countries with limited resources and enable the detection of endemic early infection. So the usefulness in different situations and the advantages and disadvantages of the various new tools for diagnosis of Lymphatic filariasis are discussed.
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24.
Antimicrobial Activity of Some of the Indian Spices Against Human Pathogens
D.D. Dhere, P.S. Solanki, D.D. Dhere & S.S. Kulkarni

Department of Biotechnology, Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya, Latur.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Crude extracts, Indian spices, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Proteus spp. The antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Indian Spices was tested against Human.
Pathogens
Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae ,Proteus spp. Most of Indian spices shown good antimicrobial activity against human pathogens.Hence, the spices can be used for food preservation in addition to flavouring agents. Results are discussed in full length.
25.
Growth Inhibitory Activity of Some Selected Medicinal Plants Against Bacteria Isolated from Dental Plaque: A Clinical Study
P.Koteswara Rao, Ch.Ravi kiran, D.Bhaskara Rao & T.Raghava Rao

Department of Biochemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (A.P.) Corresponding Author: Koti_au@yahoo.co.in
The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of thirty Indian medicinal plant methanolic extracts and nine essential oils were screened for antibacterial activity against medicinally important bacterial strains from dental plaque. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method. Among the thirty plants methanolic extracts screened thirteen plant
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extracts showed much antibacterial activity by zone of inhibition. Out of nine essential oils tested, all the essential oils showed antibacterial activity against one or more strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the thirty Indian medicinal plant extracts and nine essential oils against clinical isolates from oral infection were determined. Clove and Cinnamon oil showed promising inhibitory activity even at low concentration; whereas Mustered oil did not shown activity against the tested bacteria. The methanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera had potent antimicrobial activity at less than 15mg/ml concentrations. The solvent control of methanol and DMSO had no effect on microbial growth. From the MIC assays of thirty plant species, three plant species showed antibacterial activities even at minute quantities 15mg/ml to 50mg/ml concentration. Fifteen plant species did not show any inhibitory effects in one or other bacterial species. The largest zone of inhibition belongs to M. oleifera extract against B. circulans and E. coli in all the microbial studies. It is therefore suggested that the methanolic extracts and essential oils of the plants studied may serve as sources for chemotherapeutic agents for the management of orofacial infections.
26.
Scope of Vaccination Against Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV) Infection for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer
Dr.Nupur Nandy
Asstant Professor,Deptt Of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. K.P.C.Medical College & Hospital,Jadavpur. KOLKATA 32
Key words: Vaccination, HPV, Prevention, Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer is second most common female malignancy worldwide and a number one killer disease of women of India. The development of molecular biology technique has resulted in an understanding that 99.7% cervical cancers are associated with Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV) infection.
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Screening for identification HPV infection or precancerous lesions of cervix Is yet to be a successful programme in India. HPV vaccines are now widely available for the purpose of cervical cancer Prevention.The Quadrivalent Vaccine (Gardacil) and bivalent vaccine (Cerverix) have been approved for the purpose.The heavy burden of cervical cancer ,specially in resource challenged countries need to acknowledge that HPV vaccines to be promoted with great velocity.
27.
The Regulatory Effect of Quorum Sensing Cholera Autoinducer I (CAI-I) on Exopolysaccharide Expression in Vibrio cholerae Following FlagellumDependent Signal Transduction Pathway
Prithwiraj Mukherjee*, Smritikana Biswas & Chandradipa Ghosh

Microbiology Laboratory Department of Human Physiology with Community Health Vidyasagar University-721102 West Bengal, India
Quorum sensing, a cell density mediated signaling system is identified in bacteria including Vibrio cholerae that regulate several behavioral responses in bacteria through altering specific gene expression via a regulatory circuit. In a Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal isolate a flagellum-dependent signal transduction system has been reported that controls exopolysaccharide (EPS) expression, biofilm formation and virulence gene expression like elaboration of Cholera Toxin, Toxin Coregulated Pilus (TCP), the important virulence markers. This signal is reported to be transduced through sodiumdriven flagellar motor coupling with phosphorelation of VpsR and the pathway is independent of influence of HapR. To uncover the signaling pathway that links the cholera autoinducer-I (CAI-I) to EPS expression in this subset we introduced mutation in the gene encoding Cholera Autoinducer-I (cqsA) and flagellar core protein (flaA) in the Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal strain MO10. Lack of
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flagellar structure (MO10 lac-flaA) produced rugose colonies over the smooth colony wild type strain as reported which is non-motile, produces significantly greater biofilm. Whereas MO10 lac-cqsA has been observed to produce rugose colonies, remained motile and produced significantly greater biofilm than wild type. But a MO10 lac-flaAcqsA double mutant strain has been observed to produce smooth colonies, remained non-motile and produced lower biofilm than the rugose MO10 lac- cqsA strain but greater than wild type strain. From the results it appears that the quorum sensing autoinducer CAI-I is influencing the pathway at some point that apparently does not include the flagellar expression and motility.
28. Statistical Analysis of Incidence of Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults in an Urban Scenario
Rajyashree Sen, Anindita Das, Dipavali Acharya, Sreeja Ghosh, Ayan Chandra*
Department of Microbiology *Department of Statistics and Microbiology St. Xaviers College, Kolkata
In our study, we have tried to assess the frequency of incidence of respiratory tract infections in adults and other correlated factors compounding the occurrence of such diseases in our city, Kolkata. We have explored the most common Respiratory Tract Infections suffered from, the correlation between Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, the seasonal variation and frequency of the disease, the relationships between age and the type of disease, age and frequency of the disease-, the relationship between smoking and the disease suffering from. smoking and frequency of the disease and smoking and the seasonal variation of the disease. The Pearsonian Chi-Square test for independence has been chiefly applied as a tool for establishing the above relationships on the basis of a sample size of 68. The data were procured by circulating a questionnaire among, patients of different age groups with standard questions on the information we required. The investigation has revealed that the most common respiratory tract diseases suffered from are Chronic
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Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) and Bronchitis. Patients suffering from Upper Respiratory tract infections show greater susceptibility to Lower Respiratory tract infections as well. Seasonal variation of respiratory tract infections is infrequent although there is an increased incidence during the winter. The frequency of the diseases increases with age and the patients in the age group 60 70 and 70-80 suffer mainly from COPD while those have age less than 20, suffer primarily from Asthma. The frequency of these infections is more for smokers than for non-smokers. Non-smokers mainly suffer from Bronchitis and Asthma while the regular smokers Suffer mainly from COPD.
29.
Characterization of Virulence and Study of the Signal Transduction Pathway for Long Environmental Persistence in Certain Vibrio cholerae Environmental Isolates
Smritikana Biswas*, Swati Sen, Prithwiraj Mukharjee & Chandradipa Ghosh

Department of Human Physiology with Community Health Vidyasagar University Paschim Medinipur 721102, West Bengal
Key Words: Vibrio cholerae, Biofilm, Signal transduction, Virulence Vibrio cholerae, causing profuse watery diarrhoea in human forms threedimentional biofilm structure in aquatic environment which is an adaptive & protective advantage to the organism for its long persistence in the environmental reservoir. This study was carried out to understand and identify the potential for survival in nature of certain isolated Vibrio cholerae environmental strains through identifying biofilm formation ability as well the signal-transduction pathway that is involved in modulation of biofilm
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expression. Twenty one bacterial isolates were obtained from the water samples collected from ponds, water reservoirs of regions surrounding Midnapore town, southern part of West Bengal, India. Twelve (57.14%) were confirmed as Vibrio cholerae on the TCBS agar. In PCR assay only one isolate was found to be of O139 serogroup possessing virulence potential, but rests were non O1/non O139 and these Vibrio cholerae isolates were found to produce moderate to high biofilm in the biofilm formation assay. The isolated environmental strains were conjugated with SM10 pir containing pSH101 (Vibrio cholerae hapR in suicide plasmid) and pSH102 (Vibrio cholerae flaA in suicide plasmid), respectively for the identification of the signal transduction pathway controlling biofilm production and environmental persistence and the colony morphology of the resulting recombinant strains were observed to understand the already reported hapR mediated and/or flaA mediated signal transduction pathway to be involved in the biofilm expression and rugosity. But deletion in flaA and hapR in the most of the strains did not cause any change in their colony morphology. I is apaprent from the results that the present environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae those are mostly belonging to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup do not follow the HapR-mediated and/or flagella-mediated signal transduction pathway for regulation of Biofilm formation, probably these environmental isolates are under the control of some other yet unknown signal transduction pathway(s)
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30. Indian Medicinal, Antimycotic and Antibacterial Plants Oils Used for the Development of Inhaler, Mouthwash and Throat Paint for Patients Suffering from Fungal as well as Bacterial Respiratory Infection.
Sunita Bansod*1, Mahendra Rai2, V.S.Shembekar3, Y.Suryawanshi4 & R.S.Chawan5
1,3,4,5 Biotechnology division, RSM College Latur, India 2. Department of Biotechnology, Amravati University,Amravati India
Key words: Essential oil, Antifungal activity, Antibacterial activity, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Corynbacterium diptheriae, Streptococcus pneumoniae Oils extracted from fifteen medicinal plants were screened for their activity against A. fumigatus and A. niger by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oils (%v/v) against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Corynbacterium diptheriae done by agar dilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum cidal concentration (MCCs) data (%v/v) obtained by the broth micro dilution method. The results showed that the maximum antimycotic activity was demonstrated by oils of Cymbopogon martini, Eucalyptus globulus and Cinnamomum zylenicum as compared to control, followed by Cymbopogon citratus which showed activity similar to control (miconazole nitrate). The oils of Mentha spicata, Azadirachta indica, Eugenia caryophyllata, Withania somnifera and Zingiber officinale exhibited moderate activity. The oils of Cuminum cyminum, Allium sativum, Ocimum sanctum, Trachyspermum copticum,Foeniculum vulgare and Elettaria cardamomum demonstrated comparatively low activity against A. niger and A. fumigatus as compared to control. Mixed oils showed maximum activity as compared to standard. These results support the plant oils can be used to cure mycotic infections, bacterial infection and plant oils may have role as pharmaceutical and preservatives. Above oils are used to prepared the Inhaler, mouthwash and thoratpaint its gives a better result and without side effects.
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31.
Effect of Vitamin C on the Hypobaric Hypoxia Induced Immune Changes in Male Rats
A. R. Goswami, G. Dutta, S. Sahu, N. Mandal & T. K. Ghosh *

Dept. of Physiology, University College of Sciences and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata- 700 009,West Bengal, India
Key words: Hypobaric hypoxia, Vitamin C, LAI, Phagocytosis, DTH The hematological and immunological changes that occur in hypobaric hypoxia have been explained on the basis oxidative stress. In the present study antioxidant vitamin C has been used in rats exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxic condition to assess the role of vitamin C on the hypobaric hypoxia induced hematological and immunological changes. The study was conducted on different groups of rats: Control (C), hypobaric hypoxia (HH) exposed group, vitamin C-treated control (CV) group and hypobaric hypoxia exposed with vitamin C treated (HV) group. The rats were exposed to HH of 380 Torr (18,000 ft) in a simulated chamber for 8 hrs / day for consecutive 6 days and vitamin C was administered p.o. in 400 mg / kg body weight. The locomotor activity score was not changed in CV, HH and HV groups compared to control. The increase of TC of RBC, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume (PCV) after exposure to HH in rats was blocked by vitamin C at doses of 400 mg / kg body wt., while TC of WBC and DC of WBC remained unchanged in CV, HH and HV groups compared to control. Leukocytes adhesive inhibition index (LAI) was not changed in rats exposed to HH compared to control. When vitamin C was given at doses of 400 mg / kg body wt. in HH exposed rats LAI was increased compared to control and vitamin C-treated control rats. The phagocytic activity of WBC of blood measured by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) analysis, was increased in HH exposed rats. Administration of vitamin C at the dose of 400 mg / kg body wt. blocked the HH induced increased phagocytic activity of WBC of blood compared to control and vitamin C-treated control rats. There was reduction of delayed type of hypersensitive (DTH) reaction to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in HH exposed rats. But after administration of vitamin C (400 mg / kg body wt.) the DTH responses was not changed in HH exposed rats compared to control and vitamin C-treated control. Thus, it is found from this study that the HH induced
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immunesupression may be reverted by reducing oxidative stress in HH by the administration of vitamin C.
32.
Characterization of Urinary Tract Micro Flora in Urban Patients Suffering from Chronic Urinary Tract Infection
Arya Gupta*, Debayan Sarkar*, Amrita Mukherjee*, Ishita Mukherjee*, Titas Chakrabarti# & Dr. A. K. Mitra*
*. Department of Microbiology, St.Xaviers College, Kolkata-700016 #. R G Kar Medical College, Kolkata
Keywords: UTI, pathogens, Antibiotic Sensitivity, Dendogram, Genetic relatedness Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a very common disease observed in the female population of India and abroad. An exposition study was conducted to monitor the predominance of the most common microorganisms (pathogens) causing UTI in Kolkata and its suburbs by taking urine samples from female patients between the ages of 25 and 40. Altogether eight samples were collected from R.G Kar Medical College, Kolkata and were observed that E. coli (62.5%), Staphylococcus spp. (37.5%), Klebsiella spp. (37.5%), and Salmonella spp. (25%) were the organisms found to have caused UTI. The Kirby-Bauer Antibiotic Sensitivity Test yielded Linezolid to be the most effective antibiotic against this group of organisms with zone of inhibitions ranging from 27 to 40mm; followed by Ofloxacin (-26 mm), Amikacin (-22 mm) and Ciprofloxacin (-24mm). It was found that most of these pathogens were resistant to Ceftizidime (I 8mm) and Meropenem (-15mm). We have performed a TwoWay Analysis of Variance, taking Colony as one factor and Antibiotics as the other. Dendogram analysis gave the idea of genetic relatedness. The most related colonies were found to be E and F by map units of 0.8.
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33.
Production of -galactosidase from Bacillus Species and its Application in Lactose Hydrolysis
S.S.Komte, S.R.Surwase, S.Shringare, S.Bansode.

Department Of Biotechnology,RSM Latur-413 512,M.S
-galactocidase is one of the most important enzyme from commercial point of view of dairy industry. A mesophillic Bacillus isolate previously isolated from soil is studied in the present research work for the production of extracellular and intracellular -galactocidase enzyme. This Bacillus isolate gave typical growth curve with lag phase of 5 hours, log phase of 6-7 hours and stationary phase starting from 12-13hours of growth. Lactose broth was inoculated with 2% starter culture and incubated at 37 degree Celsius and 120 rpm. The samples at different time intervals were centrifuged and the supernatant was used to determined extracellular -galactocidase enzymatic activity by -galactocidase assay. For intracellular enzyme production, the culture was centrifuged, sonicated and again centrifuged and supernatant used for -galactocidase assay. The enzyme production was found to be independent of growth, reaching maximum 0.43 IU / ml for extracellular and 1.724IU/ml for intracellular - galactocidase enzyme. Lactose hydrolysis was performed by adding 2%lactose in crude -galactocidase enzyme (2.4unitsand1.824mg of protein) and glucose concentration was determined by GOD-GOP kit. Maximum efficiency for lactose hydrolysis leading to the formation of the product glucose was reached in 10hrs for extracellular and 32hrs for intracellular enzyme.
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34.
Study of the Hepatoprotective Role of Saccharomyces Boulardii on CC14 Induced Hepatic Damage
Debayan Sarkar, Pinky Mal, Saptarshi Sinha, Somesh Upadhyay, Sreeja Ghosh, Surajit Nandi & Dr. Kasturi Sarkar
Department of Microbiology, St. Xaviers College, Kolkata
Keywords: Saccharomyces boulardii; Probiotics; Hepatoprotective The probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii is known to have a number of beneficial effects on human health. In our study we tried to investigate the possible preventive role of S. boulardii against CC14 induced hepatotoxicity. Male swiss albino mice were used as animal model and divided into four groups. The first group was kept as normal control. The second group was the toxin control i.e. the mice got the hepatotoxin CCl4 only. The third and fourth group got S. boulardii at a dose of 1 gm/kg body weight once daily for 5 consecutive days with their food. On 6th day, the second and third group received CCl4 orally at a dose of I mg/kg body weight. The fourth group was S. boulardii control to find out the effect of the yeast alone on liver function. After 48hrs of CC14 administration, all the mice were sacrificed. The levels of the enzymes serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were estimated from blood serum. Liver sections were stained to study the histology of the livers of all experimental mice. Results showed elevated levels of SGPT, ALP and BUN in case of toxin control mice whereas their levels were considerably less and near to normal in the mice who had received S. boulardii prior to the toxin. These results indicating the preventive role of the yeast were further backed up by histopathological studies. The damages caused by CC14 were significantly less in the livers of S. boulardii pretreated mice compared to CC14 control mice liver. S. boulardii treatment alone had no significant effects on the enzyme levels as well as on liver histology. No significant change was observed in the level of creatinine. In conclusion, the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii is protective against CC14 induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. It helps to maintain the levels of different enzymes, cellular integrity and architecture against CC14 induced severe hepatotoxicity. However, more studies are needed to fully elucidate the role and the molecular mechanism of the yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii on liver function.
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35. Surveillance and Genomic Characterization of Novel Influenza Virus (swine H1N1) Strains Circulating in Eastern India
Mehuli Sarkar, Rakhi Dey, Anurodh S Agrawal, Anupam Mukherjee, Sekhar Chakrabarti & Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
Keywords: Novel Influenza Virus, Swine flu, Surveillance, Real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), Resistance Influenza pandemics occur when an influenza virus with a hemagglutinin (HA), against which there is little or no existing immunity, emerges in the human population and efficiently transmits from human-to-human resulting in worldwide spread of disease with high mortality. The 2009 flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1. This novel H1N1 was first identified in April 2009 in Mexico and the USA and due to presence of genes from swine influenza virus was named swine flu. However, the term swine flu is misnomer since the virus is reassortment of four known strains of influenza A virus: one endemic in humans, one endemic in birds, and two endemic in pigs.To understand the spread and the virus type infectiong in Eastern India, surveillance was done in patients reporting with severe respiratory symptoms with high fever in Eastern and North Eastern India. In the present study 1930 suspected nasal and throat swab were examined at the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata during July-October 2009. In brief, the viral RNA was isolated using Qiagen viral RNA kit from the throat and nasal swabs, followed by real time PCR based detection using specific primers recommended by CDC, USA and WHO. All samples were tested for swine influenza A specific gene (Nucleoprotein), swine influenza H1 gene and internal control RNAse P. Out of 1930 samples, 145 were positive for novel H1N1 virus infection. Most of the positive cases had history of some contact with travelers or had travel history to regions of epidemic. No correlation was observed with infection versus sex of patient, though maximum positive cases were from patients between 8 yrs to 18 yrs. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed similarity to strains reported from USA and Europe. The study has established presence of novel H1N1 in community in Eastern India.
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36.
Antimicrobial Activity of VermiwashA Potential Biopesticide
R.N.Tayde, N.M.Nimkarde, V.C. Hingane, M.A.Dhotre, D.D.Dhere & V.S. Shembekar

Key words: Vermiwash, Antimicrobial activity A preliminary study was carried out using simple laboratory techniques to study antimicrobial activity of vermiwash on selected soil borne bacterial and fungal pathogens. Since this test was the first of its kind, testing procedure was standardized using different concentration of vermiwash, following different methods. The experiments were based on the principle of agar diffusion, turbidity development. Similarly effect of vermiwash on germination rate of plant was studied. The experiment involved the recording of inhibition zones formed by vermiwash, amount of turbidity and increased germination rate in plants. The results showed that the vermiwash had both antibacterial and antifungal activities by forming total inhibition zones, The study has proved that earthworm extracts can be effectively used for suppression of soil borne pathogens and that it can evolve as potential biopesticide.
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37.
Immunomodulatory Role of Ocimum Gratissimum Linn and Eugenol in Th1-Th2 Cytokine Regulation in Nicotine-Induced Murine Peritoneal Macrophage
Santanu Kar Mahapatra1, Surajit Bhattyachaya2, Subhankari Prasad Chakraborty1, Subrata Majumdar2, Somenath Roy1*
1. Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102. 2. Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata-700054
Key words: Peritoneal macrophage, Nicotine, Ocimum gratissimum, Reactive oxygen species, Nitric oxide, Th1-Th2 cytokine. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the immunomodularory role of O. gratissimum in nicotine-induced murine macrophages especially on Th1Th2 cytokines regulation. Aqueous extract (AE) and eugenol were prepared from O. gratissimum and characterized by HPLC, FTIR, 1HNMR, and biochemical assays. The cytotoxic effect of AE and eugenol was studied in murine peritoneal macrophages at various concentrations (0.1 to 50 g/ml) using the MTT method. ROS generation, nitric oxide (NO) generation, Th1 cytokines (TNF- , IL-12) and Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-) release as well as expression were assessed to establish the immunomodulatory role of AE and eugenol. Aqueous extract of O. gratissimum and eugenol at the dose of 10.0 g/ml and 15.0 g/ml respectively showed less cytotoxicity to the normal macrophages and simultaneously reduced the nicotine-induced ROS and NO generation as well as iNOS2 expression. AE-Og and eugenol down regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- and IL-12) with concomitant up regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF- and IL-10) in nicotine treated macrophages. These findings strongly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanism leading to nicotine induced alteration of immune response and provide additional rationale for application of anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches by AE and eugenol for different inflammatory diseases prevention and treatment during nicotine toxicity.
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38.
Antibiotic Emergence Pattern of Isolated Staphylococcus Aureus Strains
Subhankari Prasad Chakraborty, Santanu Kar Mahapatra, Sourav Chattopadhyay, Manjushri Bal, Somenath Roy*
*
Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, INDIA, Email: somenathroy@hotmail.com
Key-words: Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Disc agar diffusion.
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive bacterium. It causes musculoskeletal infection, respiratory tract infection, and endocarditis and skin infection. More than 90% of staphylococcus strains are resistant to penicillin. This study was to examine the antibiotic emergence pattern of clinically isolated S. aureus strains against penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, gentamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycine, chloramphenicol, norfloxacine, methicillin and vancomycin. Experiments were carried out with nutrient agar, Mullar Hington broth, and Luria broth. Antibiogram, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, Disc agar diffusion, antibiotic screening agar test of all isolated strains were performed From our study it was suggested that 40% strains were resistant to vancomycin.
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III CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
39.
Epidemiological Survey, Isolation and Identification of MRSA in Four Districts of Tamilnadu, India
Ganesh Manikandan S1*, Lakshminarasimhan C2, Thajuddin N3, Saravanan R4

1. V.M.K.V. Engineering College, VMU, Salem, Tamilnadu-636 308. 2. PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu-613 403. 3. Bharathidasan University, Thiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu-620 024. 4. BMERF, Salem, Tamilnadu-636 124. * Author for Correspondance; E mail: biotech27@gmail.com
KEY WORDS:
Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant S. aureus, WHO, NCCLS
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Up to now one of the most serious aspects as far as treatment of S. aureus infections is concerned is resistance to methicillin, which in clinical terms indicates resistance to all -lactam antibiotics. The growing incidence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections worldwide, their multidrug resistance, several reservoirs of resistant strains, and the facility to spread also outside hospitals and to cause outbreaks requires efficacious infection control measures. For this reason microbiological and epidemiological studies are of crucial importance. Clinical samples were collected from various hospitals and clinical laboratories in Madurai, Trichirappalli, Salem and Vellore districts of Tamil Nadu. The samples were carefully collected and handled with WHO procedure. S. aureus were identified using with standard biochemical and microbiological technique. Antibiotic assay was done with NCCLS procedure. Chi Square analysis statistical tool was followed for the calculation of MRSA prevalence.
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40.
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women of Asian Indian Origin: Santiniketan Women Study
Minakshi Bhagat & Arnab Ghosh

Biomedical Research Laboratory Department of Anthropology Palli Charcha Kendra Visva Bharati University Sriniketan 731 236, West Bengal Email: arnab_cu@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Ageing, Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, CVD, Asian Indians The present cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate prevalence of high total cholesterol, high triglyceride, high blood pressure and obesity in women of Asian Indian Origin. A total of 214 healthy women aged 25 to 65 years took part in the study. A random sampling procedure using a local voters registration list was followed to select the subjects. All subjects were belong to Bengalee population and were inhabitants of the Bolpur-Santiniketan area, West Bengal. Anthropometric measures namely height, weight, minimum waist circumference (MWC) etc., were collected using standard techniques. Percentages of body fat (%BF) and body mass index (BMI) were obtained using an Omron body fat analyser. Left arm systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure was taken from participants. Metabolic profiles namely total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG). All subjects were categorized into three groups Group I (age 25-34 years), Group II (age 35-44 years) and Group III (age 45+ years). One way ANOVA revealed that there was significant group difference for age, WHR, %BF, PBF: BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, VLDL-C across the groups. Chi-square test revealed significant group difference for the prevalence of CVD risk factor such as high TC, high TG, high BP and high BMI across the age groups and warranted prevention as early as menopause.
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41.
Role of a Non-CFTR Chloride Channel in Intestinal Epithelial Chloride Secretion: Implication in Diarrhea and Digestive Diseases
Kazi Mirajul Hoque, Owen M. Woodward, Sandra E. Guggino & C. Ming Tse
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD-21205, USA
Key words: cAMP/Epac/Cl- channel/Diarrhea The cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) is the major Cl- channel found in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates and opens CFTR. Therefore, most studies on intestinal Cl- secretion have focused on PKA as the downstream target of cAMP. Two major intracellular cAMP receptors are now known to mediate cAMP effects in vivo: the classical cAMP dependent PKA pathway and the recently discovered Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). Epac upon binding of cAMP, activates PKA-independent signaling cascades via small G proteins. We tested the hypothesis that Epac are involved in cAMP-stimulated Cl- secretion. Human intestinal T84 cells and mouse small intestine were used for short circuit current (Isc) measurement in response to agonist stimulated Cl- secretion. The Epac activator, 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP (50 M), elevated [Ca 2+]i, activated Rap2 protein and induced Cl- secretion in intact and basolateral membrane permeabilized T84 cells and mouse ileal sheets. These effects of 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP were completely abolished by BAPTA-AM, but not by H89. In contrast, T84 cells with silenced Epac1 protein had reduced Isc response to FSK and this response was completely inhibited by H89 but not by the phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122 and BAPTA-AM. The stimulatory effect of 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP on Cl- secretion was not abolished by the CFTRinhi-172 or glibenclamide, implicating that CFTR channels are not involved. This was confirmed by lack of effect of 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP on whole cell patch clamp recording of CFTR current in CHO cells transiently expressing the human CFTR channel. Furthermore, biophysical characterization of the Epac1-dependent Cl- conductance in Ussing chambers
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suggests that Epac mediated chloride conductance was hyperpolarizationactivated, inward rectifying, and displays a Cl->Br->I- permeability sequence. ClC2, CFTR and other calcium-activated chloride channels all share some biophysical characteristics in common the Epac stimulated chloride conductance but their differences are fundamental enough to conclude that the Epac mediated Cl- current may be carried by a previously undescribed Clchannel. These results lead us to conclude that the Epac-Rap-PLC-[Ca2+]i signaling pathway is involved in cAMP-stimulated Cl- secretion through nonCFTR Cl- channel.
42.
The PRUJ-Plasty for the Lost Elbow: The Proximal Radio-ulnar Joint Utilized to Replace the Ulno-humeral Joint.
Dr. Odathurai Paramasivan FRCS

Prof. Derek Younge FRCS Dr Rajeev Pant FRCS Dr. Herjeet Singh FRCS Dr. Imran Ilyas FRCS King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust
Key word: Biological Elbow Joint, PRUJ Plasty, Resection of the distal humerus for benign or malignant tumor is rare, but loss of the ulno-humeral joint is common after trauma or infection. The loss of the elbow joint presents a difficult reconstruction problem for a young patient. We present a new biologic salvage procedure devised to restore functional elbow joint when the ulno-humeral joint is destroyed. The proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ) is a relatively expendable joint, as radial head excision for fracture is known to leave an acceptable deficit. We have devised a simple technique to turn the PRUJ as a block to replace the elbow joint.
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43.
Prevalence of Leukemia with Age and Sex-wise Distribution.
Radha Rathee*, Dr. Minakshi Vashist**, Dr. Sunita Singh^, Dr.Sumiti Gupta^.
*. Ph.D Student, **. Reader, Department of Genetics, M.D. University Rohtak, Haryana (India). Department of Pathology, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak, Haryana (India).
Key words: Leukemia, Hematological malignancy, Leukocytes, Acute & Chronic leukemia. Leukemia is the cancer of blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells (leukocytes). It is divided into two categories i.e. myelogenous or lymphocytic, each of which can be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia is rapid],, progressing disease that results in the accumulation of immature functionless cells in bone marrow whereas chronic leukemia progresses more slowly and allows greater number of mature and functional cells. Leukemia represents 31 % of all cancer cases occurring among children younger than 15 years of age and 25% of cancer in younger than 20 years of age. In India, leukemia account for 35-40 % of all cancer. In present study patients with suspected or confirmed hematological malignancies were categorized in to four types of leukemia i.e. chronic myelogenous, acute myelogenous, chronic lymphocytic & acute lymphocytic leukemia for the year 2008-09. Frequency of CAL, AML, CLL and ALL were 22.89%, 30.12%, 9.63% and 37.34% respectively. Leukemia was more frequent in males (61.44%) than in females (38.53%). There were 62.90% cases of ALL & 20% cases of AML under the age of twenty years.
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44.
External Application of High Frequency Electrical Stimulation for the Treatment of Gastroparesis:- A Pilot Study
S. Venkatasubramaniam, M.P.T
JKKM College of Physiotherapy, Komarapalayam 638 183, Tamil Nadu. Email:venkatvengai@yahoo.com
Back ground and Aim: To find out effects of external application of electrical stimulation for gastroparesis. Method: From the literature search, support have been obtained for the mechanism of external application of gastric electrical stimulation in reducing the paresis and enhancing the gastric emptying. Result: of 9 included subjects, 8 locked control and only one was blinded. Following external application GES, patient reported improvement in the gastroparesis cardinal symptom Index. Following GES: improvement in symptoms total symptoms severities score (mean different, 5.3) [16.38,11 ].
45.
High Resolution Ultrasonography of Nerves A New Screening Tool in Suspected Cases of Pure Neuritic Leprosy
Dr Praveenchandra Reddy - Radiologist, Dr M K Sharma - Dermatologist, Dr N R Haldar - Neurologist, Dr Shyamasri Mitra - Pathologist.
Mitras Clinic, Hakimpara, Siliguri, West Bengal - 734 001 Praveenreddvl969ra,vahoo.com
KEY WORDS: High resolution Ultrasound examination of nerves, Pure Neuritic Leprosy (PNL), Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), Nerve conduction studies
Objectives
To assess high resolution Ultrasound examination of peripheral nerves by analyzing and comparing with Ultrasound guided Fine Needle Aspiration
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Cytology and nerve conduction studies in suspected cases of Pure Neuritic Leprosy.
Material & Methods
From Jan 2004 to June 2009, 1172 suspected cases of Pure Neuritic Leprosy were screened by High Resolution Ultrasonography. All the cases underwent Nerve conduction studies. USG guided FNAC was done on all Ultrasonographically hypoechoic nerves.
Results
71 %cases showed diffuse hypoechogenicity of nerves. 89% hypoechoic nerves showed Neuritis and 37.5% showed AFB in USG guided FNAC evaluation. The nerve conduction studies showed 100%positive tracing in all hypoechoic nerves.
Conclusion
High Resolution Ultasonography of nerves proves an effective new screening tool in picking Pure Neuritic Leprosy cases. Thus a new step forward in elimination of Leprosy.
46.
Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Activities in Hypertensive Subjects of Different Age Groups.
Sauganth Paul M V
Research Scholar_ School of Bioscience Mahatma Gandhi University. Kottayam . Kerala. India.
Dr.R.Harikumaran Nair
Lecturer School of Bioscience Mahatma Gandhi University. Kottayam . Kerala. India.
Dr. Shankar Shashtidhar

Reader. Azizia medical college. Miyaannor. Kollam. Kerala, India.
Key words: Hypertension, Lipid peroxidation, Antioxidants Hypertension is a multifactorial process, prevalent in developed as well as in develeloping countries. Different anti oxidants and free radicals play an important role in hypertension. For this study a total of 48 subjects in three
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different age groups were selected and were divided into 2 different categories such as normal and hypertensive depending upon the blood pressure level. Thelevel of lipid peroxidation byproducts such as MDC and DC were significantly higher as both blood pressure and age increases. The antioxidant, status was examined in hypertension by estimating the activity of SOD and CAT. Thcsc enzymes were decreased in hypertensive subjects and it was found that the SOD Icvc] was decreasing and CAT level was increasing as age increases. Glutathione dependent enzymes such as GR, GST and GSH-Px regulates the GSH level in hypertensive subjects.
IV HOMEOPATHIC, AYURVEDIC & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 47. Gallbladder Cancer and HYD Treatment
Acharya Shankar, Pradhan Ashoke Kumar, Ghosal Kajal, Saha Ambuj Kanti.
Institute of HYDT Research & Education
In the modern civilization Gallbladder Cancer is one of the commonest form of diseases in the world and a burning problem to the medical personnel. Modern high living, spicy, rich, foods, alcoholic drinks and lack of water intake are the most common cause Gallbladder disease and if not treated in time lead to Gallbladder Cancer. Gallbladder Cancer is a disease of the elderly persons of both sexes. In modern system of treatment only surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the only ways of treatment which are not only costly but also present with many complications. On the contrary, Homoeopathy, Yoga and Diet Therapy has a great role to treat without any side effects of medicine by using similimum, single, potentised medicine in minimum quantity. This will enlighten signs and symptoms, diagnosis and homoeopathic therapeutics in Gallbladder Cancer. This paper will present the cases of Gallbladder Cancer treated with Homoeopathic medicine, Yoga and dietary advice at Institute of HYDT Research and Education.
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48.
Sequel of a Case of Neck Gland Tumour
Prof. (Dr.) Basudeb Gangopadhyay

Hony. M.O. of Naihati Welfare Society Ex-Hony. M.O. of Halishar A.B.S. Math & Sectional Committee Member of Medical & Veterinary Section for 2000-2001 of ISCA (India)
Introduction
A business man named Sri Parimal Paul aged 48 years was suffering from gland tumour right lateral side of neck and its size and shape was about the betel-nut type.
Present Complain
On palpation, the neck gland tumour full hard and tender. Habitual constipation with hard stool along with inaffectual urging and constipation when away from home. Urine light yellowish, sometimes red, occasionally jarking during micturation. Thirst Normal, Desires Warm Drinks, sweats mainly in the night, smells like onion, hunger one, desires for sweets, very sleepy after eating. Excessive accumulation of flatus, heart burn, water brush, 4 to 8 p.m., fear to left along, look older than he is, every trouble get by warm food and drinks.
Past History
Pox, Measles, Typhoid, Suppressed from eruptions, Scabies and Applied Ointments.
Family History Mother
Mattrorrhagia with story of cholera like symptoms.

Father
Suffered from diabities, piles and asthma.

Grand Mother
Typhoid fever, breast tumour.

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Maternal Grand Mother Diabities and liver trouble. Maternal Grand Father Jaundise and Hernia.
Prognosis & Treatment :
Lycopodium 10M - 1 dose on 25.08.2008 Rubrum - 15 doses on 28.08.2008 Rubrum - 15 doses on 15.09.2008 Lycopodium 10M - one dose on 02. 10.08 Rubrum - 30 doses on 17.10.08
Conclusion
Finally Dr. Gangopadhyay suggested that Lycopodium is the best medicine for the treatment of neck gland tumour.
49.
Holistic and Body-friendly Effects of Acupuncture Needling in Body in the Light of Modern Science
MrigendranathGantait,
M.B.B.S. (Cal), Post-graduate Certificate-in-Acupuncture (China)
Director, Dr. B.K. Basu Memorial Research & Training Institute of Acupuncture (Government of West Bengal), 188/87 Prince Anwar Shah Road, Kolkata 700045
Acupuncture needling is done in many diseases to get relief from symptoms and signs of diseases. Without any medicine applied how acupuncture acts is a very common question faced by acupuncturists. Plenty of researches are being done all over world to see what effects are produced by acupuncture. The main effects can be summarized as 1. Analgesic effect. It has been observed that nerve and humoral pathways are responsible for such action. 2. Sedative effect. Acupuncture increases release of gama amino bytyric acid (GABA) which induces sedative effect. Sedative effect also potentiates analgesic effect. 3. Regulatory effect. Acupuncture needling tries to maintain bodys internal balance mechanism (milieu interior).
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4. 5.
6.
Immunity effect. Acupuncture can raise both cellular and humoral immunity. Anti-inflammatory effect. It has been found that after acupuncture therapy in osteoarthritis patients the superoxide dismutase (an antioxidant enzyme) activity decreased. Vasodilation .Clinically it has been seen that acupuncture needling can heal gangrene of ischaemic limbs e.g. Buergers and Raynauds disease.
Effects of acupuncture needling occur in body through bodys own mechanism of Nerve-Endocrine-Immune (NEI) network. As bodys own mechanism works, there happen no adverse side-effects due to acupuncture needling. Besides, bodys internal balance mechanism tries to overcome hypo or hyper activity of system. It leads to bi-directional variation of effects of acupuncture needling in therapeutics.
50.
Colo-Rectal Cancer and HomoeopathyYoga-Diet Technique
Khara Mihir, Pradhan Ashoke Kumar Pradhan Amalendu, Ghosal Kajal

Colo-Rectal cancer is the second leading cause of death due to malignancy in the United States. This cancer is treatable and often curable disease when it is localized and diagnosed early. But when it spreads through the bowel wall to the lymph nodes or nearby organs, the chances for cure are reduced. Colo-Rectal cancers represent an important public health problem, especially in the West. Between cancers of the colon and rectum, there are many overlapping issues such as risk factors, diagnosis and certain components of therapy. Treatment in Homoeopathy is based on natures law of cure Similia, similibus and curantur to treat Colo-Rectal cancer patients in a harmless way without any medicinal side effects.
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This paper will present the cases of patients of Colo-Rectal cancer treated with Homoeopathic medicine, Yoga and dietary advice at Institute of HYDT Research and Education. This will also enlighten the patients regarding signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and its homoeopathic therapeutics including dietary advice and preventive measures.
51.
Homoeopathic Treatment in Leukemia: A Documentary Evidence
Mahato Shibaprasad, Pradhan Ashoke Kumar, Pradhan Amalendu, Ghosal Kajal

Leukemia is the most common type of cancer in childhood, and about fourfifths of childhood leukemia is of the ALL type (most of the rest is of the acute myeloid type). The peak incidence is at about three or four years of age. A routine blood test may indicate that ALL is a possibility, but the definite diagnosis is made by taking a sample of bone marrow. A patient was diagnosed and receiving conventional treatment for one year due to side effect of the treatment and high cost of treatment she refused the conventional treatment and undergone HYD treatment in the Institute of HYDT Research and Education. This paper will present a successful treated case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Homoeopathic Medicine, Yoga and Diet Treatment who is leading a normal life more than ten years having no sign and symptoms of Leukemia.
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52.
Blumea Odorata Q (Mother Tincture) is a Good Remedy of Haemorrhoids.
Dr.N.C.Ghatak.D.M.S.(CAL)
30,Dey Street, Shivam Apartment, Flat No-206, P.O. Shrirampur, Dist- Hooghly, West Bengal-712201. Email: ncghatak30@hotmail.com
Key words:
Blumea Odorata, Mother Tincture, Haemorrhoids, Piles, Pharmacognosy
For the cure of Piles the mother Tincture is used with water. It is used for more or less two months time. Blumea Odorata- In Bengali it is called as Cooksima. It is born in some sort of unused lands of India. It looks like a Tamak leaf. Mother tincture(Q) is produced from the leaf of the Blumea tree. It is vasoconstrictor. In case of cutting anywhere, applying the Q of this Tree leaf bleeding & pain can be stopped. It is used in bleeding Piles, to stop the bleeding of abortion, incase of bleeding dysentery it is also a good remedy. About 22 species are there. Blumea Odorata is one of them. The Family-Asteraceae; & SpeciesCompositae. Haemorrhoids or Piles.-Haemorrhoid- In Greek language Hem means blood & Oid means like. It means a mass of dilated tortuous veins in the anorectum area, involving the venous plexuses of that area. These are of two types-External & Internal. External- Those involving veins distal to the anorectal line. Dilatation of external venous Plexus. Internal-Those involving veins proximal to the anorectal line. Protrusion of the internal Haemorrhoid through the anus. It is dilatation of the internal venous plexus inside the anal Canal & due to enlargement of this plexus it is displaced outside the anal canal. Clinical features-Internal piles- Painless & fresh bleeding. External piles- Bleeding is painful & soreness in the anal area. Causes-A- Hereditary factors-congenital weakness of the sub rectal venous wall.
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53.
Cancer Treatment in HomoeopathyYoga-Diet Therapy - A Statistical Analysis
Pradhan Ashoke Kumar, Pradhan Amalendu, Ghosal Kajal, Paul Dhirendra Nath
Cancer is now the second leading cause of death and is a challenge to the nation and as well as all oncologists and surgeons. To meet this burning problem, Homoeopathy has a great role to combat against cancer in a gentle, harmless and economically viable way. In Homoeopathy, we treat the patient and not the disease itself, based on Similia Similibus Curantur and in an individualized, constitutional, miasmatic, holistic approach considering the totality of symptoms comprising the disease symptoms, family history, past history, personal history and mental symptoms of the individual cancer patient. The purpose of this presentation is to search and review the related homoeopathic medicines to treat the common cancers along with dietary regimen and exercises. In this presentation, the investigator would like to enlighten the efficacy of homoeopathic treatment in cancer patients before and after chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. It will also provide a guideline on homoeopathic remedies with - a statistical analysis.
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54.
Clinical Studies of Iron Based Ayurvedic Drug -Lohabhasma
RupaliLad, ShivajiTakale, B.A.Kulkarni2 D.G.Kanse2, R.W.Jawlel, R.D.Kankarial

B.J.S. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Wagholi Pune. Department of Chemistry, Y.M. College, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune-038
Key words: Lohabhasma, Ayurvedic drug, Clinical studies Lohabhasma is an iron-based ayurvedic drug used all over India since ancient times. According to ayurved, it is a supreme drug belonging to the class of rasayana. Therefore, apart from increasing haemoglobin level, its medicinal spectrum is much broad and it is claimed to be effective on large number of complaints and diseases. To test the validity of these claims, a clinical study of two samples of lohabhasma, one synthesized by the use of cow-urine and the other by trifala extract, was carried out under the supervision of expert physicians from Pune. Patients of all ages, both -pale and female, suffering from different ailments and diseases were selected. The results and conclusions of this study will be presented through this communication.
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55.
A case of Complete RECTAL PROLAPSE in a Child Efficiently Corrected with Homoeopathic Medicine
Dr. Sushen Kumar Mandal

Asstt. Professor & Dept. in-charge Organon of Medicine Midnapore Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital (Govt. of W.B)
Key words: Rectal prolapse, Homoeopathic, Psychic trauma, Somatic condition, Master SB aged 3 years 6 months had been suffering from reducible complete rectal porlapse for more than 5 months. He was advised for surgical operation in a hospital. His parents did not take the suggestion. The child was being treated to a Homoeopath for 3 months without results. His parents with the child visited Midnapore Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital outdoor (Reg. No. 20782) dated 05/09/09 and on consultation he was prescribed with Podophyllum peltatum 30 without any effect. But after careful enquiry and anamnesis Ignatia amara 200 was prescribed giving more emphasis on the mental symptoms of the mother suffered during her pregnancy particularly anxiety, tension and grief. These have produced a stunning effect on the psychological plane of the expectant mother which has been transmitted into the child in utero. Therefore a psychic trauma may lead to the development of a somatic condition like complete rectal prolapse in the child. With this prescription the child get cured within very short period and the surgical intervention was averted.
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56.
Sphere of Homeopathic Medicines in the Treatment of Haemoptysis
Udayan Kumar DE
Medical officer, M.B. Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
Key words : Haemoptysis, Homeopathic treatment, CT S.D. 37/M/H suffering from haemoptysis diagnosed: Right sided Fibrocavitary disease- cause post-tuberculosis sequelae. Patient came on March09 with too much (one cup a day) haemoptysis for last 10 days. Blackishred colour of the blood with constipation, anorexia and H/O T.B. Bacillinum 2C/2, 2 hourly and Ars. Iod. 3x, 2 grains T.D.S. from 10/03/09, was given. Haemoptysis and cough gradually lessens. Haemoptysis recurs on 01 /06/09 and given Ars. lod. 3x, 4 grains T.D.S. Haemoptysis again recurs on 04/07/09 but less than before. Then Carcinocin I M/2 O.D. on 06/07/09 followed by Ars. Iod. 3x 2 grains T.D.S. given. No haemoptysis up to this date and he felt better, with increase of weight etc.
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57.
Scientific Methodology to Validate Traditional Claims of Herbals: PTY- A New Formulation from Pueraria Tuberosa to Prevent Nephrotoxicity
Prof Yamini Bhusan Tripathi, Santosh Nagwani & Nidhi Pandey

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India, yaminiok@yahoo.com
Key Word : Herbal drug standardization, Nephro-protective, Pueraria tuberosa Herbal preparations are clinically used as CAM medicine. Previously single phytochemicals were isolated, synthesized and added to list of allopathic drugs, but again consumers are tilting to use herbal preparations to avoid side effects. However, in paucity of scientific data about their efficacy, safety, purity and doses form, people are hesitant in taking such traditional preparations. Although, Govt of India is releasing huge funds for research on such topics, but because of lack of knowledge about the basic concepts and bad collaboration between experts of these systems and modern scientists, the research is moving in wrong direction. The scientists have forgotten the difference in herbal medicine and ayurvedic medicine and testing herbal, bhasma and animal products on one system, which results to wrong inferences. The entire research methodology needs a re-look. Here we have developed a standard herbal formulation (PTY, patented India-2751/DEL/2008 dated-04.12.2008), of Pueraria tuberose, to prevent cumulative nephrotoxicity. It was finger printed through chromatographic and phytochemical tools, tested for its pre-clinical toxicity and compared the therapeutic index with traditional formulation. PTY significantly prevented proteinuria in rats, bearing streptozotocin-induced chronic diabetes. It improved the renal function, antioxidant status and histological changes in rats treated with cisplatin. In my view, a holistic approach should be adopted to develop newer herbal formulations, which is acceptable to world as food supplement. It will enhance our export share, which is less than 2%, improve the national economy and save the world with age related-chronic diseases, for which allopathic system have limitations.
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58.
Sphere of Homeopathic Medicines in the Treatment of Pleural Effusion
Udayan Kumar DE
Medical officer, M.B. Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
Key words : Pleural effusion, Homeopathic Medicine, X ray S.M. 54/M/H was suffering from chest pain, breathing distress and diagnosed as right sided pleural effusion and the fluid was tapped out then took Allopathic medicines(Anti-Tubercular Medicine) but got no relief . Xray on 21-03-08 shows loss of lung volume of right lung with opacity in Right mid and lower zone. No Kochs or Malignancy found in pleural fluid. I started with Ars Iod 3x and patient getting improved. X-ray on 01-07-09 shows starry opacity in right upper zone only. Then I prescribed Psorinum 2C/ 3 B.D. followed Ars Iod 3x. Then Tuberculinum I M/3 B.D. Ultimately patient was free from all sorts of troubles and x-ray shows nothing abnormality was detected.
59.
Breast Cancer and Its HYD Therapy
Swarna Kar Bharati, Ghosal Kajal, Pradhan Ashoke Kumar, Pradhan Amalendu
The cancer of breast in women is a burning problem in the modern and civilized societies all over the world. Late marriage, abstinence from breast feeding to the babies are some of the common causes of breast carcinoma. though it is common in elderly women, more and more young ladies are affected by this fatal disease. The conventional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, radio therapy and biological therapy are associated with limitations of treatment acceptance, biological reactions along with numerous side effects and economical viability.
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On the contrary, homoeopathy is a rational art of healing based on the natural law of cure Similia, Similibus, Curantur, i.e., like cure like in the field of medicine, introduced by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in 1790, thus imparting a great role in meeting this burning problem in a gentle, harmless and economically viable way. In homoeopathy, the patient is treated in a individualized, constitutional, miasmatic, holistic approach considering the totality of the symptoms, family and personal history of cancer patient. The paper will enlighten the women regarding pre-disposing factors, signs and symptoms, early diagnosis, self examination of breast, clinical and pathological investigations, invasion-grade and metastasis and prognosis of the breast cancer patient along with homoeopathic therapeutics.
60.
Homeopathic Medicines- Cina Enriched Sericulture without Disturbing Biosphere.
Dr. Subhas Chandra Datta,

Eco-club Research Unit, Kanchannagar D.N.Das High School, Kanchannagar, Burdwan-713102, West Bengal, India.
KEY WORDS: Homeopathic medicines, Root-knot disease, Mulberry, Silkworm, Silk, Sericulture. ABSTRACT Root-knot disease of mulberry, caused by the root-knot nematode, has important economic implications for sericulture. In a field and silkworm rearing trial for the homeopathic medicines, Cina (MT,200C & 1000C) globules, prepared from the flowering meristems of Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp, were applied by foliar spray on naturally infected with root-knot disease. All Cina-treated plants showed better growth in all respect and significantly reduced root-knot disease. Silkworm larvae feeding on the leaves of Cina- treated plants showed improved growth, increased silk production and effective rate of rearing with zero mortality rate. This trial, commercially increased silk production without disturbing biosphere.
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61.
Antidiabetic Property of Diabetomed, a Polyherbal Formulation from Ayurvedic Literature
Dr Pratibha Tripathi, Deepshikha Tripathi, Nidhi Pandey & Dr Manoj K Bhatta, JK Chaurasia
R and D centre (SIRO), Prof SN Tripathi Memorial Foundation, 1 Gandhi Nagar, Naria, Varanasi-5 and a NCCS, university of Pune campus, Ganesh Khand, Pune-411007, pratibhaybt30@tahoo.com
Key Word : Diabetes, Poly herbal, Diabetomed, NIDDM Diabetomed is a polyherbal formulation, based on ayurvedic literature. It is already in clinical use for maintenance of hyperglycemia, but it has been observed by the clinicians that diabetomed is very effective in early diagnosed cases of diabetes but it has less effect on chronic diabetics. Diabetomed consists of water extract of Vijayasar (P. marsupium), Pushkarmool (I. racemosa), Jambu Beej (E. jumbolana), Tejpatra (C. tamala), Shudha Shilajeet, Guggulu (C. mukul), Amrita (T. cardifolia) and Mandur Bhasma. It is marketed and in clinical use for more than 25 years. We tested this formulation in STZ induced diabetes and found that it is showing hypoglycemic effect only up to 15 days old STZ injection and after that it is not showing any hypoglycemic effect. Further, similar effect was also observed with tolbutamide, a drug of sulfonyl urea group and metformine. However, in late condition, these rats responded with insulin injection only. Thus it could be suggested that diabetomed is only effective in conditions of NIDDM and not in IDDM, which is attained in chronic case of STZ injection. Further it was found that when it is given along with Insulin injection in IDDM condition, it enhances the efficacy of insulin, which suggests that diabetomed is synergistic to insulin injection but not with any other drug in IDDM condition. In vitro study with CHO-HIRcmycGLUT4eGFP cells for glucose uptake pattern it was found that diabetomed mainly works as a INSULIN SECRETAGOGUE and shows inability to translocate GLUT-4 receptors.
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62.
Homoeopathy in Lung Cancer
Pradhan Amalendu, Pradhan Ashoke Kumar, Ghosal Kajal, Nandi Rabindra Nath
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the number-one cause of cancer death in both men and women. Although there has always been a higher incidence in men, the incidence in women has risen rapidly in recent years. Science and technology has been playing a vital role in the development of human civilization. Lung Cancer is now challeng to all oncologists, surgeons, as well as governments. To meet this burning problem, HYD Therapy (Homoeopathy-Yoga-Diet Technique) has a great role to combat against the lung cancer in a gentle, harmless and economically viable way. Homoeopathic Treatment based on nature law of cure and holistic approach considering single medicine, potentise form, minimum dose and totality of symptoms similarity. A statistical analysis of Homoeopathy-Yoga-Diet Therapy will be presented to enlighten the patient, educator groups as well as doctors about the lung cancers with signs and symptoms, metastasis, investigations and diagnosis. and its Homoeopathy-Yoga-Diet Therapy. It will also and to enlighten the efficacy of homoeopathic treatment in lung cancer patients before and after chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.
63.
Cancer Prostate and HYDT Treatment
Maji Lakshman Chandra, Pradhan Ashoke Kumar, Pradhan Amalendu, Ghosal Kajal
Prostatic carcinoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasms occurring in men. The prostate gland produces prostatic fluid that makes up
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most of the liquid part of semen, Under the influence of testosterone hormone. Prostate cancer happens when cells in the prostate grow out of control and can then invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body. Usually prostate cancer is very slow growing, but it may spreads rapidly to nearby lymph nodes in the pelvis. In some cases it may spread to distant parts of body particularly the bones and liver etc. Prostate cancer is mainly a disease of the elderly. The risk increases with age. In this presentation a case of prostate cancer will be presented to prove the efficiency of homoeopathic medicine. A Statical Analysis will be presented which will show the incidence, cause, early diagnosis and its homoeopathyYoga-Diet treatment.
64.
Tablet Isosorbide dinitrate 5mg or 10mg is a Number one Friend of the Angina Pectoris in Cardiac Disease.
Dr. Krishna Kumar Choudhury

Medical college of alternative Medcine (open university) Visiting physician East lions hospital society-andul mitra sangha hospital- howrah
Key Words: Angina, Cardiac, Ischaentic, Tightness, Hypertension. Angina pectoris is one of the severe disease of the cardiac Pathology. A typical chest pain during movement of but rest to get a relief to pain It is due to myocardial ischiaemia an presented as central chest tightness or heaviness. It may radiate to one or-both arms, the neck, jaw or teeth. It important role of hypercholesteraemia and hypertension, may developed the risk factor Of Angina Pectoris. There may be associated contributory disease like obesity thyrotoxicosis;and aortic valve disease. Sublingual glyceryl trinitrte (GTN) adminisitered from isosorbide dinitrate a tablet 5mg or 10 mg allowed to dissolved under the tongue or crunched and retained in the mouth will usually relief on attack of angina in 2-3 minutes.
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65.
Clinical Study of Oral Cancer and its HYD Treatment
Ghosal Kajal, Pradhan Ashoke Kumar, Pradhan Amalendu, Pal Asok

Cancer of the oral cavity one of the most common cancer in our country as well as all over the world. Millions of people died of oral cancer every year. Chewing tobacco, pan masala, khaini, brushing with gurakhu, smoking cigarette, bidi, snuff dipping and Physical trauma from poor dentition can lead to malignant transformation at the site of trauma of tongue and cheek. Oral cavity cancer causing pharyngeal cancer, tongue cancer, cheek cancer and other site of the oral cavity. This paper will present a clinical observation of treated patients along with the common causes, sign and symptom, modern investigations, metastasis and its homoeopathic treatment with a critical analysis. A discussion on few homoeopathic medicine with sign and symptoms to select common remedies used in oral cancer from the clinical study at Institute of HYDT Research and Education.
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66.
A Sphere of Herbal and Biochemic Medicines in the Treatment of Prolapse Uterus.
1. Dr Bhabani Prosad Paul, Unaai Doctor 2. Dr Mira Pal, Bio Chemic Doctor 3. Dr Indrauil Pal, Unani Doctor
1, 2, & 3 from BP. Health Care & Resresearch( Govt. Rsgd.) Vill- Sajuat P.O.- Bakrahat, Dist. South 24 Parganas, West Bengal. 4. Prof. Nemai Chandra Goswami, Seuri Vidyaaagar College (Under Burdwan University, West Beagal) Seuri, Dist. Burdwan, West Bengal.
Key Words: Prolapse Uterus, Vagina Orifice, Jonasia AshokaMimosa Pudica LinnIntroduction: The objective of the present study is to increase the strength of loose ligaments to set the prolapse uterus in proper position with the help of herbal and Bio chemic medicines along with naturopathy. This study comprising 24 females aged between 44 to 68 years in the District of South 24 Paraganas in West Bengal from 2002 to 2006 However one case is highlighted in this paper
67.
Role of Acupuncture and Acupressure in the Management of Fibromyalgia.
M.S.Balaji B.PT, D. Ac
Samatha Hospital, 5/1/68 S.D.Road, Opp. Govt: Old Maternity Hospital Tirupati. 517507. A.P. India.
KEY WORDS: Acupuncture, Acupressure, Fibromyalgia. FIBROMYALGIA is condition whose main symptoms are muscle pain, fatigue and poor sleep, stiffness, presence of localized tender points
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ACUPUNCTURE AND ACUPRESSURE are part of traditional Chinese medicine. It involves the stimulation of specific points / areas on the skin by the insertion of needles or by applying pressure with fingers gently. METHOD A. B. Patients are treated with sterile / disposable acupuncture needles for 7 to 10 days for 20 to 30 minutes / day. Patients are treated with applying pressure those who are sensitive to acupuncture needles /phobia over the acupuncture points / tender points (alarm points) for period of 7to 10 days.
RESULT Most of the (60 to 75%) patients relived from pain, stiffness, improved in sleep, and enhanced in daily activities. CONCLUSION Acupuncture / Acupressure as non pharmacological methods shows significant result in rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders like fibromyalgia and improving their quality of life.
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V FORENSIC MEDICINE AND SCIENCE
68.
Prevention of Child Neglect and Corporal Punishments in Schools
Abhinav Gorea
Student Class IX, DAV Public School, Patiala 147001 Punjab India
Luvleen Gorea
Student III year, University College of Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala 147001 Punjab, India
RK Gorea
Professor and Head, Gian Sagar Medical College, Ram Nagar, Banur, District Patiala, Punjab, India
Prevention of injuries in schools is a big problem due to accidents and interpersonal violence. The extent of problem varies in different schools and different communities. In this study, views of students, parents and teachers are taken to provide safe schools and quality education. Interpersonal violence may be amongst students or as corporal punishment to students. It is common dilemma of the parents and teachers that what should be done if students do not perform. Teachers usually take disciplinary action to curb the habits of non performance in their home work or during the examination. Many parents also think that teachers have not many options if their wards are not doing well in the schools. Students on the other hand generally dislike or hate corporal punishment. To reach at the scientific conclusion a study was done to find out the views about this complex problem in India. In these study students, their parents and teachers participated to know the extent of the problem of corporal punishment, their views about this problem and what are the alternative means to solve this problem of non-performance by the students. Simultaneously problem of interpersonal violence amongst the schoolmates was analyzed. Accidents while in schools were also studied and ways have been suggested after analysis of data to reduce the injuries. Results of the study will be presented to show that how teachers, parents and students should act coherently to reduce the rate of interpersonal violence and accidents in schools.
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69.
Socio-Cultural Crimes in Children Around the Globe- Policy and Practice
RK Gorea
Professor and Head, Forensic Medicine, Gian Sagar Medical College, Ram Nagar, Banur, District Patiala, Punjab India
Luvleen Gorea
Student III year, University College of Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala 147001 Punjab India
Abhinav Gorea
Student Class IX, DAV Public School, Patiala 147001 Punjab India
World is becoming a global village due to migration of people between countries seeking newer avenues for jobs and prosperity. With the migration of people of different social and cultural beliefs, crimes based upon these values are also spreading to the host countries. Socio-cultural crimes will not be limited to a particular country but will become omnipresent. There is urgent need to become familiar with them so that they can be identified, assessed and be prosecuted according to the law of the host land. Once we become aware of these crimes, it will become simple to know the psychology due to these social and cultural values behind such crimes. It will become trouble-free for them to identify the root cause and converse with victims and assailants of such crimes. Gender based discrimination of children, female foeticide, female infanticide, honour killings child marriages, witchcraft and Tantriks practices on children, custodial torture, ragging, corporal punishment in schools, bearing of pain and suffering by young people to get certified to be adult males and females and rigorous training of children to make them Olympians are sociocultural crimes which are practiced to different extents in different areas of the world. These practices hamper the growth and development of children. They are snubbed and tortured for no fault of theirs. There is need to study and identify the prevalence of such crimes which to some extent has the permission and acceptability by the society. Policies are needed to prevent such crimes by educating people through means of mass media coverage and by making strict laws and enforcing them. By making people aware of the bad effects of these crimes on the children and society there is urgent need to change the acceptability levels of these practices.
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70.
Forensic Implications of Y-Chromosomal STR Haplotyping in Personal Identification.
Tania Ghosh
Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Directorate of Forensic Science, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Kolkata- 700014, West Bengal, India. E-mail: taniaghosh22@gmail.com
Keywords: Y-Short Tandem, Repeats, Haplotype, Forensic database Microsatellites especially Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) from the nonrecombining portion of the human Y chromosome have become the markers of choice in forensic cases involving sexual assault or in deficient paternity testing. They are good tool for human identification as these markers are geographically structured. In the present study the genetic uniqueness of Indian populations was studied on the basis of seventeen Y-STR markers in eleven populations of India. Our data show that by successful analysis and interpretation of Y- haplotyping method can trace the origin of an individual in country like India having complex and diverse genetic structure.
71.
Risk Assessment of Gastric Toxicity Matrices and Atrophy - A Crucial Event in Medical Science and Technology
*Babul Bandyopadhyay Prabir Banerjee1 Subrata Banerjee2 and Sandie k Bandyopadhyay3

* Department of Toxicology State Forensic Science Laboratory Calcutta 700037 1 Department of Gastroenterology Medical College and Hospital Calcutta 700073 2 Department of Biophysics Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Calcutta 700091 3 Department of Biochemistry IPGME&R SSKM Hospital Calcutta 700020
KEY WORDS: Gastric toxicity, NSAID, HBP, EBV, PUB, Evidence act The pathological conditions affecting the GI tract are relatively resistant to different therapies. whereas an effective therapy still remains elusive in the
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treatment of gastric toxicity. Moreover, the widespread use of nonprescription NSAIDs and related gastrointestinal complications are recognized as the most prevalent drug toxicity. But the outcome of the bleeding episode for consuming these drugs is yet to be studied in detail. The present communication delineates the risk assessment of gastric toxicity matrices in different conditions and possible management therapeutics in the arena of modern medical science and technologies. Blood /Gastric tissues of human sample were colleted by panendoscopic techniques from out patient department at city clinic / I lospital. PUB is the most common complication of peptic ulcer disease, which results in high patient morbidity and medical care costs. Hepatic Encephalopathy is also alarming. This study indicated a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the induction of bleeding peptic ulcer diseases to evaluate the role of H. pylori in peptic ulcer bleeding and gastric varices. In order to ascertain the free radical mediated gastric injury in bacteria and EBV associated gastric lesions, the free radical status is determined in biopsy specimens and blood samples. The experimental observations reveal an oxidative pathway through the involvement of free radical toxicity as possible mechanisms of gastric lesions, and trace element status of an individual may reflect as a marker of gastric lesions. The documentation also has a special importance for Evidence Management system in the arena of legal medicine and technology of the 21st Century on national perspective with special reference to the evidence acts in the Courts of law.
72.
Proper Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidences for DNA Fingerprinting Analysis - For Doctors
Dr. Pankaj Shrivastava

Scientific Officer & Asstt. Chemical Examiner , Govt of M.P. DNA Fingerprinting Unit, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Department of Home (Police), Govt. of Madhya Pradesh , Sagar (MP) E mail: pankaj.shrivastava@rediffmail.com; pshri_sgr@dataone.in
Key Words : DNA, Guidelines, Preservation, Forensic, STR s DNA fingerprinting technology today has made it possible to identify the source of biological samples found at scenes of crime and also to resolve
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disputes of paternity and maternity. The technology is not new for the Indian subcontinent but in present scenario this technology is most reliable technology which has faith not only amongst the Scientists, Doctors, Judiciary and other investigating agencies but among the common man. Despite of its conclusive nature still the DNA labs are not receiving sample. If a sample is properly preserved and forwarded as per the requirement to the DNA examination centers it will save lots of money and time and will also helpful in imparting justice. This paper is an attempt in order to disseminate information to the medical officers on to this national platform, about the process of collection and preservation of samples for DNA fingerprinting analysis to make this technology more result oriented and also to save time and cost .
73. Determination of Lead and Mercury Toxicity in Workers of Ammunition and Explosives Factories
Vivek Ambade
Defence Research Development Organization, Scientist E, Dept of Biochemistry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040
Key Words: Lead toxicity, Mercury toxicity, Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry.
Background
Workers in different sections of High Explosives Factory and Ammunition Factory, Kirkee, involved in manufacturing various explosives and cartridges are exposed to lead and mercury. Objective therefore was to detect the presence of lead and mercury toxicity in workers of these two factories. Design and Methods: 105 and 74 workers (study subjects) respectively from Ammunition Factory and High Explosives Factory who were exposed to lead and mercury were studied by carrying out a thorough clinical examination as well as estimating blood lead & mercury levels by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.
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Results
Blood lead levels were within the acceptable limit of up to 40g/dL in 125 (69.83 %) of the workers. Blood lead levels was < 10g/dL and between 10 to 40g/dL in 25 (13.97%) and 100 (55.86%) workers respectively. 54 (30.16%) workers showed increased blood lead levels in range of 40 to 80g/dL. Of these only 16 (15.2%) workers were from Ammunition Factory while majority 38 (51.3%) were from High Explosives Factory. None of the workers studied had any overt signs of chronic lead toxicity with blood lead > 80g/dL. Blood mercury levels were within acceptable limits of 2g/dL in all 179 study subjects.
Conclusion
General preventive measures like good manufacturing process, good ventilation, hand washing facilities, personal protective equipments adopted by both the factories to avoid lead and mercury toxicity are just adequate. However, considering 30.16% workers with raised blood lead levels, strict adherence to personal protective measures, interventional / chelating therapy, motivation and education to adhere to standard operating procedures about personal safety measures, increasing the awareness of the workers to Lead and Mercury Toxicity and health education sessions by the factory management is advocated.
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VI NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND NEUROLOGY
74.
Assessment of Risk factors (Prenatal, Postnatal and Neonatal) in Mental Disability
Minakshi Vashist, *Amit Kumar, *Ritu Yadav & *Shiksha Sharma
#. Reader, Deptt. of Genetics, M.D.University. Rohtak. *. Research scholars, Deptt. of Genetics, M.D.University. Rohtak. Key Words: Mental Disability, IQ, Risk factors.
Fifty nine patients of idiopathic mental disability were studied from Pt.B.D.Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak, Haryana. There were 8 mild, 29 moderate, 16 severe and 6 profound cases of mental retardation. Out of these there were 43 males (72.88%) and 16 females (27.11 %). All of these patients were with low socio-economic status and illiterate background. A questionnaire was developed to assess the prevalence of recognized medical risk factors. In mild group prenatal, postnatal and neonatal risk factors were found in two, five and four respectively. Among moderate group 18 patients were with prenatal risk factors, 19 with postnatal, 24 with neonatal and 2 patients were without any risk factors. In severe group 9 patients have prenatal, 16 patients have postnatal and 16 patients have neonatal risk factors. In profound group prenatal, postnatal and neonatal risk factors were noted in four, six and six patients respectively. Age group range of 11-20 years has highest frequency (47.457%) of mental disability in all categories.
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75.
Molecular Imaging of the Epileptic Rabbit Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Jayasree.R.S* & Gupta.A.K

Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional radiology Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology jayashreemenon@gmail.com
Key words: Proton spectroscopy, Epilepsy model, Chemical shift imaging Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is emerging as a very effective tool in seizure disorders to identify, localize and characterize the epileptogenic foci. In this study we have developed an animal model for epilepsy using rabbit model and using different seizure inducing agents. The MR imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging has been studied using 1.5T clinical MR scanner. Significant difference has been demonstrated in the ratio of brain metabolites in the case of epilepsy when both single voxel spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging wereemployed.
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76.
Study of Dementia with Particular Reference to 7- Minute Screen, Global vs Local Attentional Task and Cerad
K. Rahul Dev, Seena T.P & E. Sreekumaran

Department of Life Sciences University of Calicut,Kerala, India.
Keywords: Alzheimers disease (AD), 7- Minute screen, CERAD, Global Vs. local attentional task, Cognitive function, Dementia. It is important to identify whether decline in cognitive function will lead to the progress of dementia and hence Alzheimers disease (AD). 7- Minute screen, CERAD and global Vs. local attentional task was done on 120 subjects aged above 45 years with reference to age, education, sex, blood pressure, smoking, diabetes and analyzed the test subjects with reference to the previous studies on the same subjects. The results showed that the test subjects were more susceptible to AD with low cognitive function than the control subjects and the susceptibility increased over time. Our study demonstrates an association between decline in cognitive function and development of AD.
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77.
Chronic FST (Forced Swim Test) Induced Depression in Rats: A Study on Some Hematological and Immunological Parameters
Sanjukta Chaudhuri, Gautam Dutta, Ananda Raj Goswami, Sandipan Ghosh, Tusharkanti Ghosh1
Tusharkantighosh53@yahoo.in Department of Physiology Calcutta University 92 APC Rd, Kolkata-9 West Bengal
KEY WORDS: Depression, Forced Swim Test, blood, LAI Depression is the fourth leading cause of disease and disability and is expected to rank 2nd by the next decade. The present study was undertaken to assess the changes in some hematological and immunological parameters in experimentally depressed rats. Adult male albino rats were subjected to 5 minutes/day Forced Swim Test (FST) for consecutive14 days. The immobility time was scored as the magnitude of depression as per the method of Porsolt and was recorded daily along with body weight. The immobility time was gradually increased from the 1st day to the 14th day and the maximal value was noted on on the 14th day of FST. Blood was collected from the caudal vein after 30 minutes of the swim session on the 7th and 14th day for determination of TC of RBC and WBC, DC of WBC and Arneth count (AC) of neutrophils. The values of these parameters before induction of depression were taken 24 hours prior to the start of the FST. The results showed that on the 7th day TC of RBC was increased while that of WBC was decreased, neutrophil percentage was increased whereas Lymphocyte percentage was decreased along with an increase in the percentage of two lobed neutrophils in AC. On the 14th day however, TC of RBC and WBC came back to normal level but the changes of DC of WBC and AC remained like that of 7th day. One hour after the last swim session on the 14th day, the rats were sacrificed for Leukocyte Adhesion Inhibition index (LAI). No change in LAI was observed. Results probably indicate that some changes of immune functions occur in FST model of chronic depression in rats.
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78.
Adrenaline Induced Myocardial Injury in Rats: Protection by Melatonin
Smita Rudra1*, Debasri Mukherjee1, Elina Mitra1, Anjali Basu1, & Debasish Bandyopadhyay1^
1. Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology,Kolkata
Key words : Adrenaline, Melatonin, Catecholamine, Oxidative stress Treatment of rats with pharmacological dose of adrenaline induces myocardial injury. It is suggested that reactive oxygen species [ROS] generation due to oxidation of catecholamines may be partially counteracted by the antioxidant system in tissues . Melatonin, a naturally occurring potent antioxidant have remarkable free radical scavenging ability .Understanding the protective role of melatonin against adrenaline induced oxidative stress in heart is a challenging task since melatonin is a highly conserved natural antioxidant of ubiquitous occurrence present both in plants and animals and its pharmacological doses have been found to be nontoxic. Our present investigation reveals that adrenaline, a naturally occurring catecholamine can produce myocardial injury in rat heart by generation of reactive oxygen species which is ameliorated by low pharmacological dose of melatonin.
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79.
Power Spectrum Analysis of Cortical EEG After Stimulation of Medial Septum Glutamatergic Receptors in Conscious Rats.
Dutta G., Goswami, A.R. Mandal, N. Ghosh, T.K

Dept. of Physiology, University College of Sciences and Technology, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Key words: Medial septum, Glutamate, DNQX, EEG, Power spectrum Medial septum (MS) has long been thought to play an important role in behaviour and electrophysiological properties of other brain areas like hippocampal excitability. The complex interneuronal network within MS contains a large number of glutamate receptors (AMPA) containing neurons. In the present study, sleep-wake pattern and Power Spectrum Analysis (PSA) of cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) were studied after infusion of glutamate (0.5 M/500 nl) and glutamate receptor blocker 6, 7dinitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (DNQX) (0.6 g/500 nl) into MS in conscious rats. After infusion of glutamate the duration of wake was increased and duration of slow wave sleep (SWS) was decreased, but DNQX infusion did not affect the durations of sleep wake pattern. This excitatory effect of glutamate on cerebral cortex was supported by the decreased power of delta waves in power spectrum of EEG after infusion of glutamate into MS. The delta power was increased after infusion of DNQX which is opposite to the effect of glutamate. However the power of alpha, beta and theta waves were also increased after infusion of DNQX which were unaltered after glutamate infusion. The increased theta power in AMPA receptor blocked condition suggests that the glutamatergic interneuronal inactivation may play an important role in hippocampal theta generation as reflected on the cortical EEG. Among non-cholinergic neuron in MS, glutamatergic septohippocampal and septocortical neurons may play important role in the cerebral cortical electrophysiological activity.
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80.
Volumetric Analysis of Caudate Nuclei in Patients with Alzheimers Disease
Jiji1 , R.S.Jayasree 2*, Smitha.K.A, A.K.Gupta2, V.P.Mahadevan Pillai1

1. Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum. 2. *Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum. E-mail: jayashreemenon@gmail.com
Keywords: Alzheimers disease (AD), Caudate nucleus (CN), Image segmentation.
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
To assess the MRI based volumetric measures of the caudate nuclei of patients having probable Alzheimers disease (AD), patients with normal results on clinical MR imaging and normal volunteers. The aim is to determine whether Alzheimers disease is associated with greater atrophy of the caudate nucleus in comparison with normal subjects. Materials and Methods: 16 patients with probable Alzheimers disease, 15 normal volunteers and 15 patients whose MR images were normal were selected for the study. All images were acquired using a 1.5T clinical MR system Caudate nuclei were segmented from the 3D MR images and the volume was calculated.
Results
It is observed that subjects with probable AD have a significantly reduced caudate volume compared to normal volunteers and patients with normally appearing MR images. A significant reduction in the volume of caudate nuclei was observed in three patients whose MR images were visually normal.
Conclusion
The segmentation of caudate nucleus is an important factor in neurodegenerative diseases. From the results of segmentation and volume estimation of caudate nuclei of both normal and Alzheimers patient, the study
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revealed that there is significant atrophy in caudate volume of Alzheimers patients. Also major atrophy of caudate nuclei was observed in three patients who had visually normal MR images.
81.
Study of Dementia with Particular Reference to Attentional Switching and Trail Making Test in Diabetic Patients
Sana Varma 1, Rahmath. A2, Krishnaprabha. P. S 3, Suresh Kumar. P4, Sreekumaran. E5

1. Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 2. Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 3. Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 4. Consultant Diabetologist, PVS Hospital, Calicut. 5. Lecturer in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut.
Objective
The aim of the study was to detect whether the diabetic and neuropathic patients had a high risk of developing dementiarelated problems.
Method
The subjects were divided into three groups, namely- general, control and test. The general group consisted of 51 non- diabetic subjects, control group consisted of 52 diabetic and non- neuropathic subjects and the test group consisted of 48 diabetic with neuropathy subjects. To study about the dementiarelated problems, two tests were conducted, namely- Attentional switching and Trail Making Test (TMT). To detect the attentional switching ability of the subjects, Global Vs Local Attentional Task known as Object Navon and Letter Navon Test was conducted. Scores were allotted to the subjects on the basis of their performance in the test. The Trail making test is a short and convenient estimate of cognitive function, principally attention and working memory. Scores were allotted on the basis of the time taken by the subjects to complete the test. The six different parameters analyzed were age, gender, family history of diabetes, duration of diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI) and food habits. The scores of both the tests were analyzed statistically by SPSS
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(Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Attentional switching significantly varies with BMI, duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes and gender and TMT varies significantly with age, duration of diabetes and gender. Results:- The result of the study reveals that diabetic and neuropathic patients have a higher risk of dementiarelated problems compared to the other two groups.
82.
Study of Dementia with Particular Reference to Trail Making test, Mini Mental State Examination and Geriatric Depression Scale in Old Age
Seena. T.P1, Rahul Dev. K2, Dr. Sreekumaran. E3

1. Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 2. Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 3. Head of the Department of Life Sciences, Lecturer in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut,Malappuram, Kerala
Keywords: Addenbrookes cognitive examination, Analysis of variance, Geriatric depression scale, Mini mental state examination, Trail making test
Background & Objectives
Cognitive screening tests are the primary detector of cognitive impairment. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dementia related problems on a persons cognitive function.
Materials & Methods
The subjects were divided into, Control group which consists of those living with family and test group consists old age home mates. The cognitive tests used for this study were Trail Making Test, Mini Mental State Examination and Geriatric Depression Scale.
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Results
The cognitive test scores were statistically analyzed by ANOVA.

Conclusion
Decline in cognitive performance with increasing age, poor educational status and age related diseases.
VII ONCOLOGY 83. Metastasis Associated Gene 1 (MTA1): Role in Angiogenesis
Akhilesh Kumar1, 2, Finkenzeller G2. and Bharathi P.Salimath1

1. Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India 2. Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
Key words: Metastasis-associated gene 1(MTA1), Angiogenesis, RNA interference (RNAi) Metastasis associated gene 1 (MTA1) is a recently identified candidate metastasis-associated gene that plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor aggressiveness, especially tumor invasiveness and metastasis. It has been found to be contained in the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase complex. Although it has been reported that the expression of MTA1 is related to tumor progression and metastasis, it is still unclear how MTA1 is involved in angiogenesis. Here we analyzed and characterized the relationship between MTA1 expression and tumor angiogenesis. The MTA1 protein was produced recombinantly by baculovirus expression system and the biological protein was analysed for angiogenesis in various angiogenesis assays. MTA1 down regulation by RNA interference greatly reversed the malignant phenotype of the breast cancer cells MDA-MB 231 and affected
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other angiogenic genes. Studies in vitro showed that MTA1 promoted the metastatic ability of cancer cells. In conclusion, MTA1 overexpression was found to be closely associated with higher tumor grade and increased tumor angiogenesis. These findings suggest MTA1 as a predictor of aggressive phenotype and a possible target molecule for anti-angiogenic drugs in breast cancer treatment.
84.
Nanotechnology: A Medical Boon in Diagnostic and Treatment of Breast Cancer
Soumendra Darbar
Research and Development Division, Deys Medical Stores (Mfg) Ltd., West Bengal, India Email: darbar_youmen@yahoo.co.in
Key words: Nanotechnology, Breast cancer, Tumors, Biomedical applications Nanobiotechnology, defined as biomedical applications of nano-sized systems, is rapidly developing area within nanotechnology. Nanomaterials, which measure 1-1000 nm, allow unique interaction with biological systems at the molecular level. The biological application of nanoparticles is a rapidly developing area of nanotechnology that raises new possibilities in the diagnosis and treatment of human cancers. In cancer diagnostics, fluorescent nanoparticles can be used for multiplex simultaneous profiling of tumour biomarkers and for detection of multiple genes and matrix RNA with fluorescent in-situ hybridisation. Nanoparticles are being actively developed for tumour imaging in vivo, biomolecular profiling of cancer biomarkers, and targeted drug delivery. These nanotechnology-based techniques can be applied widely in the management of different malignant diseases. Several nanotechnological approaches have been used to improve delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to cancer cells with the goal of minimising toxic effects on healthy tissues while maintaining antitumour efficacy. Breast cancers express protein biomarkers (e.g. estrogens receptor, progesterone receptor, and ERBB2) on which therapeutic decisions are made. In breast cancer three crucial biomarkers can
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be detected and accurately quantified in single tumour sections by use of nanoparticles conjugated to antibodies Nanoparticle-based DNA and RNA delivery systems offer several potential advantages for gene delivery to various human tumours, including breast cancer. Supermagnetic nanoparticles have exciting possibilities as contrast agents for cancer detection in vivo, and for monitoring the response to treatment. Several chemotherapy agents are available as nanoparticle formulations, and have at least equivalent efficacy and fewer toxic effects compared with conventional formulations. In the near future, the use of nanotechnology could revolutionise not only oncology, but also the entire discipline of medicine.
85.
Pcr Based Diagnosis of HPV from Cancer Patients in the Hospital Based Study from Southern Assam
Jagadish Hansa, Rosy Mondal, R. Biswas* and Sankar K. Ghosh

Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Assam (central) University, Silchar-788 011, Assam, India *Department of Pathology, Silchar Medical College, Silchar, Assam drsankarghosh@gmail.com
Keywords: HPV, Cervical cancer, PCR, Northeast, Red alert Cancer poses a global health problem and breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death among the women. It also poses serious challenge to India basically the south zone of northeast India. The national incidence of cancer is approximately 100 to 130 individuals per 1,00,000 but in the Northeast, according to the population-based cancer registry of Indian Council of Medical Research, the incidence is highest with Assam alone adding roughly 26,000 new cancer patients every year. The 16 and 18 subtype of the HPV are more effectively involve in making disorder of cell. A recent study from our laboratories identified HPV-16 and HPV-18 are also incorporated with
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cancerous tissue. The sequences amplified from the PCR result are 246 and 162 base pair which incorporate with the genomic DNA and some portion unstable it. To evaluate the risks of breast cancers in mutation carriers, we conduct our working strategy that develops an in vitro identification and analysis of the genes leading to cancer which may help the researchers for development of early diagnosis, which will benefits to the mankind also.
86. Effect of -Mangostin on Breast Cancer
Navya.A1, Hari Prasad.O2, Venu Madhav.T2*, Uma Maheswari Devi.P1 & Sarma.P.V.G.K 2
1. Dept. of Applied Microbiology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, A.P, India; 2. Dept. of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, A.P, India; 2*. ONAN Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Secunderabad, A.P, India.
Keywords: ER-negative breast cancer, NF-B, COX-2. Breast Cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and second leading cause of cancer death among women. Lack of molecular targets in Estrogen Receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer is a major therapeutic hurdle. ER-negative breast cancer cells rely on Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF- B) for aberrant cell proliferation and avoid apoptosis. NF- B is a transcription factor involves in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). -Mangostin is a major xanthone derivative from the pericarp of Mangosteen belongs to Garcinia mangostana. The cell viability and MTT assays demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of -Mangostin on ER-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. We clearly showed the concentration dependent DNA fragmentation, which is the hallmark of apoptosis. -Mangostin structure as Ligand Docked using Argus Lab 4.0 against 1CX2, the PDB structure of COX-2 complexed with selective inhibitor SC-558. The binding energy at active site with crystallographic SC-558 showed -8.4269 Kcal/mol and -Mangostin showed -10.7996 kcal/mol. These results imply that 167
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Mangostin has better binding energy than the Synthetic inhibitor SC-558 and can be used as a potent anti-breast cancer drug.
87.
Prevalence of Oral Cancer and its Association with Mitochondrial DNA Mutation from Northeast India
Rosy Mondal, Jagadish Hansa, Ravi Kannan1 and Sankar K. Ghosh

Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Assam (Central) University, Silchar-788 011, Assam, India Cachar Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Silchar drsankarghosh@gmail.com
Key words: Mitochondrial DNA, D-loop, Mutation, Oral cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) India has one of the worlds highest incidences of oral squamous-cell carcinoma which constitutes about 20-30% of all cancers. It is believed that the widespread habit of betel quid chewing is an important risk factor as it exposes the oral mucosa to known carcinogens. It also induces physical abrasions, which may create mutagenic environments during wound healing as gateways for infections. Cancer begins with multiple cumulative epigenetic and genetic alterations that sequentially transform a cell or group of cells in a particular organ. The early genetic events might lead to clonal expansion of pre-neoplastic daughter cells in a particular tumour field. Subsequent genomic changes in some of these cells drive them towards the malignant phenotype. The association of Mitochondrial DNA instability in degenerative diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, sudden infant death syndrome, aging and longevity, and cancer has been reported. Mitochondrial DNA is more prone to mutation as it lacks efficient DNA repair mechanism. In addition mitochondrial D-loop region and ND2 gene is the mutation hotspot for oral SCC. Three mutation hotspots were observed in the D-Loop at nt 146, 152 and 186, two of which (nt 146 and 152) have also been implicated in oesophageal squamous cell
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carcinoma. A study has been conducted in our laboratory where we have analysed cancerous tissues of hospital patients. The primer designed for the isolated DNA has successfully amplified the D-loop region which is near about 649 bp and the sequencing of the sample for mutation detection is under processing. This study is being carried out with the aim to establish mitochondrial d-loop as a potential biomarker for the early detection and diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
88.
Reconstructive Microsurgery in a High Volume Low resource Cancer Centre.
B. T. Varghese1, S. Thomas1, P. Sebastian1

1. Head and Neck Service, Division of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvanathapuram, India
Key words : Reconstructive microsurgery, Low resource, High volume, Tertiary, Cancer centre Twentyfive consecutive cases of free flap reconstruction done by the Head and Neck surgical team of Regional Cancer Centre Trivandrum were studied for flap viability, cosmesis ,morbidity and oncologic safety. The microvacular facility was established in October 2004 with the financial support of the department of science and technology, Government of India and ever since then, it has been our effort to use it optimally in the light of a heavy turnover of patients in our centre and limited trained hands. The article discusses our strategy for the recruitment of patients for reconstructive microsurgery to ensure the best resource utilisation in a tertiary cancer care centre and its encouraging results.
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89.
Efficacy of Varanadi Ghritha as a Biological Response Modifier in Controlling the Recurrence of Treated Head and Neck Cancers A Randomized Pilot Study.
Divya Ravindran1, Indhu Hariharan2, Rejnish Kumar R1, Richard Muwonge3, M. Radhakrishna Pillai2, Kunnambath Ramadas1.
1. Regional Cancer Centre,Trivandrum 2. Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology,Trivandrum 3. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Key words: Head & Neck Cancers, Second Malignancy, Immunomodulation
Head and Neck cancer is a major health problem in India. Locoregional recurrence and development of second malignancy are the major determinants of survival. Various attempts have been tried to prevent this and to improve the survival, but none of them are effective. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of oral administration of Varanadi ghritha, an ayurvedic polyherbal compound, in preventing loco-regional recurrences and second malignancies in treated head & neck cancer patients and to analyse the role of this compound as an immunomodulator. Between November 2005 and December 2006, 78 Head and Neck Cancer patients who were in complete remission following primary treatment at the Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum were randomized into the study after getting informed consent. . Patients in the intervention arm were given Varanadi ghritha 5 gms twice daily for one year and were followed up at three monthly intervals during the second year. Patients in the control arm were followed up at 3 monthly intervals for two years without any medication. The clinical outcome and changes in molecular markers will be discussed.
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90.
Fluorescence Emission Spectroscopy and the Intensity Ratio for the In Vivo Detection of Oral Precancers
Jayasree.R.S1*, Ashish.R2, Haris.P.S3, Anita Balan4 & A. K. Gupta1

1. Dept.of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, SCTIMST, Trivandrum. 2. THQ.Hospital, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala, India 3. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Royal Dental College, Palakkad, Kerala, South India. 4. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College, Trivandrum *. Email: jayashreemenon@gmail.com
Key Words :
Autofluorescence spectroscopy, Oral submucous fibrosis, Oral precancers, Intensity ratio
In India, oral cancer is the most common cancer among males and third most common cancer among females. The mortality rate is very high among these patients which can be reduced by the early dianosis. Effectiveness of autofluorescence spectroscopy for detecting precancers and spectral variation of anatomical regions on habits of smoking, chewing, alcoholism etc. has been evaluated. 31 cases of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) and 64 normal persons (31 without oral habits and 33 with oral habits) were studied using wavelengths 320 and 410 nm. The spectra at 320nm and 410nm showed a peak around 380nm and 460nm and at 510 +10 nm and 630 +10 nm respectively. The averaged spectra of all categories for the buccal mucosa shows that always the emission peak intensity is very high when the tissue is normal and as it transforms to pre cancerous lesions, initially the intensity reduces drastically and it remains very low for lesions like carcinoma and leukoplakia where as in the case of OSF, the intensity increases surpassing that of normal spectra and attains very high values. But the spectra from floor of the mouth especially for the volunteers who had chewing habits showed very high intensity. The ratio of optical intensity of OSF patients and normal volunteers varies significantly and are 1.2 and 0.5
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respectively when measured at I380/I460. A drastic reduction in intensity of the porphyrin peak among the volunteers with various habits with that of non habitu is seen. This peak is absent in the case of OSF patients. The results of this study show that autofluorescence spectroscopy is a reliable, non-invasive, real time technique for detecting precancerous changes in vivo and the technique can be benefited to a great extent to the society.
91.
Evaluation of Gold Nanorods as a Novel Cancer Therapeutic-in vitro and in vivo Studies
Rejiya C.S & Annie Abraham*

Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, 695 581, Kerala, India Thiruvananthapuram
Key Words : Gold nanorods, Monocytes, Cytotoxicity, Biodistribution, ICP AES, TEM. Gold nanorods (GNR), a new class of gold nanoparticles have shown high potential for photothermal therapy and imaging. Biocompatibility and biodistribution of GNR is very necessary before going into clinical use. For in vitro studies cultured monocytes were treated with different concentrations of GNR and exposed for 48h and evaluated their cellular morphology (Light microscopy), mitochondrial function (MTT), mitochondrial leakage (LDH) and inflammatory response (Lipoxygenase) under control and exposed condition (48h). Results were similar to that of control. The in vivo biodistribution of GNR in Swiss albino mice was analyzed by UV-VISIBLE NIR Spectrophotometery, ICP AES and TEM. This is a pilot study confirms that the maximum organ distribution of GNR occurs at 3h post injection and this time interval can be optimized for further biomedical applications such as drug delivery , cancer cell diagnostics, cell imaging and therapeutics.
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92.
Variation of Fractional Anisotropy and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient with Respect to the Brain Structures in High Grade Gliomas
K A Smitha1, M S Roxy2, R S Jayasree1*, A K Gupta1

Dept of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology1, SCTIMST, Trivandrum. Dept of Optoelectronics2, University of Kerala, Trivandrum. jayashreemenon@gmail.com
Key words: Fractional Anisotropy, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Glioma. To evaluate the variation of Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging parameters like Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Apparent diffusion Coefficient (ADC) with respect to the different brain structures in high grade gliomas. 12 patients (9 men, 3 women, age range, 20-68 years) with high grade glioma and 6 controls underwent Diffusion Tensor imaging at 1.5T Scanner. Diffusion Tensor data were obtained with echo planar imaging sequences. DTI was performed in 30 diffusion directions (b=1000sec/mm). FA and ADC values were calculated from Diffusion Tensor data. FA values in the tumor affected brain structures was observed to be decreased in all cases as well as these areas show an increase in ADC values with respect to controls. The mean FA values in high grade gliomas were reduced when compared with controls and the mean ADC values in high grade gliomas were higher than that in the controls when the brain as a whole was considered.
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VIII NUTRITION 93. Survey on Diet and Lifestyle of Specialised Groups ( Engineer, Doctor, Lawyer, Teacher in age Group 25-40 yrs and 40- 55 yrs)
Auroma Ghosh & Dhira Gangopadhyay

Department of Home Science, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata - 700027, West Bengal
KEY WORDS: BMI ( Body Mass Index),Obesity, Hypertension, Indigestion A survey on diet and lifestyle was performed on 96 men and women aged from 25- 55 yrs in the different proffesions.It was carried out to find out the dietary habits and lifestyle conditions and their consequences on the health through questionnaire.The results are summarised below: 1. People who consume balanced diet and do physical exercise have low BMI. 2. The most prevalent diseases in these professions irrespective of age, sex and professions are indigestion, hypertension and obesity. 3. The prevalence of disease is lowest in teachers. 4. It has been observed that the BMI and the prevalence of the diseases are not directly proportional to each other.This may be due to the hereditary prediposition of some diseases.
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94.
Targeting Childhood Malnutrition through Complementary Food- Micronutrients Sprinkles Synergism
Sheel Sharma
Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India-304022
Key words: Malnutrition, Complementary food, Micronutrient sprinkles
The study was aimed at gauging the ferocity of malnutrition in all the 6-36 months old children (N=790) inhabiting fifteen randomly selected aanganwadis of the Tonk (rural) ICDS block in Rajasthan state along with the assessment of nutrient consumption patterns of all 6-18 months old children (sub sample with N2=212). The procedure entailed weight and height measurements of all 6-36 months old children and dietary and growth velocity assessment of all 618 and 6-12 months old children respectively. After recording the baseline data, all the children were intervened with ICDS complementary food fortified with multiple micronutrient sprinkles (a mixture of vitamin A, C, iron and zinc at appropriate levels) daily for 6 months. Thereafter, end assessment endeavor was undertaken exactly as that for base line. Pre and post intervention prevalence of total malnutrition in 6-36 months old children was 50.8% and 39.5% respectively and that of severe malnutrition 4% and 0.5% respectively, as per IAP (weight for age) classification. Low intake of nutrients such as energy, protein, vitamin A and iron was prevalent and thus under nutrition seemed to be associated with growth faltering as revealed by the comparison of growth velocity plots of the 6-12 months old children of experimental and control aanganwadis. Intervention with multiple micronutrient sprinkles has been seen as the agent making the difference, denting the prevalence of malnutrition in small children. Intervention with multiple micronutrient sprinkles fortifying complementary food needs to be spearheaded like a campaign.
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95.
Intervention Study on the Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on Lipid Profile of Healthy Subjects .
Urvashi Sharma*, Prof. G.K.Rai & Dr. P C Saxena(Guide)

Department of Nutritional Sciences, Centre of Food Technology, Science faculty campus, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002 * E-mail: urvashi_15384@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Vitamin C, Orange Juice supplementation, Lipid profile To determine whether orange juice supplementation and vitamin C tablet celin supplementation would be beneficial in improving total serum lipids of normal healthy subjects. The sample consisted of two groups of ten subjects each having normal serum lipids. One experimental group was given 250ml orange juice (Freshgold, Priyagold India.), twice a day while the other group was given celin 500mg tablet of sodium ascorbate daily, all for a period of 15 days. Complete Lipid Profile having concentrations of total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL, HDL,VLDL were measured at the baseline and also after the treatment to judge the efficacy of both the treatments given. Consumption of 250ml twice a day has significantly reduced total serum cholesterol by 10% (p<0.05), LDL by 17% (p<0.05), total cholesterol: HDL ratio by 38.5% (p<0.05),LDL. HDL ratio by 44% (p<0.05) and raised HDL cholesterol by 24.5%(p<0.05). Orange juice consumption has more beneficial effect and improved lipid profiles as compared to that of tablet celin in subjects, confirming recommendation to consume 4 to 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily.
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96.
Prevention of Stunting and Underweight Among the School Children in Rural Andhra Pradesh, India A Pilot Project
Dr. Gavarasana Satvanariyana,

Research Director, Lions Cancer Hospital, Viskhapatnam 530 013, A.P.
Keywords: Malnutrition, School Children, Andhra Pradesh, Nutrition Supplements. Preliminary analysis of school children from Gollaprolu Village, A P. showed that most of them were underweight and stunted. Aim of the project was to impart nutritional education to one group and to provide nutritional supplements to the second group with a view to improve the nutritional status over a school year.
Materials and Methods
Children in two primary schools were evaluated. Education about nutritious food was used in one school and nutritious supplements were given to students in the second school.
Results
Growth charts showed interventions with nutritional education and nutritional supplements yielded minimal gain in weight and height.
Conclusion
Malnutrition of school children can not be abated with addition of nutritional supplements alone. Additional research is needed to ascertain the role of other factor including parental income and educational status.
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97.
Chronic Undernutrition Delayed Cognitive Development of Santal Children of Purulia District, India
Sutanu Dutta Chowdhury & Tusharkanti Ghosh*

Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009 E-mail: tusharkantighosh53@yahoo.in
Key words: Cognitive development, Nutritional status, Undernutrition, Cognitive function.
Objectives
The objectives of the present study were to measure the cognitive development and to investigate the effect of undernutrition on cognitive development in 5-12 years of Santal children of Purulia district of West Bengal, India.
Methods
The nutritional status of each child was assessed by z-score of height-forage and weight-for-height parameters. Cognitive development was measured by Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM).
Results
Growth curve of CPM scores of Santal children remained around 5th percentile values of USA children. The CPM scores of the adequately nourished children were significantly higher than the undernourished children. About 42.96 % and 27.69% of Santal children were found to be intellectually deficit and below the average group respectively. There is no significant difference in head circumference between the children having above -2 and below -2 zscore of height-for-age. CPM scores of Santal children were significantly correlated with height (p<0.001) and weight (p<0.01).
Conclusion
The vulnerable nutritional status of Santal children is one of the major reasons for their poor cognitive development.
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IX REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY
98.
A Study on The Reproductive Health Status of Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste Populations of Birbhum District of West Bengal with Special Reference to Their Post Menopausal Physiological Problems.
Krishna Roy
Department of Physiology, Suri Vidyasagar College, Birbhum, West Bengal.
Key Words: Scheduled caste( Rui-das), Scheduled tribe( Santal), Menarche, Menopause. The present study probes into some of the important aspects of reproductive health status along with post-menopausal physiological and psychological health problems of two distinct populations with low socio-economic background in the of Birbhum district of West Bengal. Face to face interactions were made with 181 scheduled tribe (santal) women of reproductive age group and 40 postmenopausal women of the same community. The same study was conducted on 96 no women and 27 no women respectively of a selected scheduled- caste (Rui-das) community of the district. In both the populations, younger women were found to adopt modern family planning techniques in general and maternal morbidity rate was quite insignificant. Almost all menopausal and post menopausal women reported about various types of physiological discomforts, but only a few reported about psychological problems. Average menarcheal age of both the populations though not significantly different, menopausal age was found to be significantly higher in the Rui-das community compared to the santals.
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99.
Menopause: The end of Reproductive Phase of the Womans Life
Narendra Nath Sarkar

Department of Reproductive Biology AIIMS, New Delhi-110029 E-mail: n n sarkar@yahoo.co.in
Key words: Hormone therapy, Estrogen, Progestogen, Risk, HRT, Cancer, Depression ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to elucidate menopause and evaluate the outcomes of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the health of menopausal and postmenopausal women. Data are extracted from the literature through the MEDLINE database service for years 2004-09 using key words, hormone replacement therapy. HRT devoting to clinical outcomes in the breast, ovary, endometrium, cardiovascular system and brain, is of synthetic steroid hormones rather than natural one. Current reports on estrogen therapy show increased risks of venous thromboembolism and stroke. Prolonged use (>10 years) of estrogen therapy is significantly associated with ovarian cancer in menopausal women. Women using estrogen and testosterone therapy have high risk of breast cancer. Estrogen-progestogen or estrogen therapy-outcomes reveal no significant difference in ovarian or breast cancer risks. Hormone therapy positively influences menopausal depression by affecting neural activity and modulation of tones. Low dose of estrogen-progestogen therapy suppresses endometrial proliferation resulting in amenorrhoea and relieves symptoms. Risks involved with hormone therapy may be reduced by using lower doses, bio-identical steroids, maintaining or eliminating progestogen, using transdermal route in some women and initiating HRT in symptomatic women near menopause. Known benefits of HRT should be weighed against increased risks. This treatment should be individualised after carefully evaluating the conditions of the elderly women for relief.
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100. Thyroid Hormone and Cognition in Adult Life: A New Insight at Synaptic Level
Nilkanta Chakrabarti * & Arun K. Ray
Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India. Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India.
KEY WORDS : Thyroid hormone, Synaptosomes, Calcium, NOS, AChE, Adult rat brain.
Although Thyroid hormone (TH) treatment can reduce symptoms of cognitive impairment in adult life, the molecular mechanism of TH action on cognitive function is not clear. TH may modulate cholinergic and monoaminergic neurotransmission and thus control cognition. Several evidences suggest non-genomic action of TH at synaptic level to modulate such neurotransmissions. Our studies with synaptosomes (isolated synaptic regions) indicated possible non-genomic action of TH through Ca2+-dependent stimulation of NOS for release of NO and subsequent elevation of AChE activity, thus increase in cholinergic cerebrocortical neurotransmission. We also found triiodothyronine (T3) induced rapid intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ recovery and thus neuroprotection.
101 Role of Maternal Age in Downs Syndrome

Minakshi Vashist*, Neelkamall, Shivani Kachroo2, Kirti3.
Reader , Deptt of Genetics , Maharshi Dayananad University. Rohtak , Haryana. 1,2,3. Research Scholars, Deptt of Genetics, Maharshi Dayananad University. Rohtak , Haryana.
Down syndrome is caused by a gene dosage imbalance resulting from human chromosome 21 trisomy and is the most commonly diagnosed congenital malformation or mental retardation . (Jones 2006). Two hundred Downs syndrome patients from 30 centers of 12 districts of Haryana were studied in
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detail to know the etiology of the disease. Downs syndrome has for long been associated with advanced maternal age .Eighty three percent of Down syndrome children were born to young mothers of <34 years and 17/0 to mothers age >34 years. Mean age of mother was 29.5 years in the present study . Mothers of 2.5% cases were more than 40 years of age . It can be suggested that risk of Down syndrome cases is not only due to the advanced maternal age some other factors many be involved in the formation of a trisoimic zygote .
X. DIABETOLOGY 102. A Database for Anti Diabetic Plants Based on Their Mechanism of Action.
Awasthi Darshika, Gupta Shipra, Singh Suman, Vipul Vaibhav
Biotech Park, Lucknow, U.P.
Keywords: Diabetes, Medicinal plants, Database, Mechanism of action, Antioxidant Diabetes is a condition in which insufficient insulin is produced by pancreas as a result blood glucose level gets elevated.In Indian diabetes is known as madhumeha, madhu meaning sweet/sweetness and meha excessive urination. The ancient Indian medicinal system relies on Ayurveda. Remedies suggested for treatment were also natural. Diabetes is one such disease whose effective treatment can be done with herbs. The active constituents found in these medicinal plants plays an important role in controlling hyperglycemia~ beside this they are safe and show no side effects. To focus on the importance of such medicinal plants, here we describe a web database containing information (Common name, botanical name, active constituents, mechanism of action and its effect on other organs) of the most acceptable diabetes medicinal plants exhibiting hypoglycemic effects.
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103. Toxicity Study of a Novel Controlled Release Formulation for the Anti Diabetic Drug Glipizide using Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Polymer.
U. M. Dhana lekshmi*, P. Neelakantareddy, A. B. Mandal.
Bio Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Adyar, Chennai 600020. India.
Key words: Toxicity, Glipizide, Nanoparticles Recently, studies on the biological effects of nanomaterials show signs that some of the manufactured nanoparticles exhibit unexpected toxicity to living organisms. Compared to classical substance (in micro scale), the nanoparticles, due to their nanoscale and huge surface area, may interact with biological systems by more efficient approaches, sometime beneficial but sometime producing grave toxicity. Because the nanosize/surface area of the nanosubstance is directly correlated to many essential characteristics like surface property, chemical reactivity, physical absorption ability, etc., all these factors strongly dominate nanotoxicological behavior in -vivo It has previously not been reported that Glipizide drug possess size depended toxicity or not. Hence, this study was undertaken to address the current deficient knowledge of cellular response to nanosized particle exposure of the formulation. Sub acute toxicity studies were carried out using Swiss male albino rats. Blood and tissue samples were taken for hematological, biochemical and histopathological determinations. A change in serum level of cholesterol, creative phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and total, conjugated bilirubin was observed. Histopathological examinations were carried out for different organs. There was no indication of significant toxicity. Additionally, binding to nanoparticles may reduce the systemic toxicity of drug was confirmed. This study concluded that therapy with glipizide PMMA nanoparticles offers a therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes.
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104. A Simple Urine Test for Diagnosis and Day to Day Management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Dr. M.V. Imbichi Mammi
MD(Med.), M.Sc.(Applied Nutrition), PhD(Med.) Former Prof. of Medicine & Research, Government Medical College, Calicut, India Mele Vallopra, Kovoor, Calicut, Kerala, India, 673008.
Key Words : Diabetes, Polyurea, Polydypsia, Polyphagia, Glucose Oxidase/ Peroxidase (GOD/POD) method Objective is to offer a simple, cheap and quick urine test for diagnosis and day to day management of DM. I have used the GOD/POD solution after modification for estimating the glucose in urine and standardised the test to give a good correlation with blood glucose when a drop of timed specimen of urine was used. It is found that the renal threshold for glucose is around 150mg%. Painful, costly and invasive blood glucose estimation is no more necessary. This method empowers the patient for diagnosis and day to day management of DM. It is suitable for mass screening also.
105. Amelioration of Altered Brain Antioxidant Status by Ginger in STZ-induced Diabetic Rats
K.R. Shanmugam a, P. Sudarsanama CH. Ramakrishnaa, K. Mallikarjuna b, K. Sathyavelu Reddy a*
a
Division of Molecular Biology and Exercise Physiology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, A. P, India, bExercise Biochemistry Lab, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei City, Taiwan. Email: ksreddy2008@hotmail.com
Keywords: Diabetes, Brain, Ginger, Rats. Diabetes exacerbates neuronal injury induced by hyperglycemia mediated oxidative damage and the risk of renal, cardiovascular and neurological
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diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of ginger on antioxidant enzymes in the brain of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats at cellular level. Ethanolic extract of ginger was administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) and the effect of extract on blood glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were estimated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Glibenclamide was used as standard reference drug. Ginger extract administration increased the activities of SOD, CAT, XOD and GSH level in diabetic rats. The ginger extract lowered the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances significantly in cerebellum, cortex and hypothalamus and increased it significantly in brain of diabetic rats. This study can also be extrapolated to clinical studies in future.
106. Study of Dementia with Particular Reference to 7 - minute Screen Test and Cerad Test in Diabetic Patients
Krishnaprabha. P. S1, Rahmath. A2, Sana Varma3, Suresh Kumar. P4, Sreekumaran. E5
1. Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 2. Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 3..Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 4..Consultant Diabetologist, PVS Hospital, Calicut. 5. Lecturer in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut.
Key words: CERAD, 7 screen test, Diabetic neuropathy, Dementia. The aim of the study is to detect whether the diabetic and neuropathic patients had a high risk of developing dementiarelated problems. The subjects were divided into three groups- general, control and test. Two tests were conducted in this study; they are the 7- minute screening battery and CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimers disease). The 7- minute
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screen test consisted of orientation test, memory test, verbal fluency test and clock drawing test. In CERAD ten- word list, a persons memory ability to recall is measured. The six parameters considered in this study were age, duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes, BMI, gender and food habits. The scores obtained were compared using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). From the result, we can presume that cognitive decline is high in diabetics than non- diabetics. In diabetic patients, those with neuropathy had greater cognitive decline than those without neuropathy.
107. Diabetes and Angiogenesis: Effect of Advanced Glycation End Products

Manju Devi and P R Sudhakaran.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum.
Metabolic abnormalities of diabetes alter angiogenic process, which is critical in pathogenesis of diabetic complications including retinopathy. One of the possible mechanisms influencing vascular complications in diabetes is the cellular effects of hyperglycemia- associated advanced glycation end products (AGE). To understand molecular mechanisms contributing to angiogenesis, we studied the effect of AGE-albumin on angiogenesis. In CAM assay and aortic ring assays AGE showed proangiogenic effect. AGE-albumin treatment of HUVECs accelerated formation of cell-cell contact and tubelike structures. The effect of AGE appeared to be related to upregulation of angiogenic factors and intracellular oxidant stress. Use of inhibitors suggests that AGE effect may involve Protein Kinase C dependent signaling mechanism.
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108. Study of Dementia with Particular Reference to Mini Mental State Examination and Geriatric Depression Scale in Diabetic Patients
Rahmath. A1, Krishnaprabha. P. S 2, Sana Varma3, Suresh Kumar. P4, Sreekumaran. E.5
1 Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 2 Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 3 Master of Science in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut. 4 Consultant Diabetologist, PVS Hospital, Calicut. 5 Lecturer in Human Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut.
Key words: MMSE, GDS, Diabetic neuropathy, Dementia.
In this study, the effect of dementia related problems on a persons cognitive functions, especially memory and the occurrence of depression like symptoms were studied using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The subjects were divided into three, one as general group who are non- diabetic, second as control group who are diabetic and non- neuropathic and the third as test group, who are diabetic as well as neuropathic. The six parameters analyzed were age, gender, duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI) and food habits. The scores were then statistically analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The results showed that the test group performed poorer than the control group.
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109. Determination of Catalase Activity and Antioxident Potential in Type 1 Dibetic Patients
S.S.Komte, S.R.Surwase, S.Shringare, S.Bansode.
Department Of Biotechnology,RSM Latur-413 512,M.S
In type I diabetic patient -cells of Islets of langerhans were destructed. The catalase present in blood shows the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide which is harmful free radical and converted into water and oxygen molecule. Catalase is a potent oxidizing agent which is studied in Vitro. By using RBC lysates of both diabetic and normal individuals, the decreases in diabetic patient (279.26u/mg Hb) as compared to normal (366.2u/mg Hb). The 2,2-Diphenyl1picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity was calculated as percentage DPPH reduction as well as mM DPPH reduced in diabetic patient(0.039Mm/ml) and in normal patient (0.045Mm /ml). It indicates that estimating the levels of catalase and DPPH radical scavenging activity in diabetic samples can be anticipated in preliminary screening of blood samples for detection and severing of diabetic conditions, apart from the increased glucose levels. Thus the present work can be extrapolated further for designing kits for detection of activity of catalase and DPPH reduced scavenging potential.
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110. The Effects of Rosiglitazone, Glimepiride and Atorvastatin on Lipid Profile and Glycemic Control in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in Rats
Danish Ahmed*, Udaya P Singh, Vikas Kumar,Yadav Pankajkumar S, Hansraj Bhat
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Manju Sharma
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Mahak Humayun
Kuwait Saudi Pharmaceutical Industries, Kuwait
Key words: Rosiglitazone, Atorvastatin, Glimepiride, Streptozotocin, Combination therapy
This study investigated effects of the combination of rosiglitazone, atorvastatin and glimepiride on glycosylated heamoglobin (HbA1c), Triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and Total cholesterol levels in Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. The present study demonstrates that atorvastatin could increase the effect of rosiglitazone and glimepiride. The suppressive action of combination therapy of rosiglitazone, glimepiride and atorvastatin on total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride was more beneficial than that of rosiglitazone, glimepiride and atorvastatin alone. Results of the present study indicate the combination of rosiglitazone, glimepiride and atorvastatin achieves better glycaemic control and lower serum lipids in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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111. Study of Dementia in Diabetic Patients with Particular Reference to CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimers Disease) and TMT (Trial MakingTest).
Greeshma C1, Rajila KC2, Imee Cheru C3, Deepthi M4, Sreekumaran E5, Sureshkumar P6, Ramakrishna T7.
1. Postgraduate in Human Physiology. 2. Postgraduate in Human Physiology. 3. Postgraduate in Human Physiology. 4. Postgraduate in Human Physiology. 5. Head of the Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut, Kerala. 6. Consultant Diabetologist, PVS hospital, Calicut. 7. Emeritus Professor of Physiology and former Head of the Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut, Kerala.
Key Words: CERAD, TMT, Diabetic neuropathy, Dementia, Cognition. The objective of this study is to determine whether people with diabetes have an increased risk of cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. The subjects under study were classified in to three groups: Test, control and general. In CERAD ten word list, a persons ability to recall is measured. TMT is a short and convenient estimate of cognitive functions, principally attention and working memory. The performance in TMT varies significantly in relation to gender, age, family history of diabetes and duration of diabetes. Family history and duration have no significant role in CERAD test, but gender and age have significant role in this test. Males performed better in CERAD and TMT. The results shows that, these tests are useful for detection of dementia.
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112. Renal Protective and Antioxidant Effects of Ginger in Alcohol Treated Diabetic Rats
K.R. Shanmugam a, CH. Ramakrishnaa, P. Sudarsanama, K. Mallikarjuna b, K. Sathyavelu Reddy a*
a. Division of Molecular Biology and Exercise Physiology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, A. P, India b. Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei City, Taiwan. *. Email: ksreddy2008@hotmail.com
Keywords: Diabetes, Alcohol, Ginger, Rats. Free radicals are considered to be of great importance as the causes of many disorders in alcohol related and diabetes in particular. In recent years, the diabetes and alcoholism has been associated with enhanced glutathione metabolic enzymes, which can contribute to tissue damage under chronic conditions. In the present study we, tested the effect of ginger in alcohol treated diabetic rats, with reference to glutathione metabolic enzymes. Glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in alcohol treated, and alcohol treated diabetic groups. However, with ginger treatment in alcohol treated diabetic group these parameters were reversed back to normal levels. This shows that ginger has antioxidant property The biochemical study, was correlate with histopathological studies. From the results we, conclude that ginger has renal protective and antioxidant effects.
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113. Identification of Diabetic Prevalence and Diabetic Retinopathic Prevalence in Different Areas of Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh, India.
A. Ram Babu & K. Sunita*

Department of Zoology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, A.P., India. *. sunitamichael@yahoo.com
Key words: Diabetes, Diabetic retinopathy, Cataract, Glaucoma, Nutrition. The present investigation deals with the case studies of individuals with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in the community level. For the above study data was collected from diabetic centers and diagnostic centers. By conducting camps in rural and tribal areas, fasting and post lunch blood sugars were collected from individuals. And basing on the blood sugar levels diabetic prevalence was identified as per the population is concerned. Also conducted refraction camp (eye camp) and fundoscopy among selected diabetic people hence identified diabetic retinopathic prevalence. Diabetic complications of eye disorders like cataract and glaucoma were noticed and change of eye glasses was suggested to some people. And some other patients were suggested and advised for retinal detachment. Finally the role of nutrition was explained to the people.
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114. Combination of Ethanol Extracts of Curcuma Longa (l) and Trigonella Foenum Graecum (l) on Regulation of Histopathological Abnormalities in Kidney of Diabetic Rats
M. Guru Sekhar, S. Sadak Basha, Y.R. Radha Madhavi, S. Ramakrishna, G. Narasimhulu and M. Bhaskar*
Dept. of Zoology, S. V. University, Tirupati-517502, A.P, India. *. Email: matchabhaskar@yahoo.com
Key words: Curcuma longa, Trigonella foenum graecum, Alloxan induced diabetes, Glomerular basement membrane, Normal glomeruli, Mesangial cell, Hyalinization of the arterioles Curcuma longa (CL) and Trigonella foenum graecum (TFG) are well known hypoglycemic agents in traditional Indian medicines. Dietary spice components of Curcuma longa and Trigonella foenum graecum have been used for their protective effect against reactive oxygen species induced lipid peroxidation. They were found to be possessing efficient antioxidant properties when administered in combination. Albino rats each weighing 180 30g were given a single dose of intra peritoneal injection of 120 mg of alloxan per kg body weight. The rats were divided into five groups; each group consists of six rats. 1st group treated as control, 2nd group (alloxan treated diabetic rats), 3rd group (Diabetic + CL), 4th group (Diabetic + TFG) and 5th group (Diabetic + CL + TFG). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of oral administration (250 mg/kg b.w /day) of the ethanol extracts of CL rhizome powder and TFG seed powder on regulation of histopathological abnormalities in rat kidneys was studied for 30 days treatment in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Examination of the kidney of the control rats revealed normal glomeruli with thin glomerular basement membranes, normal cellularity and patent capsular space surrounding proximal and distal tubules. Light microscopy of the kidney sections of diabetic rats showed an increase in the mesangial cell and matrix of the glomeruli and hyalinization of the arterioles. Examination of kidneys of the diabetic rats that treated with CL, TFG showed that kidney sections appeared near to control. In the present study we investigated that the combination of CL and TFG effectively prevented the structural abnormalities of the diabetic kidney tissue when compared to individual treatment.
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115. Antidiabetic Effect of Pimpinella Tirupatiensis (Adavikothimeera): Effects on Hepatic Cells Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzymes in Experimental Diabetes
Narasimhulu. G, Rajeswar reddy. S, Lavanya.T, Veera Nagendra kumar. D, Sathyavellu Reddy. K*
Key words: STZ-induced diabetic rats, Antihyperglycemic, Lipid peroxidation, Antioxidant enzymes, Liver, Pimpinella tirupatiensis The present study investigated the effects of pimpinella tirupatiensis aqueous extract on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by measuring fasting blood glucose, change in body weight, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and liver antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of six animals. Treatment of diabetic rats with oral administration of pimpinella tirupatiensis aqueous extract at doses of 750mg mg/kg body weight for 30 days resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, and an increase body weight in comparison with diabetic control group. Hepatic LPO in diabetic rats decreased after treatment by pimpinella tirupatiensis aqueous extract at doses of 750 mg/kg body weight. Pimpinella tirupatiensis aqueous extract-treated diabetic rats at three doses indicated a significant increase in hepatic SOD, CAT, and GPx activities. These results suggest that pimpinella tirupatiensis aqueous extract is beneficial in the control of diabetes by reduction of blood glucose and combating oxidative stress by activation of hepatic antioxidant enzymes.
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116. Regulation of Liver Oxidative Enzymes Activity in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats on Treatment with Trigonella Foenum Graecum and Curcuma Longa
S.Sadak Basha, Gurusekhar. M, Rahamadhavi Y.R, Ismail Munnar, P.Sree vani, Narasimha rao & Bhaskar.M
Dept of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati- 517 502, A. P. India. Email: matchabhaskar@yahoo.com
Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease, which is considered one of the five leading causes of death in the world. Since ancient times, plants have been used to lessen the diabetes impacts. Trigonella foenum graecum (TFG) and Curcuma longa (CL) plants are well notorious to use for the herbal medicine. The present study is designed to examine the oxidative effect of the ethanol extract of TFG and CL in liver tissue of alloxan induced diabetes rats. The rats were divided in to six groups. Group-I (Normal), Group-II (Diabetic rats), Group-III (Diabetic + TFG), Group-IV (Diabetic + CL) Group-V (Diabetes + TFG and CL) and Group-VI-(Diabetic +Glibenclamide (600mg/ kg BW/day). Oral administration of TFG and CL (250mg/kg BW/day) to normal and alloxan induced diabetes rats for a period of 30 days. The activity of Oxidative Enzymes like GDH, G-6-PDH, and SDH were estimated in liver and compared with reference drug, Glibenclamide. Administration of alloxan induced diabetic rats showed significant decreased in oxidative enzyme activity. In contrast significant increase was observed in the activities of GDH, G-6PDH, and SDH was observed in treated with TFG and CL treatment diabetic rats. The Present study indicates that the treatment of TFG and CL extract played a key role in reduction of oxidative enzymes in diabetic rats along with reducing the blood glucose levels. Where as the combined treatment showed better competence treatment of TFG and CL than the individual.
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XI BIOCHEMISTRY
117. Effect of Aqueous Tulasi Leaf Extract Against Piroxicam- Induced Gastric Ulceration in Rats
Anjali Basu1*, Debasri Mukherjee1, S. B. Firdaus1, & Debasish Bandyopadhyay1^
1. Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, Kolkata, India E-mail: debasish63@gmail.com.
Key words:
Antioxidant, Cyclooxygenase-1, Gastric peroxidase, Gastroprotection, Hydroxylradical, Tulasi aqueous leaf extract, Oxidative stress, Piroxicam, Superoxide dismutase
ABSTRACT The protective effect of aqueous leaf extract of tulasi against piroxicaminduced gastric ulceration was studied in rats. The aqueous leaf extract of tulasi lowered piroxicam-induced gastric damage at a dose of 300 mg/ kg BW. Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione content of the gastric tissue following piroxicam treatment, indicate a possible involvement of oxidative stress. Our results further indicate a decreased activity of gastric peroxidase and increased activity of gastric superoxide dismutase following piroxicam treatment. These changes are attenuated by the pre-treatment of the rats with the aqueous extract. Increased tissue generation of hydroxyl radical following piroxicam treatment was found to be attenuated by the pre-treatment of the rats with the same extract indicating that this agent possibly exerts its gastroprotective effects through its direct antioxidant activities. Thus, the findings indicate gastroprotective ability of this aqueous leaf extract against piroxicam-induced gastric damage and this protective action may be mediated through its antioxidant activity and may have future therapeutic relevance.
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118. Ameloirative Effect of Ginger ( Rhizome of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) Against Lornoxicum Induced Liver Injury in Mice.
Soumendra Darbar, Anirbandeep Bose,Tapas Kumar Chattaraj & Tapan Kumar Pal.
Bioequivalance Studt center.Department of Pharmaceutical Technology ,Jadavpur University,Kolkata 32.India Email: darbar.soumen@gmail.com
Ginger (Rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a widespread herbal medicine. Mainly used for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity against Lornoxicam (LOR) induced acute liver injury in mice and to determine its mechanism of action. Oral administration of ZO at doses of 100. 200 and 400 mg kg -1 for 30 days significantly reduced the elevated relative values of liver weight, serum transaminases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and the hepatic morphological changes induced by (LOR) in mice. In addition, ZO markedly inhibited LOR induced lipid peroxidation and enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover pretreatment with ZO suppressed nitric oxide production and nuclear factor kB activation in LOR treated mice. The results suggest that ZO has significant hepatoprotective activity and its mechanism is related. at least in part, to its antioxidant properties. Further research is required to investigate the detailed mechanism of the protective effect of ZO on liver injury.
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119. Effect of Melatonin Against Isoproterenol Induced Damage in Rat Heart

Debasri Mukherjee1*, Anjali Basu1, Elina Mitra1 & Debasish Bandyopadhyay1^
1. Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700 009, INDIA.
Key words: Melatonin, Isoproterenol, Myocardial injury, Antioxidant, Superoxide anion radical. The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of melatonin against isoproterenol bitartrate (ISO) induced myocardial in injury male albino rats. Treatment of rats with ISO at a dose of 25mg/kg bw s.c. was found to cause myocardial injury as evidenced by changes in histological tissue structure and by elevated levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). Elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased reduced glutathione content of the cardiac tissue indicated that ISO induced oxidative damage following oxidative stress. This was also reflected in the ISO induced generation of superoxide anion (O2) and alteration in the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Pre-treatment of the ISO-treated rats with melatonin at a dose of 10 mg / kg bw, i.p. prevented all these changes. As ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a health problem of global concern our findings of melatonins ability to provide cardio-protection at a low pharmacological dose having low or no toxicity raise the possibility of melatonin being considered as a therapeutic for the treatment of IHD.
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120. Optimization and Evaluation of Pioglitazone loaded Surface Modified PLGA Nanoparticles
U.M. Dhana Lekshmi*, P. Neelakantareddy & A.B. Mandal
Bio Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute,(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Adyar, Chennai 600020, India.
Key words: Nnanoparticles, Pioglitazone, Surface modified. The objective of the present study is to surface modify pioglitazone loaded Poly (Lactide) co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles and examine their long circulating property with increased bio availability and enhanced efficacy invitro. The toxicity studies of the formulated nanoparticles was also evaluated in -vivo using male albino rats. Nanoparticles were prepared by Emulsion solvent evaporation method (ESE). The nanoparticle systems were characterized to have a size range of 554.3 nm (100%), with poly dispersity index of 1.00 and rapid pay load release properties in a highly reducing environment. Surface modified nanoparticles showed high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency ranges from 22-26% and 97-98%, respectively. The SEM study revealed spherical morphology of the developed nanoparticles. FT-IR and DSC studies showed no interaction of pioglitazone with polymers. The in-vitro release kinetics from nanoparticles of different polymer drug ratios were best fitted to Higuchi model with high correlation coefficient and the n value obtained from Korsemeyer Peppas model was found to be less than 0.5. Thus, the drug release was diffusion - controlled .The in-vivo result was also consistent with bio chemistry assay and pathological examination. Therefore it may be concluded that chitosan coated surface modified PLGA nanoparticle of pioglitazone may be a promising form of drug delivery by which the total dose and frequency of administration may be considerably reduced with improved efficacy.
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121. NMP Kinases a Novel Targets for Designing Newer Drugs Against Bacterial Infections
Hari Prasad.O & Sarma.P.V.G.K
Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences & University, Tirupati-517507, Andhra Pradesh, India. hari.osuru@gmail.com
Key words: Staphylococcus, TMPk, UMPk, SVIMSHP1, NMPk. Staphylococcus aureus infections have complicated the treatment of Pre and Post operative patients in many parts of the world. There is a need of new antibacterial agents and strategies to develop inhibitors against bacterial infections. The diversity of microbial metabolic pathways and their enzymes offering numerous possibilities to look for developing potential drug targets. One such important pathways are denova and salvage pathways. Our lab mainly deals with two important NMPks (TMP and UMP kinases) of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus-SVIMSHP1 strain. TMP and UMP kinases are involved in both denova and salvage pathways of dTTP and dUTP which are essential for replication and survival of all organisms. It means the inhibitors of these enzymes would lead to cell death. Hence the complete study of structural and kinetic properties of these NMPks will help to design newer drugs to fight against dangerous bacterial infections.
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122. Effect of Formulation Variables on Rifampicin Loaded Alginate Beads

Kishore Narra, U.M Dhanalekshmi, G. Rangaraj M. D. Raja, C. Senthil kumar, P. Neelakanta Reddy * A .B Mandal
Bio-organic chemistry laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
Key words: Rifampicin, Sodium alginate, PVP, PVA. The present work investigated the preparation of biodegradable beads with alginate polymer by ionotropic gelation method to improve the control release properties of the antibiotic rifampicin. Ionotropic gelation method was applied to prepare beads using calcium chloride (CaCl2) as cationic component and alginate as an anionic component. In this method addition of 0.5%w/v poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) to sodium alginate (3.0 % w/v) and 2%w/v of poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to the CaCl2 solution were maintained to study the drug loading and it s release characterstics. The results shown that the addition of PVA and PVP significantly improved drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and release characteristics. This demonstrates that the ionic gelation of alginate molecules offers a flexible and easily controllable process.
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123. Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Dissolution Studies of Solid Dispersions of Ketoprofen with PVP K30 and D-Mannitol
Yadav Pankajkumar S,1 Vikas Kumar,1 Udaya Pratap Singh,1 Hansraj Bhat,1 Danish Ahmed,1 B. Mazumder2
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allahabad Agricultural Institute Deemed University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA-211 007 2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, INDIA-786 004
Keywords: Ketoprofen, Solid dispersion, PVP K30, D-mannitol, Kneading, Melting, Solvent evaporation
Abstract: Solid dispersions with PVP K30 prepared by kneading and solvent evaporation techniques, whereas solid dispersions containing D-mannitol were prepared by kneading and melting techniques. Formulations were characterized in liquid state by phase solubility studies and in solid state by DSC, FTIR, XRD and SEM. Solid state characterization indicated Ketoprofen was entrapped in carrier matrix of PVP K30 solid dispersions and present as fine particles in D-mannitol solid dispersions. The dispersions of drug in carrier considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to increased wettebility and dispersibility, as well as decreased crystallinity and increase in amorphous fraction of drug.
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124. Evaluation of Hepatotoxic Potential of Lambda-Cyhalothrin in Male Albino Wister Rat.

Rini Ghosh, Anukul Patra, Sujata Maiti Chudhury*.
Department of Human Physiology with Community Health,Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102,W.B, India. E-mail: sujata_vu @ yahoo.co.in
Key words: Lambda-cyhalothrin, Hepatic index, Blood glucose, Serum Cholesterol, Serum and Hepatic Transaminases, Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase, Antioxidant status. Lambda-cyhalothrin, a chlorotrifluoro derivative of chrysanlthemic acid is a synthetic pyrethroid. It is highly active against a wide range of species of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Dipteral and coleopteran species and it is used agricultural, public and animal health sector. It shows ovicidal and particularly larvicidal activity. It is highly toxic to bees and too many fish and aquatic invertebrates. It produces neuropathy and decreases food consumption. The present study has been designed to find out the hepatotoxic and antioxidant potentials of Lambda-Cyhalothrin on male albino Wister rats after oral treatment for consecutive five days at the dose level of 51 and 61.2mg/kg body weight .It reduced body weight and alters hepatic index in treated rats. Blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and hepatic transaminases are increased whereas liver glycogen, hepatic alkaline phosphatase and liver protein are decreased. The hepatic antioxidant status were altered by the decrease in GSH level and the activity of GST and by the increase of hepatic MDA.This study demonstrates that Lambda-cyhalothrin exerts an adverse effect on hepatic tissues and alters the antioxidant status of liver in male wister albino rats.
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125. Methods for Evaluation of Invivo and Invitro Antioxidant Activity

Vikas kumar1*, Yadav Pankajkumar S1, Udaya Pratap Singh1, Hans Raj Bhat1, Danish Ahmed1, Md. Kamaruz Zaman2
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allahabad Agricultural Institute - Deemed University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, 211007 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India, 786004
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Free radical, Reactive oxygen Antioxidant capacity is related with compounds capable of protecting a biological system against the potentially harmful effect of processes or reactions involving reactive oxygen. These protective effects of antioxidants have received increasing attention within biological, medical, nutritional, and agrochemical fields. Many methods for evaluation of antioxidant activity, which differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target/ probe species, reaction conditions, and expression of results, have been developed. Antioxidants are first line of defense against free radical damage, and are critical for maintaining optimum health and wellbeing. Antioxidants become even more critical with increased exposure to free radicals.
126. Effect of Lithium on MMP Expression by Huvecs and its Relevance to Angiogenesis
A.P. Athira, M.S. Kiran, T.R.S. Kumar# & P.R. Sudhakaran
Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala #. RGCB, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581, India
Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels from the pre existing vasculature involves activation of endothelial cells. Pericellular proteolysis is critical during this process. One of the molecular mechanisms
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involved in pericellular proteolysis is the action of MMPs. It is hypothesized that cellcell contact dependent signalling involving cadherincatenin may regulate proteolysis through regulation of MMPs .This was examined using lithium, an inhibitor of GSK3, which catalyses serine phosphorylation of catenin, a process that regulates its nuclear translocation. Treatment of HUVECs with lithium, reduced cell-cell contact formation, inhibited angiogenic phenotype, altered distribution of -catenin associated with high levels of MMP suggesting cell-cell contact dependent signalling contributing to modulation of MMP expression and regulation of pericellular proteolysis in angiogenesis.
127. Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract Against Lead Acetate-induced Changes in Hematological Parameters of Male Albino Rats.
Debamita Kilikdar1*, Debasri Mukherjee1, Anjali Basu1, Ananga Mohan Chandra1, Debasish Bandyopadhyay1^
1. Ergonomics and Work Physiology Laboratory and Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata , INDIA. E-mail: debasish63@gmail.com.
Key words: Lead, Haemoglobin, Total count, Differential count, Packed cell volume (PCV), Allium sativum Lead, a ubiquitous toxic metal imposes deleterious effects on the heamatological parameters of male albino rats. Treatment of rats with lead at a dose of 15mg/kg bw for 7days significantly decreases haemoglobin, PCV, total erythrocyte count and blood glucose levels, while significant changes in total and differential leucocyte count are also observed. Allium sativum, popularly known as garlic, is well known for its antioxidant properties mediated by its rich store of organosulfur compounds. The present study reveals that co-administration of aqueous garlic extract in lead treated rats ameliorates most of the changes brought about in the hematological parameters.
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128. Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Chitosan Nanoparticulate System for Acyclovir
M. D. Raja*, Kishore Narra, U.M Dhanalekshmi, G. Rangaraj , C. Senthil kumar, P. Neelakanta Reddy * A.13 Mandal
Bio-organic chemistry laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
Key words: Acyclovir, Chitosan, Nanoparticles Acyclovir, a selective antiherpes viral agent suffers from low oral bioavilability. So in the present study the chitosan nanopaticles as a new vehicle for the improvement of oral bioavailability of acyclovir was investigated. The chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic cross linking method. Ionic cross linking of chitosan done by using Sodium tripolyphosphate. Experimental variables such as method of preparation, drug: polymer ratio was varied to study their effect on drug loading, entrapment efficiency, particle size and release characteristics. By FT-IR and DSC studies the compatibility of polymer and drug was assessed. Results of XRD analysis indicated the amorphous dispersion of drug in the polymer. The mean particle size and percentage drug loading was seemed to be affected by drug: polymer ratio. In vitro release studies in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer had shown sustained release of acyclovir up to 24 hrs. More over to evaluate the biocompatibility of prepared chitosan nanoparticles, invivo studies were performed on rat. The results indicated that chitosan nanoparticles are safe and biocompatible.
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129. Aqueous Tulasi Leaf Extract Protects Against Cadmium-induced Myocardial Injury in Rat
Elina Mitra1*, Debasri Mukherjee1, Anjali Basu1 & Debasish Bandyopadhyay1
1. Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, India E-mail: debasish63@gmail.com.
Key words:
Tulasi leaf, Cadmium, Myocardial injury, Oxidative stress, Protection.
Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) is one of the most potent medicinal herbs of India. Cadmium is a known environmental pollutant that can produce adverse effects in various organs including heart. Studies indicated that free radicals contribute to cadmium induced damage. In the present investigation administration of Tulasi leaf aqueous extract at a dose of (200 mg/kg b.w.) prior to cadmium treatment (0.44 mg/kg b.w. sc) significantly protected the activities of the antioxidant enzymes when compared to the activities observed in Cd-treated rats, and restored the level of GSH in heart. The findings suggest a protective role of Tulasi against cadmium-induced myocardial injury in rat.
130. Upregulation of Leukotriene Pathway in Young Myocardial Infarction Subjects

Febi John*, Tiny Nair**, M Indira*
*. Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Trivandrum 695581, **. PRS Hospital, Trivandrum
Key words: Myocardial Infarction, Leukotriene B4, High-sensitivity

C- reactive protein, Malondialdehyde, 5-lipoxygenase, Cycloxygenase
Genetic variation in the gene arachidonic 5-lipoxygenase activating protein and leucotriene A4 Hydrolase has been linked to the risk of myocardial
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infraction (MI) in Icelandic, Scottish and European-American population. The aim of the study was to determine whether there is upregulation of leucotriene pathway during plaque rupturing in young MI patients. Significant increase in the levels of, High-sensitivity C- reactive protein. Malondialdehyde. Leucotrine B4 and activities of 5-lipoxygenase. And cycloxygenase were observed. This activation of leucotreine pathway was observed even when the cholesterol levels were normal. This indicates the upregulation of leucotriene pathway.
131. Targeted Delivery of Drugs via Biocompatible Nanoparticles

Maya P. Nair1 , Andras G. Lacko1, Mian Shahzad2, L. S. Mangala2, Walter McConathy, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein2, & Anil K. Sood2.
University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX1, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX2, USA. .Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Cancer Research University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
Keywords: Drug Delivery, Lipoprotein, Cancer chemotherapy, Nanoparticle Lipoproteins are considered to be appropriate drug delivery agents, especially for cancer chemotherapy. Our laboratory has developed a highly effective drug delivery platform, using ingredients of high density lipoproteins. These developments open the way for dramatic improvements in innovative drug delivery technology. Synthetic high density lipoprotein nanoparticles, carrying paclitaxel (rHDL/PTX) were prepared with substantially higher PTX content than reported earlier (Anticancer Research 22(4):2045-9[2002]). The rHDL/PTX complexes appeared to be primarily spherical nanoparticles when examined via electron microscopy, with a constant composition, molecular weight and exceptional stability by both ultracentrifugation and column chromatography. The rHDL/ PTX nanoparticles had superior cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines with an IC50 5-20 times lower than that of the
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free drug. Studies with mice showed that the rHDL/PTX nanoparticles were substantially better tolerated than the corresponding dosages of either Taxol or Abraxane
132. Andrographolide Loaded Cataionic and Anaionic PGLA Nanoparticles as Hepatoprotectants

Partha Roy, Suvadra Das and Arup Mukherjee
Division of Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemicals Technology Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata Email: arupri-02340agmail.com
Keywords: Andrographolide, Nanoparticles, Cationic, Hepatoprotection Andrographolide (AG), a diterpenoid lactone, from Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), exhibit a host of biological efficacies including hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti HIV, antiapoptic activity. Therapeutic application of AG is limited for its low aqueous solubility and short biological T 1/2. Nanoparticle delivery devices with AG as pay load can overcome such limitations, reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance. Anionic AG nanoparticles (AGnps) were synthesized using USFDA approved biopolymer Poly DL-lactide-co-glycolide 50:50 (PLGA). AGnps were having mean PCS C_ diameter of 185 nm in size and zeta potential of 22.5mV. The cationic AGnps were prepared by polyelectrolyte complexation of PLGA nanoparticles with chitosan. that, exhibited, particle size 244 nm and zeta potential +70 mV AG drug loading, efficiency was observed to be 80% Pharmaceutical screening of both variants provided significant hepatoprotection in CCL4 induced rhodent model
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133. Study of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in Serum and Lymphocyte of the Gutkha Chewers
Santanu Kar Mahapatra, Soumyabrata Roy, Subhankari P. Chakraborty, Sourav Chatterjee & Somenath Roy*
Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India. Email: somenathroy@hotmail.com
Key words: Gutkha, Lymphocyte, Serum, Lipid peroxidation, Antioxidant status. Gutkha is marked as chewing tobacco and has been implicated as a significant risk factor for the establishment and progression of diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the adverse effect of gutkha chewing in serum as well as in lymphocytes through highlighting on lipid damage and antioxidant status. Twenty male university students (22-25 years), having more than five years gutkha chewing habit, were randomly chosen for this study. Lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase activity was measured to understand the oxidative damage. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes status were estimated to establish the antioxidant status. The oxidative damage markers were significantly increased in serum and lymphocytes in gutkha chewers than those who have no such habit. Beside that, the antioxidant levels were decreased in gutkha chewers in both serum and lymphocytes. These findings may suggest that, gutkha chewer students were fall in oxidative damage and decreased oxidant defense system that represent a risk factor for the development of chronic disease in future.
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XII MISCELLANEOUS 134. Formulation of Controlled Release Ibuprofen Microbeads by using Assam Bora Rice Powder
Bhattacharya A#, Jha Antesh K * & Borkataky.M.#
*. Anand College of Pharmacy, AEC Campus, Keetham, Agra, -282007 ,U.P. Email: jha_antesh@rediffmail.com # . Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, -786004 Assam, E-Mail: duashok@yahoo.com
Keywords: Ibuprofen, Assam Bora Rice, Sodium Alginate, Microbeads, Ionotropic gelation method The use of natural polymers in the drug delivery continues to be an area of intensive research. The ionotropic gelation method was used to prepare controlled release Bora rice-alginate microbeads of ibuprofen. The influence of various formulation factors on the entrapment efficiency, particle size, particle shape and in vitro drug release was investigated. Ibuprofen-loading amount, stirring speed, curing time, polymer concentration, surfactants and cross-linking agents seemed to affect the values of particle size, entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesivity, swelling ratio and drug release kinetics of the microbeads. The release rate of all ibuprofen-loaded microbeads was relatively slow at low pH. This suggested that ibuprofen was thoroughly encapsulated in Bora rice-alginate microbeads. This suggested that ionotropic gealation method was successful in producing ibuprofen-loaded bora rice-alginate microbeads.
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135. Development of Bioinoculum for Restoring the Fertility of Farming Soil Using Municipal Waste
F.N. Kazi, P.S. Manurkar, S.Q.Hakim & S.S.Kulkarni
Department of Biotechnology Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya, Latur.
Key words : Bioinoculum, Mixed concertia of microorganism, Biofertilizers Due to continuous farming the organic content, minerals and other nutrients of soil are getting decreased day by day also, since long time use of chemical fertilizers is also affecting the productivity of soil. Thus it is the necessity of the time to take some initiatives to restore the nutritive value of the farming soil. By considering this view in our mind we have developed the bioinoculum which will degrade the solid municipal waste to simple organic compound which can be added back to farming soil to restore the nutritive value of the soil. Bioinoculum is the mixed concertia of organisms which coverts complex organic compound to simple one and when added to soil increases its fertility. As municipal waste contains complex biopolymers, nitrates, phosphate, carbon etc. its degradation products helps in enhancing the productivity there by the fertility of soil. To bring the above mentioned view to practicable level we have collected municipal waste from the Latur city (MS INDIA) and for its degradation microorganisms were isolated from different sources such as soil, pulp from paper industry, colony waste water etc. The obtained concertina is used to degrade the municipal waste of Latur city. The bioinoculum developed from this process can be used to increase the fertility by providing readymade nutrients to biofertilizers added in soil. This will solve problem of exhaustion of nutrients from soil to some extent.
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136. Study on Physicochemical and Biological Parameters of Sanjivani Lake Water located Near Vadaval Bet of Latur District A Case Study
P.S. Solanki, P.V. Khakke, V.C. Hingane, M.A.Dhotre,S.S. Kulkarni & V.S. Shembekar
Key words: Physicochemical and biological parameters, pollution profile, Sanjivani Lake Social, economical and political development of region is dependent on the quality and quantity of natural resources. So the management of natural resources and its monitoring is the primary task. The present study deals with the some physiochemical and biological parameters of Sanjivani Lake, located near Vadaval Bet of latur District were assessed to determine their pollution profiles. Physicochemical Parameters such as pH, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), sulphate, phosphate, chloride ,bicarbonate etc. and biological Parameters such as MPN and SPC were determined. Some of the parameters were above WHO standard for drinking water, so there is need for strict monitoring to ensure quality water supply for human health. Results are discussed in full length.
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137. Study of a Standard Module on the Health Management and Working on Solution to Adopt Better Application in Most of Common to all in Our Society Standing on the Present Trend
Samir Lodh
Bakul Sevayatan & Rehab Centre 12/8A, Satchasi Para Road Kolkata-700-002 E.mail:slodh_dr01@yahoo.com
Key Words: Health Management, Community medicine, Multidimensional, Well being, Terminal L.C., Computerised Path Scan, Stress, Cancer Risk Management, Modification, Correction, Integration, Rehabilitation. The importance of Health Management has been acclaimed worldwide. Health is a precious asset for personal,social and national advancement and progress. Peoples of a class live under social network where different classes interacts with the community depending on some common availability of their amenities. The standard of living directly relates to goods we consume and the services we enjoy. Obviously it consists of some aspects namely: Health, Food consumption, Education, Occupation, Working conditions, Housing, Social security, clothing and recreation and leisure and human rights. If these are properly maintained by the surrounding system, then everything should influence human well being. Among other factors, heredity, environment, life style, socio-economic conditions, health and family welfare services etc. would also require to integrate the mantra of management. Always a profile or pattern of history should make comparisions between areas, regions and nations overall. In reality, health problems are multidimensional and for making access to manage in a short sphere, it is must to take it in total and integral method of which is time long schematic process. So, from a cylce of birth to the terminal stage of life, entire changes with improvements would be taken into precise manner and it must be devised through some documents like computerised path clap scan.
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The solution of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through organized community efforts are to be taken into mass awareness and participation program. We need transformation in every aspect relating to downtrodden levels to the upward classes. A few examples of the modern setup shows Stress Management to Stress Prescription, Cancer Risk Management to Factors Awakening Prescription and Restoration and De-addiction Tech-Rehab, etc. etc. As such rapid assessment, modification, correction as well as rehabilitation program are needed to be incorporated to evolve the trend.
138. The Innovative Approach for Holistic Development of Children of Migratory Sugar Factory Workers at Pravaranagar, Rural Maharashtra
Dr.Mrs.Vaishali Phalke*, Dr. Deepak Phalke**
*. Professor, **. Professor & Head Dept. of Community Medicine, Rural Medical College, PIMS University, Loni, Tal: Rahata, Dist. - Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, PIN-413736 India E-mail : deephalke@yahoo.co.in
Key words : Children of migratory workers, Sugar school

Background
At present government of Maharashtra is providing only Education to children of migratory sugar factory workers through designated Sugar Schools on day care basis. But this is not enough. Along with this their basic requirements like shelter in residential safe supervised environment, free food, free medical care is complete solution. Their parents practically have no time to look after them due to long and odd working hours leaving them to mercy of destiny. This social security measure adopted by Pravara Medical Trust and Sugar Factory shall reduce anxiety and worry about their child when they work in field in odd hours of day and night. This will also help children to enjoy their basic rights.
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Thiruvananthapuram
Aims and Objectives
To assess the health status of children of migratory sugarcane workers in Balvikas Kendra, (Sugar School) Pravaranagar. To compare results between the values of Hb% and weight at the time of admission and 6 months later and to find if there is improvement in nutritional status and personal hygiene. To decide methods to improve the health status & overall development of children. Study Design : Prospective interventional Duration : Six months i.e. from October to March 2006 Setting : Balvikas Kendra, Pravaranagar, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra Participants : 68 children out of 145 children enrolled in Balvikas Kendra,Pravaranagar Sample size : 68 children who were regular and staying at centre throughout the season. Data collection : Thorough history and findings of clinical examination was recorded on Pre-designed and pre-tested Questionnaire. Materials : Measuring Tape, Weighing Machine, Snellens Chart, Stethoscope, Reflex Hammer, Torch, Sahlis haemoglobinometre. Analysis : Using tables, diagrams, proportions and Students Paired t Test
Results
In the present study total 68 children out of total 145 children who were regular and were staying in Sugar School were examined. Out of total 68 children 32 were boys and 36 were girls. All these children were in range of 3 to 13 years age group. Religion wise (95.58%) were Hindu. About ( 62% ) of children were not able to read. All girls were having lice infestation at the time of admission which was reduced There was significant increase in weight and height of children at the time of examination.
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Refractive error was found in 8 children. About (29.4%) of the children were having dental problems. Only five children were having normal BMI.
Innovative approach
Nutritious and balanced diet is provided. Deworming of all children is done after admission. Iron and vitamin A supplements are provided. For lice infestation hair were cut and mediker sampoo was used. Tooth paste and brush were provided to improve dental hygiene. Trimming of nails periodically For maintaining personal hygiene warm water, towel, Soap is provided. Immunization of all children for Tetanus Health education by Interns and Medical Officer on Personal hygiene, Nutrition Recreational facility TV with CD player provided with educational & recreational CD s 24 hours caretakers and security person.
Conclusion
This school shall serve as role model for rest of the sugar factories in state and country to start similar residential school. Government should make it compulsory for all Sugar factories to provide Social security in form of free food, shelter, medical care to children of migratory workers as only educational facility for few hours in a day provides only false sense of security.
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139. Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Identification of Human Urinary Calculi
Shaiju S.Nazeer1, Y M Fazil Marickar1
1. Department of Surgery, Zensa Hospital, Trivandrum 695009, Kerala, India
Keywords: Urinary stone, FTIR, Whewellite, Weddellite, Apatite, Struvite, Uric acid Urolithiasis is a disease which occurs frequently in humans. Dietary habits, living conditions and metabolic disorders are main causes for formation of urinary calculi. Compositional and structural analysis of urinary calculi is important in its prophylaxis. Spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, FTRaman, XRD and SEM-EDAX are usually used for the structural and compositional analysis. 131 stones collected from urinary stone clinic were analysed using FTIR spectroscopy. Stones were dissected and powdered carefully using mortar and pestle and mixed with inert powder support (dried potassium bromide). Using appropriate die this mixture is converted into a pellet of diameter 13mm and then placed in the IR beam of the spectrometer for taking FTIR spectrum. Seventy one percentage of stones analysed were found to be mixed stones. Out of 131 stones analysed, 97 predominantly calcium oxalate, 12 predominantly apatite, 15 predominantly uric acid and seven predominantly struvite. From the results it can be concluded that FTIR can be used as a flexible and economic technique for analysing the chemical composition of urinary calculi.
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140. Future Drug Delivery SystemEnhanching Life

Farooqi Shaila*
The University of Kashmir
Drug delivery involves the design of system for the delivery of drugs to their site within the body of the patient. In the very early days of drug delivery, drugs and other bioactive agents were taken by patients as tablets, capsules, injections, etc. About 40 years ago, several pharmaceuticals scientists started using carriers i.e., polymeric materials that could slow down to release process from one hour to about six hours. Presently pharmaceutical scientists are working on those drug delivery systems that could delivery a drug over a longer period of time, typically systematically and with continuously decreasing rates. Such drug delivery systems are called as Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems. These systems will surely revolutionize the world of drug delivery. Such systems will also bring the personalized medicine into reality. These systems release the drug as per the surrounding environment (acidity or temperature) and delivery the right chemical or drug at the right time. This review article will try to lay emphasis on these type of drug delivery systems, that may include Stem-cell guns, Remote controlled drug delivery cubes, Miniature wireless implant, Self assembling pills, I-pill, Solar implant, Smart Toe memory implant, Micro array needles, Microbubble ultrasound technology etc. At last, we pharmaceutical scientists should have one objective in common, we all should try to bring out better safer formulations for healthcare, cosmetic or biodefense, irrespective caste, color or creed, at the same time we should also work in harmony to make our globe disease free, pain free. It is well said that Continuity always gives us roots; change gives us branches, letting us to stretch and grow and reach new heights. Same way as a formulating - scientists, we should always try to accelerate and imply the on going changes in the drug development processes through the application of the latest experimental and computational techniques, and we should never ever remain stagnant, if we wish to can reach new horizons of drug delivery systems.
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Thiruvananthapuram
141. Entailment of Prosperity Owing to Smoking Among Children

Hepsibah Palivela1, Farooqi Shaila2, Neeharika3 & V.S. Ghole4
AQJ College of Pharmacy, Gudilova, Visakhaptnam. Andhra Pradesh India.
Keyword : Tobacco, Street children, Smoking, Slum dwellers, Socioeconomic status. The impact of addiction towards smoking and chewing among children belonging to below poverty line has been studied and evaluated in the current investigation. During the survey it was seen that relationships played a vital role for consuming the tobacco and smoking. During the interaction with the sampled population we found the relationships that influenced our research topic was the poor bonding among family members, with society, also less support from relatives, and friends lean towards smoking addictions. When we analyzed the data separately by age, gender, or ethnicity it was found that many differences by these factors, though there were too few of them to detect any pattern with confidence.
142. New Technology Plus MisbelievesA Curse to Female Goddesses in Maharashtra

Dr. Deepak Phalke*, Dr.Mrs.Vaishali Phalke**& Dr.J.D.Deshpande***
Dept. of Community Medicine, Medical College, PIMS University, Loni, Tal: Rahata, Dist. - Ahmednagar, Maharashtra PIN-413736 India E-mail ID: deephalke@yahoo.co.in
KEY WORDS : Female foeticide, Prenatal sex determination

Research question
What are the determinants of misuse of technology of prenatal sex determination on sex ratio in Maharashtra State.
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Objectives
To compare sex ratio in Maharashtra in relation to other states To study effect of literacy, misbelieves, economic status , availability of Ultrasound machines and their alleged misuse in sex selective abortions. In India Lacks of female fetuses are being killed deliberately on demand of people having social pressure of having male child and to avoid responsibility of evils like dowery though Navaratra festival worshipping Goddesses is observed every year. Mostly educated people with good economic status and unethical doctors are taking contract for these killings. Surprisingly sex ratio is better in underdeveloped states and remote tribal and backward areas probably because of less Doctors and Ultrasound machines available. Unfortunately these are not getting due publicity by media and Governments are unable to tackle the issue with existing laws. Declining sex ratio is hard reality in developed western Maharashtra as compared to Tribal and other underdeveloped regions viz Kokan and Vidarbha. In Nandurbar, Tribal and underdeveloped district for instance, sex ratio for females have increased from 977/1000(1991) to 996/1000 (2001) as per government statistics. It is essential that this silent problem should become top National agenda for planners taking into considerations of devastating long term effects in days to come. This paper is an attempt to discuss various determinants of the problem and possible solutions.
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Thiruvananthapuram
143. Differential Behaviour of Activin Induced Embryonic Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Tissue Engineering Using Gelatin Gum Arabic scaffold.
Dr Boby T Edwin
Lecturer, Department of Botany, TKM Arts and Science College
Dr Prabha D Nair
Scientist G Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojappura
Keywords: ESCs, MSCs, Activin, Chondrogenesis, Gelga This study investigated whether a three-dimensional (3D) gelatingum arabic (GELGA) scaffold environment induce differential behaviour in activin induced embryonic stem cells and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during TGF 3 mediated chondrogenesis compared to pellet culture, which is an established model for evaluating chondrogenesis. Pellet culture was carried out in low-serum medium in the presence of transforming growth factor beta III (TGF- III) and dexamethasone. hMSCs and ESCs were seeded into a GELGA scaffold at cell densities of 2x106 and 5x106 cells per scaffold and cultured in low serum medium supplemented with TGF- III and dexamethasone. With comparable proteoglycan synthesis and collagen type I and type X gene expression levels, scaffolds seeded with hMSCs (5x106) expressed higher amount of type II collagen and aggrecan gene transcripts than pellets on day 14. The deposition of proteoglycan and type II collagen was detected more on the peripheral layer of scaffolds. While ESCs seeded in all density showed only comp gene expression. The scaffold composite culture system shows chondrogenesis of hMSCs comparable with that of pellet culture while ESCs have no detectable chondrogenesis. Initial cell seeding density influences the ability and process of hMSC chondrogenesis. GELGA can be used as a basic system for cartilage neo-tissue formation in vitro.
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144. Fluke on Photosynthesis by Vitamin-b 12 in Medicine and Physiology

C R Das, M Sc (Cal) Dr rer nat (IGOETTINGEN)
Scientist Ex BSI HQ Kolkata-700 153 India
Key word: Adaptation, Biotic cell, Genetic habitat, Isotonic, Photon , RNA, Temperature The singular unique synthetic process, photosynthesis is of vital importance has more carefully and, accurately been studied. The major factor temperature in both the environment and laboratory has critically determined. It was earlier believed photosynthesis reaction norms are being independent on temperature. It has now established the norms are highly dependant of it through the thermal adaptation. The Fluke of Vit B12 has an extra miraculous effect on the reaction norms in which RNA is converted to DNA when the cells are kept in low temperature. Experimented with Chlorella21 1/8K (a high temperature Strain strain of Sorokin) it has been observed that VIT-12 acts on the enlarged cells due to larger accumulation of RNA under stressed condition from 35C to 15C with light -intensity of 5 k-Luxin the laboratory. It has induced normal cell division and the speed of reaction becoming highly increased.
223
Thiruvananthapuram
145. A Rethinking About Sponging as a Treatment

K.M.Yacob
Chief Physician Marma Health Centre, Kalyani Towers Deshabhimani, P.O. Kaloor,Ernakulam (Dt), Kerala.Pincode-682017 India E-mail : yacob@marmatreatment.com,yacobkm@gmail.com
Key Words: Fever Sponging, Body message, Comfort, Discomfort , Effective heat Currently the treatment for all types of fever is limited to cold water or ice sponging. Patient feels discomfort as the sponging decreases effective heat in the body. But when we improve the temperature of the body, patients feels comfortable. So our body tells us that it needs more heat during fever and that is the very purpose of it. This comfort or discomfort is not just a feeling, but is the way our body express its message, by asking us to help to activate the healing. So it is evident that sponging is unscientific.
146. Blanketing : A New Method to Support Fever Treatment.

K. M. Yacob
Chief Physician, Marma Health Centre, Kalyani Towers Deshabhimani, P.O.Kaloor,Ernakulam (Dt), Kerala.Pincode-682017 India E-mail : yacob@marmatreatment.com,yacobkm@gmail.com
Blanketing
A new method to support fever treatment. Our body wishes for more heat during fever. Those who do not like to use blankets, wish to be inside a blanket
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during fever. If we cover body with a blanket during summer, will feel discomfort. But when we do the same during fever, even in summer, we are comfortable. When temperature increases, our body will sweat and will wish to have some cold water. But our body do not sweat or long for cold water, during fever, even in summer. Any technique that lowers the temperature of our body, will result in discomfort. So blanketing will help healing. Even though now we are living with a lot of fevers with different names like Leptrospira, swine flue, Chikun Gunya, etc, the symptoms of fever patients have many things in common. That means there is a scientific basis, which is common for all these fevers and can be used to explain the secretes of all fevers. A treatment based on this science will effectively cure fevers As per our believe, physicians (Allopathic, Homoeopathic, Ayurvedic, etc.,) knows everything about health, decease and treatment. But a lot of physicians, their family members and their patients have died by fever. The modern science do not know much about fever for example. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics says our understanding of the neural basis of thermoregulation and fever is still rudimentary. The role of fever in the defence reaction is not clear.In fever, the thermostatic mechanism is set at a higher level even though it is not completely deranged.paracetamol may cause fever. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.R.S.Satoska
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Thiruvananthapuram
226

VII
LIST OF
Past Sectional Presidents
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Thiruvananthapuram
228
PAST SECTIONAL PRESIDENTS Medical Sciences (including Physiology)
Ananga Mohan Chandra Ranajit Sen A.B. Roy Chowdhury Sujit Kumar Bhattacharya P.K. Banerjee P.P. Venugopalan Debjani Guha Medical & Veterinary Sciences Pratip Kumar Debnath P.C. Das Tushar K. Maitra P. Rai A.P. Galhotra Devavrata Chakravarti M.A. Ghafoor Hrishikesh Jana Amiyakumar Hati G.P. Sen T.K. Das N.N. Roy Chowdhury B.B. Mallick Basudeb Datta Chaudhuri P.N. Bhat A.K. Ganguly Chandan Roy Choudhuri S.S. Khera Ajay K. Ghosh R.C. Mazumdar H.G. Sen P.K. Banerjee Jayasree Roy Chowdhury Dipak Kumar Ray Dinabandhu Banerjee S.R. Das Gupta Sushiela Swarup Mitra
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976
Kalyan Bagchi O.P. Basu S.R. Rao Amiya B. Chowdhury P.C. Sen Gupta J.B. Chatterjee Srish Chandra Seal J.C. Banerjee A.K. Hazra A.R. Natarajan P.G. Pande A.K. Bose C.R. Das Gupta Subodh Mitra Sushil Kumar Basu R.N. Chaudhun S.C.A. Dutt V.R. Khanolkar G. Sankaran M.V. Radhakrishna Rao M.B. Soparkar G.D. Bhalerao G. Panja K.N. Bagchi S.W. Hardikar K.V. Krishnan F.C. Minett S.K. Basu A.C. Ukil I.R. Haddow T.S. Tirumurti
1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965-1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939
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Thiruvananthapuram
Medical Research U.N. Brahmachari
1938
Medical and Veterinary Research A. Olver 1937 M.E. Shortt 1936 K.R.K. Iyengar 1935 S.S. Sokhey 1934 A.O. Stewart 1933 M.H. King 1932 Brahmachari Bahadur 1931 R. Knowless 1930 R.E. Wright 1929 R.N. Chopra 1927 R. Rao 1926 Medical Research F.P. Mackie S.R. Christophers J. Cunningham J.W.D. Megaw Harvey W. Glen Liston Physiology Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti Subodh Ch. Paul A. Namasivayam Khub Singh Pratima Chatterjee W. Selvamurthy Osha Nayar P.K. Dey Satipati Chatterjee S.K. Manchanda Lazar Mathew T. Desiraju H.B. Kundu Haripada Chattopadhyay B.S. Gajalakshmi G.S. Chhina Jyotirmoy Sen Gupta Biswanath Koley J.M. Senapati S. Dua Sharma N.K. Bhattacharyya 1925 1924 1922 1921 1920 1919 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982
A.K. Medda A.K. Mukherjee Rabindra Nath Sen Hrishikesh Jana S.N. Ray Sripati Bose C.C. Deb A.K. Maiti S.K. Mukherjee K.N. Sharma Sarada Subramanyam J. Nag Chaudhuri P. Brahmayya Sastry M.L. Chatterjee S.R. Maitra B.K. Anand M.C. Nath D.P. Sadhu G.C. Esh D.N. Mullick A. Roy N.P. Benwari S.N. Ray Inderjit Singh D.V.S. Reddy N.N. Das P.B. Sen N.D. Kehar S. Banerjee S.M. Banerji Kalidas Mitra B.B. Sarkar Bashir Ahmad S.A. Rahman P. De B. Mukherji S.N. Mathur B. Narayana N.N. Das B.B. Dikshit W.R. Aykroyd N.M. Basu R.N. Chopra S.L. Bhatia W. Burridge Veterinary Research Arthur Olver
1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 19651964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1938
230

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Section XI: Medical Sciences

97th Indian Science Congress

President Prof. T.K. Bose

97th Science Congress 2010

Section XI: Medical Sciences

Presidential Address ........................................................... 5

97th Science Congress 2010

Section XI: Medical Sciences

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Section XI: Medical Sciences

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