MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE

I.

Drug schedules what goes where (know the schedule of drugs) ( p.39) Cocaine is a Schedule II drug. Marijuana is a Schedule I drug. Ecstasy is also known as Schedule I (MDMA) The barbiturates are examples of a group of drugs that is classified by Chemical Structure The designer drug Rohypnol is commonly known as roofies Schedule III flunitrazepam Schedule I herion hash nicodeniene ectasy methylendioxymethtamie marijuana lsd, dmt Quaalude methcathinone Schedule II opium morphine codenine percodon Ritalin seconal oxycodone Percodan oxycontin methadone demoerol dailauid dexedrinr benezedrine cocane pcp methamptamie Schedule III empire with codenine Tylenol with codenine paregoric marinol vicodan doriden nodular ketamine flunitrazepam Rohypnol butisol fiorinal anabolic steroids Schedule VI luminal Darvon valium Librium cholral hydrate placidy darocet ambien valmid Ativan halcion restoril serax dalmane tranxene miltown Xanax equanil Schedule V cheracol with codenine robitussin lomotil Phenergan cosadein

II.

Routes of administration a. 8 different routes of administration (5 major routes) (p. 69) oral, by injection subcutaneous intramuscular intrenous inhalation intranasal sublingual transdermal\ A drug that is taken sublingually is placed under the tongue A drug that is administered transdermally passes through the skin Two occasions for not taking a drug subcutaneously are when the drug irritates body tissue, or if large volumes of solution must be used. The sublingual route of drug administration is slower and less efficient than oral administration. False Subcutaneous route is the easiest of the drug injection routes to use

Which of the following is an example of an inhalant benzene The safest of the three methods of injecting drugs is the intravenous method False One advantage of inhaling a drug is that large amounts of the drug can be absorbed in one administration. False

The intravenous method is the one most highly associated with complications, because large quantities of the drug very quickly can reach the site of action. Historical issues (Ch. 2) a. Pure Food and Drug Act b. Soldiers Disease What was the "soldiers' disease" in the Civil War? Morphine Addication The Pure Food and Drug Act forced the producers of medicines to indicate on the packaging the amount of drug contained therein Soldiers who used heroin in Vietnam were usually able to give up their habit upon return to the U.S (True IV. Pharmacology In pharmacology, a(n) placebo is a chemically inactive substance a. Metabolism (p. 67) b. Pharmacokinetics (p. 67) c. Pharmacodynamics (p. 68) d. Elimination (p. 79) e. Pharmacokinetics (p. 67) Psychopharmacology is concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste is known as Metabolism Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action Zero order kinetics means that the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood. Which of the following drugs has no set range of elimination because its metabolites are used too efficiently in the body to be measured reliably alcohol Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. True The small intestine is the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites III.

The elimination of a drug from the body often is associated with changes that are opposite to those that were caused by the drug. These are sometimes called rebound effects V. Drug effects and interactions a. Synergistic effects (p. 86) b. Drug solubility, absorption, and elimination (p. 75, 76) c. Gender differences (p. 93) d. Tolerance (p. 97) i. Protracted tolerance (p. 98) e. Effective and lethal doses (p. 84) f. Potency (p. 84) g. Cell adaptation theory (p. 99) h. Reinforcement (p. 102)

The effect of a drug depends most fundamentally on how much drug is taken Synergism is a term for enhancing drug interaction When two drugs are synergistic, the effects of taking them together are greater than the effects of taking either drug alone When drugs are swallowed, they pass through the stomach and are absorbed in the small instenace According to cell adaptation theory, the cells of the central nervous system become adapted to the presence of a drug with repeated exposure to it. When people are exposed to conditioned stimuli many times without the drug they are associated with, the feelings of discomfort or craving these stimuli produce dissipate. This is a process known as extinction Negative reinforcement is an increase in the frequency of a behavior when it results in avoidance of or escape from something If Tolerance to a drug develops, the individual must consume increasing amounts of it to achieve a desired drug effect The phenomenon of Tolerance occurs when repeated administration of a drug results in reduced response to that drug. Cell adaptation theory assumes that a drug's action occurs on specific cells in the central nervous system True A specified dose of a drug administered to a man and a woman on average will have greater effects on the woman. This is because of differences in Body Fat

If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that he/she used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of protracted tolerace Valium is an example of a drug that can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier because it is highly fat soluble True The effects of alcohol and barbiturates are synergistic and combining the two has led to many accidental deaths true Metabolites of some drugs cause unwanted side effects, while those of other drugs cause desired psychoactive effects. True A drug's half-life is the time it takes for a drug's effects to become half as potent False Half-life refers to the time that must pass for the amount of drug in the body to be cut by half. See page 76. Acute tolerance is a type of functional tolerance that is measured within the course of action of a single dose or first few doses of a drug Reinforce is a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that it will occur in the future Because a heavier person has more blood and other body fluids than a lighter person, the same drug dose has more of an effect on the heavier person False The same amount of a drug has less of an effect on a heavier person because the greater amount of blood and bodily fluids dilutes the drug Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug, but not to others. True Drug potency is another name for effective dose. False

VI.

Drugs and FDA a. Drug approvals (p. 112) b. Drug studies (p. 106) c. Generic names (p. 110)

Which of the following is true regarding a drug's generic name it is a shortened version of a drugs chemical name. A drug's chemical name indicates the drug's structural formula.

Thalidomide is an example of a drug that was approved too early, before potential side effects could adequately be explored. The American Medical Association prefers that their customers use brand-name drugs rather than generic drugs because the brand-name drugs are more rigorously tested. False In drug studies the generslizability from animals to humans is poor False VII. Methamphetamines a. Prevalence (p. 126) b. Side effects (p. 128) c. ADHD and Ritalin (p. 135) d. Pseudoephedrine (p. 129)

Where is the use of methamphetamine most prevalent Hawaii and West Coast Cocaine first became an abuse problem in the United States in the 1880s Many states now control cold medicine that contains pseudoephedrine. What is the reason for this pseudoephedrine is an ingredient used to make meth Which of the following are side effects of methamphetamine abuse all of these Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are often treated with what drugs methylphenidate (Ritalin) Which of the following is a slang name for methamphetamine ice VIII. Cocaine a. Depression following use (p. 130) b. Crack (p. 123) c. Tolerance (p. 133) d. Effects (p. 131) The depression that follows heavy use of cocaine is thought to be related to Smoking crack produces a more intense effect than other routes of cocaine administration. True Cocaine and amphetamines are beta-blockers. False Cocaine enhances athletic performance involving quickness or endurance True Tolerance does not develop to cocaine or amphetamine False Calling amphetamines "speed" is an example of drug classification by therapeutic use False

Cocaine influences dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity True Cocaine is thought to activate the dopamine pathways of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway True

IX.

Alcohol a. Percentages and proof (Ch. 9) b. Standard drink (p. 201) c. Blackouts (p. 208) vs. Grayouts (p. 208) d. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (p. 219) e. Cirrhosis (p. 220) f. Genetics (p. 225) g. Neurotransmitters involved (p. 200) h. BAC (p. 202)

Neurotransmitters are released from the A beverage that is 60% alcohol by volume is 120 proof. Which neurotransmitter receptors does alcohol affect? Gaba benzodiazephine dopamine serotonin A standard drink is defined as ounce of alcohol Estimated BAC = number standard drinks (.025%) - number hours since drinking began (.015%) Because of protracted tolerance, an individual must drink greater amounts of alcohol to achieve a mood change that was once achieved with less alcohol. Over 90 percent of the alcohol that is absorbed is metabolized by the body, mainly in the Liver With blackouts, the individual can only partially recall events that occurred during a drinking occasion Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has been linked to thiamine deficiency. Findings suggest that there is a genetic predisposition to some types of alcohol dependence True Grayouts probably reflect state-dependent learning. true Cirrhosis of the liver is reversible with long-term abstinence False Cirrhosis is the most serious and life-threatening of alcohol's liver assaults and the condition is not reversible