Why Fuel Cells?

The need is clear and well recognized for clean, safe, and reliable forms of energy that can provide prescribed levels of power consistently, and on demand.Yet, most forms of non-combustion electric generation have limitations that impact widespread use of the technology, especially as a primary source of electric power (i.e., baseload power). Solar energy, for example, depends on the sun. Extended days of cloudy skies can severely limit the generation of electricity, and power availability Is generally considered to be between 25 to 35%.Wind turbines are designed to turn kinetic energy into electricity.They too, depend on factors that cannot be controlled. In this case, the presence of

wind and a certain minimum wind velocity are required. As a result, power availability is judged to be in the range of 30 to 35%.Geothermal sources require heat energy from underground geothermal Fields, which mean they are restricted to certain geographic locations. Similarly, hydroelectric Plants are confined to locations near major rivers and are also somewhat constrained by nature. Thus, without adequate and consistent sun, wind, heat, and water flow, such sources of power Generation are limited by the whims of nature and cannot be considered as reliable sources of energy.

Basic fuel cell. The ionic current varies with type: in solid oxide cells, for instance, oxygen ions travel from cathode to anode. . For example, in a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell, the hydrogen passes 1) through 'serpentine' channels that maximize its contact with 2) a porous medium, through which it diffuses to 3) the catalyst layer (platinum on nano-sized carbon particles) where it loses electrons then conducts as protons through 4) the polymer membrane to meet oxygen arriving through similar layers on the other side (layers which also conduct away water and heat, while keeping the membrane wet). Uses :-

Fuel cells and emissions reduction

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device which, at its simplest, converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, along the way generating electricity and water. As such, fuel cells can be used to power any device which requires electricity. Fuel cells for portable devices show a great deal of market potential, particularly in ensuring a long running time and grid-independence of consumer electronics gadgets. Longer-term, large-scale fuel cell power plants offer low emissions and very high efficiency power generation for a range of applications while fuel cell cars, when fuelled with renewable hydrogen, offer zero emissions (other than water). Implications The fuel cell sector faces a once in a lifetime opportunity to make a viable business case for its role in both economic and environmental sustainability. This is primarily in emerged markets such as Europe, Japan and North America where job creation and emissions reduction are key; Fuel cell technology has the potential to reduce CO2 and regulated pollutant emissions, as well as improves operating efficiency of various

applications. In job creation terms, on current projections the industry is capable of generating over 1 million new jobs, although some of these may be in non-traditional regions; o India, along with certain other emerging markets, has the low cost, high volume manufacturing, domestic market size and the potential to export that could make it a significant challenger to North America and Europe as centres for fuel cell manufacturing; The Middle East, driven by a desire to diversify its economies, could also be a substantial adopter of fuel cells, particularly as part of renewable energy systems.

First the Hydrogen deal:

Lets get the facts straight. Water is H2O aka- 2parts Hydrogen, 1part Oxygen combined together. When put under electrolysis or electrosis these molecules split forming a gas known as HHO which is a very explosive and powerful gas. The smallest of sparks can ignite the gas and if stored into container which for some reason caught fire the result could be fatal. No need to get scared though, if the proper precautions are made, no danger is to be seen.HHO is about 3 times more powerful than gasoline vapor. Meaning 1L of HHO would give your vehicle 300%

more power than 1L of gasoline vapor. But feeding an engine pure hho would destroy it due to the fact timing is advanced (spark before TDC) on most vehicles but needs to be retarded (spark after TDC). Also the temperature at which HHO Burns is melting point of the metal it touches. SO...your valves and head would burn through in a matter of weeks. Also in diesel engines if you completely remove diesel from an engine the upper cylinder gets no lubrication and will wear out your piston rings FAST.Getting enough HHO to power a car is pretty hard if not impossible. Explanation: a 2 cylinder 1L engine uses 1L of air per 4 revolutions (rpm). Gasoline is injected as a mist which turns into a vapor instantly at a ratio of 15 parts air to one part vapor. Which is .07 L. At 2000 RMP the engine uses 1/2L of vapor per SECOND. HHO is already one part oxygen to two parts hydrogen so too much air would thin it out too much and give no So we use HHO to Boost the efficiency of our gasoline engine, giving it pure hydrogen and oxygen to let the fuel burn better. This is where the good part starts. Most sellers are selling systems that give less than 1/2 LPM of HHO. When mixed with the air going to the engine that makes NOTHING. 1/10-1/2 LPM of HHO will do some good for a small engine like 50CC-2.0L again more HHO to the bigger engine. Any engine

over this size needs 1+ LPM. A lot of the sellers dont even know how much their system makes! They say "ALOT" but in reality all the cells I have tested that seemed to make alot, made 1/4-3/4 LPM. If the kit supplies gas via an aquarium air line, the system makes nothing, trust me. LOOK OUT FOR THE GAS OUTPUT. I recommend .5-1.0LPM per Liter of engine displacement. Example: 2.0L vehicle should have a 1-2LPM generator for good increase in economy. Second, if a system uses a lot of AMPS, it will fry your alternator and battery in no time which no one will tell you though. Look out for systems that draw over 15AMPs but put out less than 1LPM.

Energy storage including Fuel cells The economic feasibility of large stationary fuel cell systems for combined heat and power is one key area that needs improvement. Scale of economies with an increase in customer demand is understood, but here in California it may be the emission offsets that contribute significantly to the. Fuel cells can become a substitute technology for meeting thermal energy needs. Interestingly enough, it is wastewater treatment plants that have seen the most growth in

deployment of large stationary fuel cells (mostly with Fuel Cell Energy technologies) in California. Thank you

Project made by: ROUSHAN PRAKASH SINGH & AKASH JADHAV CLASS:-9th Y