On the

Syllabification

of English

Intervocalic

Glides

Takeshi

YAMAMOTO

1.

Introduction This is not

Why a

Toy.ota? of a Japanese car company, of course, but was my

slogan

motive without syllable nothing when and source I

for

this

study; the

an

astute

reader y and

might the

have period

noticed that might

that

it

was, a felt weird LPD)

missing break.' particular, happened the

underlined an a the of native

indicates have it

Although I, to as find

English-speaking speaker in of

person Japanese,

thought

trademark its

Wells

(1990 ; henceforth between English and

saw

difference

syllabification

the

language.

(1.1)

Toy.'ota [toi.'oora]3[to.joti]

JPn.

To.yota

The has

point been

lies changed for

in

the into

fact part

that of the explained

the

syllable

onset

glide [017, as

[j]

in

Japanese can be of

English

diphthong

and this the

regarded, the

the

reason of

immediately glides. [ j] with and their

below,

problem

syllabification The two and, glides

intervocalic of English, together

[w] ,

appear

only

syllablecan /u/

initially be

therefore, positional

phonetic nonsyllabic

similarities, / i/ and

considered

allophonesof

respectively.

(1.2)

[j,

i]=/i/;

[w,

o]=/u/

(1.3)

'yea, [' jel /'iei/

'wow l [' wao ] /'uau/

The a]

phonemes in syllable

/ i, u/

are

realized This these:5

as

[ j, w] is

at

syllable comparable

onsets with

and such

as

[ t, well-

rhymes.' as

phenomenon

known

alternations

49--

(1.4)

'pep,

'tat,

'kick;

'lull,

'rear

['p'e'p] /'pep/

['thaeet] /'tat/

['k"i7k] /'kik/

[113+] /'lal/

['1I'1'] /'rir/

Various syllabification, intervocalic examples, leftward which maximized. Japanese among and languages

authors but glides. that against English the that I will it

have seems In what that

said little follows,

various has I glides "onset so English and been will tend

things said argue, to on

about the

English issue additional of

giving be

intervocalic widely believed are out

resyllabified the onsetmay principle be with

maximality" that contrasts discuss might be to the

states

segments also point in

syllabified that

remarkably what

Hungarian these

glide

insertion matters

differences

glide-related

ascribed.

2.

The
In

syllabification
this chapter, into we

of
will

intervocalic
look groups, at how to

/i/
intervocalic each of which /i/'s one behave, section by claswill be

sifying allotted.

examples

three

2.1.

Maya,

lawyer,

buoyant

Let an

us

first y

look

at

the

following two vowel

words--they letters.

are

all

loanwords

with

orthographic

between

(2.1)

kayak,

Maya 'Central

American

people',

Toyota

Their

pronunciations

seem

to

be

usually

as

follows.

(2.2)

'kay.,ak, ['kal.,aek]6

'May.a, ['mal.a]7

Toy.'ota [tol.'oora]8

Their syllable

counterparts breaks.

in

their

source

languages,

however,

have

different

(2.3)

Yubik

ga. yaq

Sbanish

Ma.ya,

Jim.

To.yota [to.jote]

[ga.jaq]['me.ja]9

50

Some write vowel Toyota this the

authors paper. front

mention Kreidler glide but may

the

last (1989 be not ,

one the 126) of any

" peculiar" writes, "Even preceding

word

that a

led

me

to

before vowel (1993,

stressed as in

part say

the

unit, 37)

/toi'outa/,"

does

more.

Jensen

says:

[ C ] onsider glide w

the or y,

syllabification as in

of Toyota.

such In

sequence Japanese, Onset is

where this

C word

is

a is

syllabified But, We in will

to.yo.ta, English, have in to the claim

following syllabification either cases simple study

the diphthong.

the

Principle.

r' '

clearly violates glides, time

toy. o. ta. the or Onset that

that of

English

Principle English takes

Even remains if we why

certain are

intervocalic at the
choice,"

diphthongs place.

vowels we make
latter

the latter

syllabification choice.

In this
to "make the

allow English

him prefers

the

question

still

For nearer between. to

the the They

words originals, are

in

(2.1) , some and in some (2.4)

of

the record (2.5)

references

used that '

give

forms in-

also and

pronunciations respectively.'

seem

shown

(2.4)

'Ma.ya,To.

'yota R[to: .',jauta]13

(2.5)

'ka(y).'yak, ['kal.ijmk]"

'Ma(y).ya,

To(y).'yota [tor.'joura]16

Comparing phonetic their are fying three

the forms

three in

groups (2.2) the of /i/, that are

(2.2) , (2.4) , and derived from stage

(2.5) in in

, we can assume (2.4) ," (2.5). the Since

that closest

the to [1]

those as

models, both

through

intermediate this

[j]

and

allophones of is

derivation phoneme. Maya as

can be regarded The below.

as a resyllabiamong the

process stages

nonsyllabic with

relationship

illustrated

(2.6)

Sp.

Ma.ya ['me.je]

---) 1 Eng. /['ma:.ja]

'Ma.ya
/'maa.ia/

-3

'Ma(y).ya ['mal.ja]
/'mai.ia/

'May.a [Imai.a]
/'mai.a/

51

What second where

is

happening syllable the /i/

here into stretches the

is

the nucleus over

resyllabification of both the syllables. first,

of

/i/

from which

the

onset exists a

of

the

during

stage

Now

let

us

think

about

another

group

of

words,

namely

derivatives.

(2.7)

law/lawyer,

buoy/buoyant

Lawyer prevent the

derives hiatus. It

from has

law two

with phonetic

an forms

epenthetic as given

y below.

inserted

to

(2.8)

'law.yer,

'lawy.er

'law

['lD:.ji]

['lD1.i]1a

['1D:]

Clearly, by taking mediate

the the stage 'Iaw

first /i/ as

form into shown

is its

the

original

one,

which

has

produced

the

second inter-

preceding in ( )

syllable,

through

a hypothetical

below

(2.9)

I law .yer [I1n:.ji] /Iloa.iar/

'law(y) ['loi.ji] I'loi.iar/

.yer

'lawy .er ['lal.1] I'loi.ar/

['lo:] /'1oaI

Things least) two

are variants,

little but

different whose base

about form,

buoyant, buoy,

which also does.

again

has

(at

(2.10)

'buo

.yant,

'buoy

.ant

'buo .y, ['bu:.i]

'buoy ['boll

['bu:.,iant]

['boi.ant]

At each be

first

sight,

the of

first buoyant, situation

and

the but, is not

second although so

forms only the

of

buoy second in

have forms

produced seem to and these

counterpart used in

RP, the appear to

straightforward If

GA: ['bu:.i] to relate

['bai.ant] two, the

be predominant must be

there.'' assumed. 'buo(y)

we intend

following 'buo .y ['bu:.i] /'buu.i/

change

[2.11)

'buo .yant ['bu:.jant] I'buu.iant/

.yant

'buoy .ant ['boi.ant] /'boi.ant/

['boi.jant]ZC /'boi.iant/

52

Although lar and points to that

the the the

origin one first need

be seen, not can of

of the in (2.9), element some

/oi/ allow be

/i/

is not

epenthesis,21 an

we can see form changed. latter.

/ui/, different /u/ is two also

a route is

simi-

except of the

that

"in-between" vowel with is the

attested two

stressed let us begin

of 2

These

might
As can

comment;
appears this

instead diphthong.2 as kind RP, esp.

the

expected a between

for

English standpoint,

normally this the

does

From

situation environment

regarded /i/. This current 1982,

neutralization of neutralization is merging 287-88;

and seen

/o/ in

in the

environment ing 1994',

_ /a(r)/

in (Wells

which 236-37,

diphthongs, and

increasCruttenden

homophones 134).

Gimson

(2.12)

RP

poor

> poor

' poor

= pour,

pore,

paw

sure Foa(i)I

> sure [oa(i)]

) sure [o:(i)]

= shore,

Shaw

/ua(r)//oa(r)/

Note degree but

also of

the

possibility that

that buoy

it

is is is

because likely to

of be

the

difference with

of

the

Anglicization with but

sound

pronounced

[u :.i ]

buoyant,

[31];

prestige

pronounced prestigious

& la francaise [pic'stid3as,

[pis'sti:3, piE'sti:d3as]

piE1sti:d3],
would not

its
so

adjectival
French.

counterpart

One may argue, that but this is is not

looking

at

the

"in-between" stage between

form

['boi,jant] and of that be [j] such

in

(2.11),

an intermediate ['boi.ant] will, reliant the

['bu:.jant] epenthesis

['bai.ant] just as in as with others

derived He defiant,

from or

by way of the however, would in have normally lawyer, to

lawyer. giant, a are [j] no

she and

admit never sawyer,

words

pronounced and a few

epenthesized; doubt highly

epentheses lexicalized.

2.2.

Naive Next think y, above about but examples. naive, which or nevertheless naive, where has more you find than one no intervocalic pronunciation

orthographic as the

53

(2.13)

na.'ive, [na:.'i:v]

na(y).'ive [nar.'i:v]23[na.'iv]

f French

na.ive

Taking seems follows.

its to

French have

origin

into the

consideration, second. The

the process

first is

form likely

of to

(2.13) be as

produced

(2.14)

na.'ive [na:.'i:v] /naa.'iiv/

na.'(y)ive [na:.'ji:v] /naa.'iiiv/

-4

na(y).I(y)ive [nat.'ji:v] Inai_Iiiiv/

na(y).'ive [nat.'i:v] /nai.'iiv/

The

trigger

of to of

this break

phonological the hiatus,24 the [j] in is left then

process which one is in

seems

to

have as

been "(y)" to

a in

[j] the its

epenthesized second form

represented the brackets through

(2.14), This

show intermediate leading

hypotheticality. stage, the the right

resyllabified into the

an

one attested Wells for of a

brackets, form. (1982 , 300)

preceding

syllable,

to

rightmost, Incidentally,

makes

an else

interesting says but, years himself,

remark:

" [ W ] by so

do in this

I say the form that in

/' ko i i n/ context as

coin

when

everyone

/' ko i n/?" consideringhe later, who

He says

" personal choice some

idiosyncrasies," in LPD other eight than

records have the be

second are

hemight pronounce could

found word

there this to

people, this the

way.Z 5 have

Anyway, undergone

" idiosyncratic" following

pronunciation

interpreted

processes.

(2.15) RP

syllable sllit

'coin ['koln] /'koin/

Ico .in ['ko:.tn] I'koa.in/

--)

'Co . (y) in ['ko:.jrn] /'koa.iin/

-4

' co (y) . (y) in ['koi.jin]

'co(y) .in ['kol.In] /'koi.in/

The fact

first that

process the the it is of final

is

syllable is of

split,

which

could the

be

justified

by steps

the are it this

output as in those its lies.

disyllabic;26 (2.14) : the that

subsequent above

substantially clear that

same only

analysis the

has

made of

disyllabicity

" idiosyncrasy"

pronunciation

Wells'

54

2.3.

Beyond We will now go on to the last group of words in this chapter.

(2.16)

beyond,

Riyadh,

Fujiyama

Each orthographic

of

these y is

words

has unpronounced.'

pronunciation

where

the

intervocalic

(2.17)

be.'yond, [bi.'ja:nd]

beyond [bi.'a:nd]2e

Ri.'yadh, [1i:.'ja:d]

Ri'yadh [ii:.'a:d]29

Arabic

Ri.yadh [I .'jcud^]3a

IFuji.'yama, [Ifu:d3i.'ja:ma]

Fuji' yama [ifu:d3i.'a:ma]31

Cf.

Jtn.

Fuji, [4mdai]

yama [jimi]

It one:

is

obvious, the first itself

in

each

pair, consists

that of

the the

form prefix

with be-

[ j] and

is the

the base

fundamental yond, used the as

word and words its

latter

derivative with their capital though of [j] two

yonder y's, is as such Japanese

being, naturally, quoted is

or

having

been, the name

independent original highest refer given taken to of

pronounced; above, and way and below the

Arabic of the

Saudi

Arabia's in Japan,

mountain it, 2 is

not words,

the Fuji

Japanese yama, with as

people also

composed How the

there.3 as an

disappears

is

illustrated

beyond

example.

(2.18)

be.'yond [bi.'ja:nd] /bi.'iaand/

be(y).'yond [bi.'ja:nd]33 /bii.'iaand/

bey.'ond [bi.'a:nd] /bii.'aand/

The /i/, changing original

originally the lax

pronounced vowel The that [1] fact it

[j], into is has a

"spreads" tense that gone dots

to [i], the to in

the and

preceding disappears y

syllable, from has its come

syllable.34 but the

not

orthographic the the preceding forms of

unpronounced, Incidentally,

syllable. (2.17) with

expected

syllabifying

55

their such

italicized notations of

had as /i/

been

deliberately would here again,

omitted; have to play

had been

they

not

been,

"bey.'ond" is seen,

appropriate. part in pro-

Resyllabification ducing variation.

a vital

3.

The In

syllabification this to chapter, apply to /u/ what

of

intervocalic we have the same found context.

/u/ as to intervocalic /i/ will be ob-

served

in

3.1.

Kawasaki

. leeward

The between

following two vowel

are

proper

nouns

from

Japanese

with

an orthographic

letters.

(3.1)

IKa.wa'saki, [Ika:.wa'sa:ki]

,Kaw.a'saki [1kaeo.a'sa:ki]35[ki.o(esiki]

Jpn.

Ka.wasaki

10ki'na.wa, II ooka'na:.wa]

lOki'naw.a [iooka'nmo.a]36[okine.agi]

f Jpn.

Okina.wa

Kawasaki, family clearly consisting the in latter (2.6)

used name, as the of is

for

a motorcycle in so is

company, its source

for

suburb

of Tokyo, with the

or glide

as

pronounced onset, and

language for the it the

[w]

Okinawa, therefore, case, Below

southernmost is reasonable former, just of

prefecture to as derive we did

the

Ryukyu form, to

Islands; in either Maya.

phonetic with regard

from is the

derivation

Kawasaki.

(3.2)

(Jpn.
intervocalic maximality. Next we and

Ka.wasaki [ki.wis ki]

Eng.

,Ka.wa'saki [1ka:.we'sa:ki] Iikaa.ua'saaki/

1Ka(w).wa'saki [ 1kaeowa'sa:ki ] . /1kau.ua'saaki/

iKaw.a'saki [ lkaea.a'sa:ki] /,kau.a saaki/

The set

/u/'s

are

resyllabified,

just

like

/i/'s,

against

the

on-

will

look nautical,

at

leeward, alias

which

has

two

kinds and

of

pronunciation: " interesting"

ordinary

"uninteresting"

56

respectively. simply cannot composed be so

The

ordinary of lee

pronunciation and -ward;

is the

uninteresting " interesting"

in

that

it

is

pronunciation

separated.

(3.3)

lee.

ward,

'leew.ard'lee

[111:.wId]

[Ilu:.Id]37['1i:]

The and

basic derives

form

is,

of

course, that

that for

for

ordinary use,

use, the

the

left right

one one.

above, The

from should be

itself as

nautical

derivation

follows.

(3.4)

Prominence shi f t

yod droP/ ing

1ee --> ['1i:] /'1ii/

'lee .uard -> ['li:.wid] /'lii.uerd/

' lee (w).ward ['lio.wad] /'1iu.uard/

-)

'leew .ard ['lIU.dd] /'liu.ard/

-)

~leew.ard ' ['lju:.Id] /'liui.ard/

--> ' leew .ard

['lu:.id] I'luu.ard/

Three them,

pairs

of

brackets the

of

the last I

( ) two, label 16th

type are

are

used not

above,

but

the

forms

in

especially speaking, gradually like this

completely shift" the 18th is

hypothetical. thought to through have a

Historically occurred process

what from (Nakao the

"prominence century to

century

1985,

290).

(3.5)

[to_]

[to]

> [lo]

> [jo]

[ju:]

Wells certain New entries calls fu: ] , actually

(1982,

206-07)

says Welsh,

that

the

/iu/

type

diphthongs and type Wells

are

still

found

in and such

conservative England) as in this this accents; word. way, the in

north-of-England, includes this which

American of (1982, coronal dialects; final

(southern in

PDAE "Yod takes

diphthong 206-08,

dropping," place

247-48) and is

between vary

certain among that of /u/ the

consonants [ ' lju :.ad ] output in

where found

triggering RP.38 the 9

coronals We can

conclude

(3.4)

was generated phonological in from that the

through processes.3

resyllabification This case though

followed to

by two additional and is buoyant originally

corresponds the motive

lawyer glide [w]

suffixation suffix.

is

involved,

57

Pewit, varieties

or of

peewit, pronunciation

is

parallel likewise.

to

leeward,

because

it

has

two

(3.6)

'pe(e).twit, ['pi:. twit]

'pe(e)w.itCf. [ 'pju:.it]4O

' pee. ivit, ['pi:.ivit]

'pe(e).c

wee

['pi:.(1)wi:]41

Its the form, never

variant three may

peewit not [ is ] the

and refer as birds' its

a to

related the same vowel, from

word bird, is

peewee allow the the the us

or to

pewee, decide even

though that if the we to

all left have have the the our "The shift

having heard

first cries

more names degree forms

basic, are of of

which in

supposed stress pe(e)wit, will

originated second

echoically. syllables of vowel OED2 Eng. helps type

The the

difference two

between and enforce judgment: stress peewit") .

phonological in be the more right

accompanying decision. original

reduction us is ' pju: to prob. c t) " part

variant, about whence for leeward

secure

this by

(, pi: ' wi: t) , (under of the that entry of

(' pi: i wi: t, derivation,

' pi: w i t, then,

"pewit, .

The

parallels

3.2.

Raul Let us see a naive type word in this section.

(3.7)

Ra.'ul,Ra(w).'ul [10:.'u:1] [iazo.'u:l]

SP.

Ra.ul [re.'ul]42

Accordingto above, between naive [w1. 4 4 in the

LPD, second two of is

its

Anglicized is the that

pronunciation

has there.4 between trigger

two 2The the is

variants relationship two forms

as

which just

"recommended" same the as that

these

of

(2.13),

except

supposed

an

epenthesized

(3.8) Ra.ul Eng. (sp. 1 Ra.'ul

[rB.'ul] [la:.'u:l]
/raa.Iuul/

Ra. ' (w)ul ha: .'wu:1] /raa.'uuul/

> Ra(w).' (w)ul --> Ra (w). ul [ mu.'wu:1] /rau.Juual/ [iaen.'u:l] /rau.luul/

58

3.3.

Luwian

The language, here

last which

example can be

in

this

chapter in the

is

the sense

name of the

of

an

Anatolian

identified, beyond ." 5

resyllabification

considered,

with

(3.9)

'Lu.wian, [Ilu:Man]

'Luwian [Ilu:.ian]9e['lu:.vian]"

Cf.

'Lu.vian;

German

lu.visch, [Ilu:.vij]

Lu.vier [Ilu:.vie]9e

Luwian glide

is can

pronounced be its looked

both

with upon

and as

without the with a [v] the this.

a more

[w] , but

the

form

with

the into and OED2 The

fundamental, in the same from

taking place, which comes.

consideration German says, process luvisch under of

variant and entry deletion Luvier, for

Luvian, with `Luvian," works like

[v] also

included, of the

the [w ]

name

language

(3.10)

'Lu.wian ['lu:.wian] /'luu.uian/

= 'Lu(w).wian ['lu:.wian] /'luu.uian/

> 'Luw.ian ['lu:.ian] /'1uu.ian/

The /u/ just that second is

at

the the

onset, [ j] of

hence

realized that

as a [w], we saw

is in

resyllabified (2.18) , the the over

and disappears difference result both that syl1ables, being the

like the

beyond here where input.

preceding stage in with

vowel (3.10), the

is by the /u/

nature seems

tense, to

with

spread

identical

4.

Discussion

We have intervocalic the the out rhyme latter in the

seen glides

in [ j,

the w]

previous tend to

two be

chapters resyllabified in

that

both from

of the

the onset

English into into pointed

of

the

preceding of

syllable, and

resulting long that

changing and it

themselves was also

halves

diphthongs

vowels; this

introductory the widely

chapter accepted

leftward

resyllabification

contravenes As validity such for of

"onset Borowsky

maximality." (1986 , which ch. 4) she discusses claims the explains

resyllabification, stress-sensitive as below

resyllabification, (259).49

alternations

59--

(4.1)

a. b. c. d.

a.'[tlomic5O/'a[r].om ve.'[h]icular/'ve[ a.'nn[ ]uity/'ann.[j]ual; 1.icle51 vo.'1[ ]uminous/'vol.[j]ume 'resi.i[d]ue/re'si[d3].ual

'consti.,[t]ute52/con'sti[t!].utive53;

What because onset first

she

says the

is

to

the is

effect within a

that foot

the and

/t/ has to I have included

in been the

atom

is

pronounced from stressed might

[r] the

phoneme

resyllabified coda of the

of

the

unstressed " Of about buoy.ant, ' Pe( e)w. it, but my , Fujiy.' ' kay. , ak motive ama, for above spelling the why

second examples they

syllable that also

syllable.5

given readers stress

have

been curious ' lawy .er,' ' leew .and, same which Riy.' way; was adh,57 Then say. that that, sounded are Ra(w) highly so .' ul, in they if

marks

' May.a, naw.a, in the

' co (y) .in, and would for and the ' Luw. ian be this a

i Kaw.a'saki,'Oki' could dubious study, 5 8 be explained and

case,5 5

Toy.' ota, bey. ' and , not.

na (y) . 'ive, could Some and also parts

Ra (w) .' ul phenomena such seen as but the

certainly above? ' May.a they must

what seeing must those

accounts the be

people

might

samples

, Kaw. a' saki . be reminded would be

pronunciations; really were,

pronunciations and [n:]

underlined

as [el]

respectively,58 would intermediate them. seems and to still

and that, be cases as

more importantly, na(y)

why they .' ive also and be

syllabified and such to point

unexplained; To (y) .' yota,

would

problematic The crucial

be the the

the direction opposite whose Even

directionality is obviously one has ' Ma. ya

of

the

resyl

l ab i f cat ion of of our a cases

/ i / and iv!, have

leftward. of them has

In none been which becomes a

we witnessed or the a basic variant, one.

every

loan, of its

derivative, forms is

character though

determined [ ma :.ja ]

' May.a

['mat . ] and , Ka. wa' saki 'di.amond ['dal.amand]

[ , ka:. wa' sa: k i ] becomes , Kaw. a' saki would not become *[Ida:.jamand], of the
it the

[,kwo.a'sa:ki], nor
type that it is

would
of the the

bow_er
syllabification former

['pxo.1]
to will that

become *[I pa: .wr].

the be ' Ma.ya more popular, one

The proportion
is the unimportant more familiar

'May.a
is likely is;

type

word

direction

counts.

As English.

for

the

directionality, word

Japanese including

contrasts such

strikingly as [el, al,

with 01,

When an English

a diphthong

60

aea] followed is often seen

by [a] in

or the

[1]

is

adopted

into

Japanese,

an

intervocalic

glide

borrowing.

(4.2)

Eng.

'di.amond ['dai.amand]

' Jpn.

dai.yamondo [dei.jimondo]

Eng.

'pow.er ['m6.1]

Jpn.

pa.wa [pi.uj ]

The

following

are

their

likely

processes.59

(4.3)

( (

Eng.

'di

.amond

['dai.amand]

i
>
Jin.

Jpn.

dai.amondo

-4

dai

.yamondo

[dii.Emondo] /dei.zmoxdo/

[dii.jemondo] /dvi.iEmoNdo/
-4 pa . wa

(4.4)

Eng.

'pow .er [Ipo.i]

pau.a [0th.EEj /piu.ERI

-)

pau.wa [pii.uBE] /r u.uut/

[p.(1 /pi.0 /

Compare

these

derivations

with

those

of

naive

and

Raul.

(4.5)

(=

(2.14))

na.'ive [na:.'i:v] /naa_'iiv/

na.'(y)ive [na:.'ji:V] /na3_1iiiv/

--)

na(y). [nal.' /nai.I

' (y) ive ji:v] iiiv/

na(y).'ive [nal.'i:v] /nai_'iiv/ > Pa(w)'u1 [iwa. Iu:l] /rau.'uil/

(4.6) (=(3.8))

sp. Ra.U1 fry. lull.]

Eng.

Ra.'ul [ia .'u:l] /ma. 'ail/

Ra.' (w) ul [ la: .'tiu:1] /ma. 'mil/

-)

Ra(w)" (w) ul Limo."wa:1] /rau.'will

In

the

borrowings in glides glides at the of

in source the onsets of the the

Japanese, language, following are

the

/i/ are syllables,e

and

/u/,

the

second

elements

of into in

diphthe English,

thongs onset the of the itself

resyllabified leftward whereas, into Evidently epenthesized two languages: to

rightward in the related avoid they are those second to

resyllabified syllables. of between glides the

elements this is

diphthongs fact that

preceding nature

hiatusesis homorganic

completely

opposite

61--

with with out, such

their their as
Now, to

Preceding, following, giant, with

what

heterosyllabic tautosyllabic

vocal ones reliant

the in Japanese to have

elements

in

Japanese, that never

this

but words be

in

Englishremember in (2.11), normally

is types closed to glide do [j] with can

I pointed

in the context a

of the "in-between" defiant, [j]

differences between

form ['bol.jant] would

two the

and
between them in seems 12) , in

pronounced
One often English;81 According between big

epenthesized.
languages syllable and little a ascribed? which syllables the be matter. inserted they in lies

difference utilize: but to an open this Waseda [ i] and

syllables

difference (1994, the

Hungarian,

following

back

vowels.6 z

(4.7)

Hung.

dial(
['di.ja:k]

'student',

fiu
['fi.ju]

'boy',

tokioi
['to:ki.Jo:ii

'of

Tokyo'

These this

instances language
What we

appear is
could

to

show

that

Hungarian as
the as

is

of

the

Japanese type.
languages of leftward high in

type,

but

clearly
safely

categorized
say for

closed-syllable
is that

present to the

would

have

their by and make

own "spreading" rightward the

inherent I in point

directionalities mean Japanese clear.6 3 that and

"spreading" spreading: The

vowels English, will

autosegmental Hungarian.

representations

below

(4.8)

na.'ive [na:! i . v]

na.'

(y) ive

na (y) . ' (y) ive [n a ,!j i : v]

na(y).Iive [n a 1!
i : NI]

[n a : ! j i : v]

ONn.ONn _ C I I/ If /n a i v/

O N n.O N n C I I/ \l/ I /n a i v/

ONn.ONnC I I# \\I/
/n a i

0 N n.0

N n

c v/

I
v/ /n ai

(4.9)

Jin.

dai

amondo i.m o n.d o]

dai.yamondo

[d

i.

[d B 1.J

B.mon.

o]

0 N II
/d

n. 0

N.O N n.O N

0 /d

B i

B m o N d o/'

Nn_.0_N.ONn. I 1/1 1 I 1 B i B m o N

0 d

N o/

62

(4.10)

Hung. I'd i.

di.akdi. a : k] I'd i.j

(j)k a k]

ON III/ _.ONnCON_.0_NnC II/ I

/d i a k/ /d i

I/
a

I
k/

Note,

however,

that

this

directionality

alone

does

not

account

for

the na(y).' (4.8) and

whole (y) ive as the

issue, finally

for loses

it the of

is

still [j] at line

to its in

be onset, the

explained this

why being

English shown in

dissociation na (y) .' ive. that languages

the

rightmost

representation,

becomes It seems it is the

also

vary that

as

to

how

much syllables is

they are

require marked

onsets, and, in for

albeit therefore,

generally "onset In onset

believed

onsetless principle is lost of their

maximality" this

usually weak are

employed at also least

syllabification. glides, with looks Syllables universally marked is not than at also and the as

English, glides slot had a but are as

demand

relatively if they leftward

sometimes a result

associated which principle. to no be

preceding if which they have

spreading, onset syllables, are for 1997, demand

been coda the since in are new

syllabified said,

against besides thus 'May.a (cf. degree the why

the

onsetless generated /'mai.a/, Yamamoto of onset

marked, the the that

syllables /i/ of

more

old ones, coda only without would be despite why but this

the the

example, 254-55).89 does not of becomes second their of onsets

nucleus of the of

Notice suffice

concept the

again: it

notion inexplicable the fact

leftward ' Ma.ya have are

directionality [' ma:.ja] in their with directionality of

spreading, 'May .(y)a syllable, following, the are spreading both

Last question or issues were, as

['mal.ja] and

that glides

both

an onset homorganic

epenthesized vocal vowels the

least, the a possible that a

tautosyllabic of high of
not to whether or been the

elements.The and the relatively 5

leftward weak

requirement

traits
but

English
I dare two

language.e
to

mention,

in of

answer English

to are and

possible

characteristics suspicion a diachronic one, and that

synchronic diachronic as it as

diachronic, have as

synchronic process a is synchronic

confused, of

obtained, process,

integral

synchronic

63

the

differential of If

of

diachronic and not

one,

just

as

velocity as synchronic the same up, the

is

obtained differential process process zero.

as

the of

integral velocity. resyllabification diachronically:

acceleration, it of zeros, were glides, however

acceleration, for the would times

of be

the seen

neither many

added

make

5.

Conclusion With

Why

Toy. ota? as cases the of the this our where widely starting intervocalic accepted syllable. of English, high vowels point, we glides "onset We have in looked tend from conclude the at to and be the that two

Toy.ota various against the rhyme

discussed resyllabified, onset what into has

English

maximality," can now are its its relatively

preceding pronunciation of of

produced characteristics of of the onsets.

been with a onsets means and to how

Toy.ota namely and

phonological directionality requirement

It striking former requirement needed mutually by all related has contrast two have of

leftward weak

spreading

also

mentioned English in

that glide

Japanese insertion, in one. the are in two other the

and which

Hungarian implies and research a

exhibit that stronger will the

rightward than clarify the

directionality the latter whether matters

spreading Further phonological languages.

be are

tendencies

64

Notes

' 2.5 be of read

2

This my as
Syllable Unless

paper unpublished a

is

based

and

is

an

advance, 1996a) sections.

where

upon

sections

2.2 , (1996b)

2.3 ,

and

MA thesis summary
are

(Yamamoto of those
only phonetic

; Yamamoto

could

Japanese
breaks otherwise

indicated indicated,

relevant of

. English words are

forms

those from forms to

of the are the

what

is,

or

was, below. are of

called

General

American

(henceforth,

GA) , quoted RP) applied have taken perhaps forms, a

references cited, two-thirds local they

When so labeled.

Received

Pronunciation term that who

(henceforth, has do been not generally and

GA " is a population

the

American (Wells

recognizably as a standard but those

References NDAEP= NTC's

accent throughout

. . ."

1982 , 118) ; RP " is Britain 1982 , (i.e. in England All in the

southern " (Wells

Wales, except

not in

in

Scotland)

117) .

phonetic IPA.

direct
for GA

quotations,
only: of

are

normalized

Dictionary

American

English

Pronunciation

(=

Silverstein PDAE= A Pronouncing 1953); WNCD9 = Webster's

1994) ; Dictionary of American English(= Kenyon and Knott

Ninth

New

Collegiate Collegiate New

Dictionary Dictionary,

(1990) 10th ed.

; (1996 ) ; (19933 )

WNCD' = Merriam-Webster's WNID3 = Webster's ( pronunciation References

EPD4 = An EPD" English

Third ed. for RP Edward only:

International .

Dictionary

Artin)

Pronouncing English

Dictionary, Pronouncing

4th

ed.

(= Jones 13th

19374) ed. (= Jones

= Everyman's

Dictionary,

196713); EPD' " = English Susan OED2 = The Pronouncing Dictionary, 1988' ) 2nd ed. (1989 2) . 14th ed. (eds. A. C. Gimson and

Ramsaran) Oxford for

(= Jones English both:

Dictionary,

References CIDE= Cambridge

pronunciation Roach);
CPDBAE= A Concise

International
ed. James

Dictionary
Hartman,

of
British

English

(1995)

(American
ed. Peter

pronunciation

Pronouncing

Dictionary

of

British

and

American

65

English EPD' S = English James

(= Lewis

1972) ; Dictionary, 1997' 5) ; of Contemporary English, 2nd J. ed. ed. C. (19872) Wells) ; ; 15th ed. (eds. Peter Roach and

Pronouncing (= Jones

Hartman)

LDCE2 = Longman (pronunciation LDCE3 = Longman (pronunciation

Dictionary ed. Dinah

Jackson, of

pronunciation English,

adviser 3rd

Dictionary ed.

Contemporary Jackson);

(19953)

Dinah

LPD= Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (= Wells 1990) . ' In syllable rhymes , they are realized as independent or the first [i:]
Consonants o All the

short the

vowels long

or and [u:]

second are
are

elements interpreted
except

of

diphthongs; and
here , which

furthermore, /uu/
only . does not

vowels

as /ii/
transcribed NDAEP

respectively.

narrowly

references

include

this

entry, hereafter '

record In

this

type

of

pronunciation

(minor

differences

ignored;

also) as the only or the first choice. WNCD91 (as their sole choice) , WNID3 , OED2 for (as an alternative an alternative pronunciation) for

(as ,

one

of

the (as (as

main the the

pronunciations) main main In RP,

EPD' S LPD

pronunciation pronunciation) WNCD'

RP and

GA) , and

. (sole , but

as

the

name

of

city) ,

EPD' S

(main

for

alternative 9 From 1 The

for GA) , and DAW 2 (= Mangold same as within (sole) the the ( , onset ) are

LPD (sole) . 19742 ) . maximality introduced nonexistent (labeled Notes," in the

in

chapter

1.

' ' Letters ' 2 In is, according

spelling . whose (p. . GA's used; counterpart [too.'joofa] 14a)) meaning , OED2

PDAE to

WNID3

"sometimes," "infrequent" (alternative) for RP. dictionaries

"Explanatory

(main)

, EPD' 5 (main for GA) , and LPD ' 3 EPD' 4.1 5 's alternative pronunciation but is not attested "also ," in the

would be [tn:.'joofa], might '' "Expl be In possible. WNID3 Notes,"

(labeled

whose less

meaning frequent

is,

according [ than the

and

to

the main
OED2

anatory
'5 In .

"appreciably (p. 14a)).

(one n58 of below for the its

pronunciation(s)]"
WNID3 See

main further

pronunciations) variation.

(alternative)

18 In

EPD' '

(main)

and

EPD' S

(main

for

GA) .

66

" [' ka:.jaek] loans

The ,

form but

of unattested.

kayak

to As for

be

included Toyota, two see

in

(2 n13. the

.4)

is For

' ka. i yak vowels in

in general, 18 All the as being the each as to a sole

see Lindsey references the CIDE only and or

(1990). except the

record choice

[n: .j] either

type dialect, and the the single [n:.j] latter

of the

pronunciation exceptions types adds, variant according LDCE23 as to

first the

for

EPD15: for that NDAEP the

former

gives

the

[31] and

pronunciation form form. on the

RP and is the (which

GA respectively, same always (p. as

dialectal second the

EPD' 5 's, gives a

other form,

"Notes record

Dictionary" type.

ix )) , PDAE, namely it WNID3, with a

WNCD1 , and WNCD9, subordinate

do not

[31]

The rest, LPD include

EPD ' 3.1 4 , status

OED2 ,

CPDBAE,

and

given. 19 For RP

, the

references

record

only

the

[oi] both text; the

form for forms WNID3, same line

both for

words. both

As

for

GA, WNCD9 .' , the in

LDCE23 , and mentioned

LPD in

adopt the along

words, other that form CIDE; but

showing variants [1b31] for

predominance addition ( see

including and says

nn20 , 22) , is of 'life

is usual each word

in the in

sense

buoy'; this

NDAEP

selects and for OED2,

a single so does words,

agreement EPD' 5 the [al]

with include form of sb." : British in

predominance, both forms case.

PDAE , giving and under

CPDBAE, predominance

and to a for"

both

in either buoy " The and and

giving respectively, (bwo I) (bp i) is .

['bwol] says, . . is

[ ' bwo i . ont ] as the entry by all and WNID3

variant buoy,

buoyant

pronunciation American; . . but

recognized among (buI)." 2 In 21 The monosyllabic the

orthoepists now (as

universal give

sailors,

prevalent an

England.

. Some

orthoepists

alternative)

underlying ['buui] with

representation an /i/ at the

. for coda.

'buo .y See

['bu:.i] Yamamoto

seems (1997,

to 255)

be for

syllable structure of each 22 WNID3 's second choice as ['boi], but does (pp. of 44a) [ u:.' in

form of buoy and for buoy is "\'bui\ not register ; the the "\tii\"

buoyant. ," as which should be

interpreted "G uide to this sequence

a diphthong seems to

in the consider plus also

Pronunciation" a variant vowel" on (p.

31a-44a) ] (under the

dictionary heading to of

"\u\

[ _ [u: ] ] See

unstressed LPD's note

"Guide .

Pronunciation").

" compression"

(152-53)

67

Z3 The exception Those of solely

references

solely also

for

GA record records the with

the other

[a:] form

form as

only an

, with

an

WNID3 , which for RP record OED2

alternative. about the this

both, gives

but

their to the

judgments [a: ] gives main form

predominance word, not tion, other and but merely but entry, [nal.'i:v] for

varying: things the also [al] are and

precedence about with as given. first for EPDs. the

of

complicated [a:] and forms, ['nei.Iv] ['new] the

EPD4 as the

to

"naive"

first

pronunciathere is an-

['nal.Iv] with "nave,"

variants. EPD13 as the "naive," judgment references [al] has CIDE for and the and both

Besides, records form,

"naive," for "naive." edition, of

only

only

[na:.'i:v] is as in is both word, as the giving Note A New the

with

main

and nothing things

changed the no

EPD" but with

records, the

the

same reversed. dealing

previous entry

frequency the the

There with of this forms only but

"naive." and to LPD the

Concerning include former; both

dialects, giving those former; priority also English entry the for

CPDBAE predominance for RP EPD' 5 as the and

[a:] [au]

forms and

LDCE2 but variants

[a:] have

GA respectively, both

LDCE3 dialects,

records

RP and GA forms remark, on (naive)": is are somewhat (na:'i:v), in

to the more

[ai]

and [a:] that

types of

respectively. its in original, OED2

OED2's

following

exactly,

Dictionary "nave

Historical "'The

Principles,cited word being the only chief and section and that be chapter

under

imperfectly variations (ne!'i:v)' that

naturalized, given in the

pronunciation Dicts. 2" It was

unsettled:

leading 1906)."

('na:i:v), the preceding

(N.E.D., the [j] in

mentioned could would will stated be

buo(y).yant defiant, epenthesized, contradict

Ze In

['bol.jant] and reliant but what it is

not be epenthetic normally made here clear about never in naive.

used of the

such words as giant, with this a does [ j] not

pronounced 4 that

2 5 However

, no other dictionaries (2 .15) , the stressed vowel

record form

this

variety. after the

immediately

syllable /oa/, is

split, whose

namely

' co. in, is

is [D:];

assumed but as it /ou/

to would

be also

[o: ]

phonemicized that as true its

as it GA save

GA counterpart could is. stage

italic

be possible same manner still holds

[ao],

which [oo] third

in

be phonemicized Even if must

type

in the (2.15)
are not

counterpart that the

2 7 Y's

thus

modified,
that they

be
show

altered

likewise.
sounded .

68

Z8 WNCD9' CPDBAE, only forms, labeling and with LPD, the the and [ j] with [ j]

and

CIDE the see given

record non-[j] n33 to

the form

[ j] only. PDAE

form

only ,

and also,

OED2 , records both

LDCE23, form, preference forms but

NDAEP, and

below. the n33) the RP [ j] as

EPD ' 3 ' 4 adopt and so other is provided the the does two, by

variant, "also."The

WNID3 , EPD' 5 them former as

(again, with each position both is types

see

disagree exclusive accepts

other: for as

non- [ j ] and GA

type

respectively; while

reference RP,

GA pronunciations, form. WNID3 , LPD

latter,

giving preference 29 This word for

to the glide included in EPD' 5 , the and

WNCD ' , only the the

EPD' 5 , [j] of as

and form, the the

LPD. and glide. main and

As

GA, WNCD' , and WNCD RP, both but 1 :.

word

record of select

WNID3 As for

indicate

possibility LPD as

omission

EPD' Sand they give respectively.

in

[ ' i i :.md ] [ I l i:.a: d,

pronunciation, [ i t .' ja : d,
3 37 This FromLPD

alternatives

i i:.1 a: d]

jaed ]
.

isincluded

PDAE

WNCD

' ,

and

EPD'

5,

of

which

WNCD alone indicates 32 The mountain

is a native with Japaneseword the

is

that the [ j ] can be omitted. called Fujisan [@mdiisi ] in

for meaning. ' mountain,' and San

Japanese
is a

Yama

Sino-Japanese

morpheme

same

3 3 NDAEP's addition, placed notations and, the an ahead of

sole

selectionis alternative or

actually of

this

form ,

and

it

is,

in and

"also"-labeled of, these there [ b i .' ja : nd ] two may stage

WNID3 's, It is

togetherwith, true that, from give its bewilder

[ ba.' ja : nd ] . [ i] is not

inthe [ is ] , isnot prefix and though form in in into of

dictionaries, be

distinguished the form they with as

therefore, intermediate rather NDAEP

a possibilitythat but in with or fact [bi:.'

[bi.' ja:nd],

ja:nd] words and the order

pronounced behind, recording the second

independently; provides as in well spite the as of

however, prefix [b i - ] the

such

[ b: - ] ,

WNID3 , [ bi (:) -1 is the in the

[ bi (:) - ] place

[ ba- ] , puts that the

reversed above course [bi:-] as

beyondbeyondis consideration, the under non-RP phonological all of the of we can process

definitely conclude as in that

"special." this form is

Taking indeed

(2.18). words

Incidentally, with the prefix,

LPD but

records only

above-mentioned British English.

their

forms

69

3 4 Thus , phonemicized not for taken a into vowel, 55 This

the as /bii.'aand/

resultant as in its lax, is the for will be included [a:.w] RP, it to as

bey.' (2.18);

and if this

[ bi.' a: nd ] phonological might as well before

is

justifiably process another. and far as LPD. GA is as a the were

consideration, even if word only as giving [a: .w] regardless word is form namely

phonemicization tensed in type. treats the the

be /bi.'aand/,

immediately WNCD9 ' , So this does type

EPD' S ,

WNCD9' concerned, second diphthong

record but,

EPD' 5 , as of type. subordinate

pronunciation LPD gives

form, and

priority types

diphthong main and

pronunciations

respectively 3 This its adjectival

of dialectal difference. included in WNCD9 ' , EPD' 3 .1 4 1 S Okinawan, OED2 , in WNID3 and and namely given diphthong both type or to type types labeled as OED2. LPD, As

and for

LPD, RP, only

and the the and the at

references, [ a: .w ] LPD, only all. 37 The placing LDCE2) , others) , after as or type. record exception

EPD' 3 ' 4 ' 5 , references, precedence the

record

As both being

for sorts,

GA, the with

WNCD9.1 , WNID3 , the is [a: .w] not of as nautical type,

EPD' S , where generally type the (by a which

comprised pronunciation technical (by

references the usually without CIDE, [i:.w]

record [u:]

, (by

nautical such in

WNID3) , label only

many The and

(EPD4 , the [ i:.w]

OED2 , type Also that

LDCE3) . is given,

exceptions

are

NDAEP, in which this word 3 3 The [ u : ] type of actually an this form, which claim that is

itself is alternative also (3 .4) in

not included. pronunciation by

see n38 below. OED2 gives is and LPD as

recorded

EPD4.1 3.1 .15

alternative. 39 I do not

is all a

a synchronic of the little and first; its

process. but

See

the

last and

paragraph of chapter 4 This word is CIDE; the situation namely placing leeward. and this LDCE2

4. included is,

references complex. record adds

NDAEP

however, WNCD9 ' , [ i:.w] As with type regards

The both the /iu/ and

American types type of as

dictionaries, pronunciation, it give gives CPDBAE, does

PDAE, the

WNID3 , PDAE spelling, shown British to

under

WNCD9' the former,

WNID3 PDAE

"pewit" only and

"peewit" form. record

preference Of the the

and

dictionaries, type of

EPD4 ' 3 ' 4 under

only

[ i:.w]

pronunciation,

70

the has forms

entries no in entry the

of

" pewit" of same and

and

" peewit," OED2 as

and adopts

so the

does

LDCE3 , except and other they

that

it

"pewit." manner LPD,

phonetic The although main

orthographic references, give of the this

WNCD9' and agree sole

WNID3. that, RP and

namely [ i:.w] word, but

EPD' s type they not of

interestingly as type This be

is

pronunciation the [ ju : ]

the as

GA forms only under to

record under or
entry and LPD, informal as is

a GA alternative may is
WNID3 "pewee"

" pewit," spelling

"peewit." it type may of

" peevit" record

discrepancy "peewit"
by and CIDE for or Canada."

be

due used
variant

pronunciation, for the

4' WNCD9' EPD' but OED2 of 5 as and an adopts which The

that

spelling
as ; a

exclusively
of " pewit only; a bird,

[ i :.w ]

pronunciation.
recorded "peewee" only. word "peewee," ."

WNID3

PDAE, not

"pewee" for very the

"peewee" American headwords labeled entries. DAW 2 . "U.S.

gives " someone "pee-wee,"

"peewee," or something and No other

small." last used

"pewee," references

and

include

such 4 2 From 3 No

other

references

include

this

name

LPD's

main

pronunciations " recommended

44 See w S A This

are, as
n24 in word

according models
above italic is . type included

to

"A Quick of
that in WNCD9

Guide English"
it ' is , not

to (p.

the viii)
sounded and

Dictionary,"

those

for

learners
shows

. OED2. WNID3

WNID3,

records omission records variants " The

only of the

the

[w] glide, and

form, and

WNCD9 gives

indicates the of variant as

the non- [w]

possibility form but only.

of

the OED2 the

WNCD' as

"Luwian" no This is

"Luian" in

variants a

" Luvian," of

gives in

pronunciations. a headword

OED2 and

" Luwian"

WNID3 .

latter dictionary gives ' 8 From DAW 2 . 99 Clearly More 5 ' Although , she exactly deals

"Luian"

['lu:.jan]

another

variant.

with

such not

dialects mention which

as it , might of

GA.

, [ t''] . Borowsky does

ve[h]icle be a

also interpreted

actually as stressed

exists (see 've .,[h]icle,

thereferences), with the [h ] at

the

onset

secondarily

71

syllable.

5 2 More

, [ t "] . 5 3 ' Consti ., [ t"] utive is another form 5 4 Likewise , the /h/ becomes silent in /i/'s thanks the cases made unpronounced to the of (d), by the yod dropping of the

exactly

(see (b) .

the As

references) respects 3.1

. (c) , the

mentioned

in section coronal

revive In in the

resyllabification heterosyllabic

preceding /t.i/ into word not stress British the [ti] is

consonants. produced

sequences

and

/d.i/

same way as in (c) have changed further 5 5 The second syllable of this unstressed, the only which exception) dictionaries, word contains is known whether or not, two by the as feet, its full,

and [d3] usually

respectively. not completely (OED2 as being in the indicate

reduced, mark ones. consequence

vowel is

secondary in the with

shown, This that will

American that the

Borowsky's

condition would not be met. 5 6 Remember that Kreidler before

57 were (see

, as

quoted

in

section

2.1,

writes
stressed like

" [ e ] ven
which ' kay. i ak

stressed
variants in

vowel."
with n29 are their first syllables as primarily cases

The

mentioned n55 above).

classified

" dubious"

58 In fact , WNID3 ant of Maya; part with ['mel.a] of ' May.a the

records

['mei.(j)a]

as a

"sometimes"-labeled pronunciation with

varithe

can be regarded sounded part literally of

as a spelling

underlined as the one

with the diphthong sounded in

[e17, and ['mel.ja], the same manner also, of the both would in

underlined being, as the here last

' Ma. ya that of but to put type

difference ['mel.a] that it

again, alternative, or, the

syllabification. not it ['mel.ja],

OED2, in spite it accepts

records fact glide imply (2.6), tion,

gives

['mal.(j)a], forms type type is for

differently,

and non-glide that from Maya the the might ['nei.iv] above)
The acute of the

[al]

of pronunciationwhich way, as represented

[al] [el]

generated based on its

in a different spelling; as

as a spelling ['mel.a] for than "nave"

of

pronunciaas ['mel.ja]. and "naive"

shows

be more naturally and ['new] are

accent "accent

sounded that EPDn.'3 to

The variants (see n23

59 the

record

clearly
in the

owing

their

spellings.
Japanese

phonemic

representation

location

nucleus."

8 The (4.4) is seen

ways to

the go

two one

glides

behave than

apear that

different: of (4.3);

the there

process seems

of to

step

further

72

be, /u/

in

Japanese, to In be

a difference more , is a independent closed nasal,

of

status than

as /i/. are first

a diphthong

between

Ai/

and

Au/

seems 6'

Japanese

syllables or the

restricted part of

to

two

cases: geminates.

the

closing

consonant

intervocalic

B2 The (1989, 27) .

last This

example language

in

(4 .7) has no

is

not other

from glides.

the

work,

but

from

Waseda

6 3 The associated onset, for then long as the "N"

last with and

row

of

each

representation in and second the morae

is third of

that

of

"melodies for and

," the "C"

subsyllabicconstituents "n" with by for the first breaks lines been with

row"0" ow"0" the are, nucleus, for second

coda,

syllable broken has

also the

addedwhich segments as /aa/, in

convenience, row. in The (4.8)

connected vowel [a:],

the

which

phonemicized

is represented

bimoraic /a/; 64 I express out the

,

it seems to be, however, of no significance. my thanks to Mr . Kensuke Nanjo (Konan University) markedness-related
it is not yet clear

for

pointing

matter
whether

to
the

me.
two traits are correlated

6 5 However or not.

73

Works Borowsky,
Diss. CIDE.

Cited in the Lexical Phonology in English.

Toni.
U 1995. of

J.
Mass.

1986.
UMI, Cambridge

Topics
1990.

8701140. International Dictionary of English.

Cambridge: CPDBAE.= DAW 2 . EPD4.=

13 " 15 .= .=Jones .= Jones

Cambridge Lewis 1972. 1974' 1937'.

19671s. 19881a. l99715.

UP.

=Mangold Jones
Jones

Gimson,

A.

C.

and 5th T.

A. ed.

Cruttenden. London: English An English

1994. Arnold. Phonology. Pronouncing

Gimson's

Pronunciation

of

English. Jensen, Jones, John Daniel.

Tokyo: . A. 1967. C.

1993. 1937.

Amsterdam:

Benjamins. 4th ed.

Dictionary.

Maruzen. Everyman's Gimson. London: English Rev. and English Dent Pronouncing supp. Susan & Pronouncing Sons; New Dictionary. Ramsaran. Dictionary. Cambridge: Albert Cambridge Knott. Springfield: of Dictionary. York: Dutton. 14th Cambridge: 15th UP. 1953. A Pronouncing ed. Cambridge ed. Eds. Ed. A. UP. Peter C. 13th ed. Ed.

1988. Gimson. 1997. Roach Kenyon, John Dictionary Kreidler, in Charles Phonology. and

English James Samuel of W.

Pronouncing Hartman. and Thomas English. The

American 1989. Oxford:

Merriam-Webster, English: A Course Book

Pronunciation Blackwell.

LDCE2.

1987.

Longman Longman. Longman Longman.

Dictionary

of

Contemporary

English.

2nd

ed.

Harlow: 3 . 1995. Harlow: Lewis, Jack and Lindsey, Vowel

Dictionary

of

Contemporary

English.

3rd

ed.

Windsor. American

1972. English. 1990.

Concise

Pronouncing Oxford and UP. in

Dictionary

of

British

London: "Quantity Studies in Honour

Geoff. Systems."

Quality

British of

and

American A

the of

Pronunciation A. C. Gimson.Ed.

English: Ramsaran.

Commemorative London: Routledge.

Volume

in

Susan

106-18.

74

LPD. Mangold,

= Wells Max,

1990. et al., eds. 1974. Duden-AussprachewOrterbuch:

WOrterbuch Duden: Bd.

der 6.

deutschen Mannheim:

Standardaussprache. Bibliographisches Inst.

2.

Aufl.

Der

groBe

Nakao,

Toshio. Taikei 11.

1985. Tokyo:

On'inshi Taishukan.
1994.

[Phonological

History].

Eigogaku

NDAEP.= 0ED2. 1989.

Silverstein The Oxford

English

Dictionary.

2nd

ed.

London:

Oxford

UP. PDAE. Silverstein. =Kenyon 1994. and Knott NTC's 1953. Dictionary of American English Pronunciation.

Chicago: Waseda, Mika.

National 1989. Hakusuisha. Hangariigo

Textbook

Company. Hangariigo [Express Hungarian].

Ekusupuresu

Tokyo: . 1994. Hungarian Studies.

Wells, J. UP. . WNCD9.1990. Springfield: ' . Springfield: WNID3.1993. Springfield: Yamamoto, Unpublished 1996. 1990. C.

no and

On'in

to

Keitai .

Nyumon Osaka:

[An Osaka

Introduction U of

to Foreign

Phonology

Morphology]

1982.

Accents

of

English.

vols.

Cambridge:

Cambridge

Longman

Pronunciation Webster's

Dictionary. NinthNew

Harlow: Collegiate

Longman. Dictionary.

Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster's Merriam-Webster. Webster's Merriam-Webster. Takeshi. MA 1996a. thesis. Kyoto "A U, Study Kyoto. on English Syllabification." Third New International Dictionary. Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed.

1996b. Concerning Kenkyu: Kaitakusha. . 1997. Clusters

"Eigo the Riron to

no

Watarion Jissen.

ni of

Kansuru Glides Ed.

Ichi-Kosatsu in Kenkyukai.

[An

Inquiry On'in Tokyo:

Syllabification

English] ."

On'inron

129-32. "Eigo and ni Okeru Shiin Renzoku in to Onsetsu Kozo Dai-115-kai of Jpn. [Consonant Nihon 252-57.

Syllable Taikai

Structure YokOshu.Kyoto:

English]." Ling. Soc.

Gengo-Gakkai

(R { j A s w w @ m )

-75-

------

On the

Syllabification

of English

Intervocalic

Glides

Takeshi

YAMAMOTO

Summary

In which

this seem to

paper, be

we caused

discuss by the

such

phonological

processes of

as

follows, glides:

resyllabification

intervocalic

(1)

a.

'Ma.ya ['ma:.ja]

-^

'May.a; ['mal.a]

'law.yer ['lo:.ji]

--> 'lawy.er; ['lol.I]

'buo.yant ['bu:.jant]

--> 'buoy.ant ['bor.ant]

b.

IKa.wa'saki [Ika:.wa'sa:ki]

-4

,Kaw.a'saki; [,kaeo.a'sa:ki]

'lee.ward ['1i:.wid]

'leew.ard ['lu:.id]

(2)

a.

na.'ive [na:.'i:v]

-> na(y).'ive [nal.'i:v]

b.

Ra.'ul [Ia:.'u:1]

-4 Ra(w).'ul [Imo.'u:1]

(3)

a.

be.'yond [b:.'ja:nd]

-> be'yond [bi.'a:nd]['lu:.wian]

b.

'Lu.wian

->

'Luwian ['lu:.ian]

The the

intervocalic rhyme of

glide, the

in

each

case, syllable,

is

resyllabified the

from widely

the accepted

onset

into "onset

preceding

against

maximality."
What phonological directionality requirement It contrast two have is with a of constitutes characteristics of of also the onsets. mentioned English rightward onsets in that glide directionality than the latter Japanese insertion, in one. and which the Hungarian implies spreading exhibit that and a the a striking former stronger spreading this resyllabification, of of English, high vowels it is concluded, namely and its its relatively are the leftward weak two

requirement

76