Data Sources In GIS

Analog Maps Topographic Maps Aerial Photographs Satellite Images Ground Surveys Ground Surveys With GPS Government of India Primary Survey Depts. State Government Primary Survey Depts. City, Town, and Village level maps and Records Reports and Publications

Analog Map

Toposheet

Satellite data

Aerial Photography

Aerial Photographs

Cadastral Maps

Example Of City Map

GPS Survey

State Government Survey

Government Of India Dept.

Reports and Publications

Series of Census of India Publications Series of Gazetteer Of India Statistical Abstracts Planning commission reports Annual Reports submitted by Central/State Govt. primary survey departments: i.e. IMD, Water Resources, Irrigation, Agriculture, Forest, Mining, Finance, Infrastructure etc.

Map
Map is a fundamental language of geography which gives the descriptive information about the world. A map is a small scale conventional representation of the earth (or part )as seen from above A Cartographic representation without scale should not be called a map. It should be considered as a sketch or a diagram.

Basic Map Design

A map is an integrated assemblage of four category of information Point Lines Areas Names (Labels)
All these have to be considered in terms of their interrelationship. All these are presented in different Shapes, patterns, size, symbols, and thickness.

Parts Of Maps
There are two basic parts of maps The Figure

The Ground

On Combining figure and ground we get a map

The ground should be planned in a well balanced way. It should have all the essential map elements. There is no hard and fast rule to place the map elements

Essential Map Elements

Title: Describes what a map Shows Legend: Defines the Symbols Scale: Shows the relationship of map distance to actual distance on the ground. Direction: Refers to the cardinal directions and is shown by an arrow Source: The institution or resource from which the information on the map was
compiled.

Date: Shows when the map was made and the date of information on the map Border : Defines the edges of the map and separates the map from the text Author : The Institution or the individual that created the map Ground Relationship: Ground and water features differentiated

Selective Elements For Effective Communication

Index: Shows list of places present in the map as an alphabetical list by grid
location in X and Y

Key: It is used in case of series of maps highlighting the location of present map Graticules: A set of intersecting lines (Parallels and Meridians) that provide a
way of determining the absolute Location of a place

Projection: The projection used to create the map influences the representation
of area, direction, distance and shape.

Inset: When the data is densely clustered in a small section of a larger map, an
inset map giving the detailed features should be provided.

Location Map: Gives the idea of the study area. Surrounding Places: This identifies the features that border a depicted
area, such as political boundaries.

Index

Example of an Inset in a map

Types Of Maps

Thematic maps: Thematic maps

are specialized maps Containing information about a Single Theme i.e. Landuse map, Population distribution, soils, Geology, Contours, Road network etc. Major Source :NATMO, Calcutta

Topographical Maps:
Topographic maps provide the most authentic base or reference tool showing natural and man made features including terrain information of part of the earth plotted to scale Example: Toposheet Major Source: SOI, Dehradun

Thematic maps
Thematic maps can be represented in three Ways

Choropleth

Isopleths

Graphical representation

Choropleth Maps
Choropleth maps have areas of equal values separated by boundaries Example:1

Choropleth Maps
Example:2

Isopleths
Maps portray quantitative data modeled by continuous surface. The variations are shown by lines connecting to points of equal value Examples are:
Contours : Lines of same elevation value Isotherm : Lines of equal Temperature Isohyets : Lines Showing equal Rainfall Isobars : Lines showing equal air pressure value Isolines : Lines showing equal value of the referred theme Isobaths : Lines showing equal depth

Example Of Isopleth Map :Contour map

Example Of Isopleth Map: Isobars L Indicates Low atmospheric pressure

Graphical Representation
Maps portray the data of Locations, it may be a point, line or an area by some graphics Examples: Pie chart Bar chart Wind rose X Y Graph Pictorial representation

Pie Chart

Bar Chart

Graduated Circles

Dot Density Maps

dot frequency displays quantity

Point and Line Features shown with Symbols

Thematic Maps can also be Grouped into Two

Qualitative Maps Quantitative Maps
Qualitative Map shows the spatial distribution or location of a kind of
normal data. For example, a map showing wheat fields in a map would be a qualitative map. It would not show how much wheat is produced from that field. Example: Soil Map, Landuse Map, Crop Distribution, Political, Physical Maps etc. Quantitative Maps displays the numerical aspect of spatial data. A map showing wheat production (Volume) in the wheat field would be quantitative map Other Examples: Maps showing quantitative distribution of any theme, It may be a Choropleth map (population, production, income etc), Isopleth (Contours), or a Graphical representation of volume, number, or quantity.

Map Scale
Map scale is a ratio between the distance on the map to distance on the earths surface. Scales are shown in 3 ways on the maps RF Scale (Representative Fraction) Example : 1:50,000 Verbal Statement (Descriptive Scale) Example : 1 cm = 5 Km or 1 Inch = 1 Mile Bar Scale (Graphical Scale) Example :

Large Scale Maps and Small Scale Maps

Large Scale maps show great detail, small features and Representative fraction is Large i.e. 1:2500 Example: Cadastral map, Topographical map Small scale maps show only large features and Representative fraction is small i.e. 1:250,000 Example: Atlas ,Wall maps The entire township is shown as a small block

Map Limitations
A map is a representation of 3-dimesional curved Surface on a 2-dimensional flat surface. The correct representation is a globe not a map. A map is a summary of a selected facts about the reality. A very large scale ,map of your garden might be quite accurate even to the point of showing the location of different types of plants. A map of a larger area such as Tehsil or a District are more selective. It can attempt to show important features but no single map could show all types of features.

Map Generalization
Selection and generalization of data represented on the map is very important aspect of map making. It is up to the map maker to make clear the purpose of the map and meaningful symbols employed. It is up to the map user to be aware of the limitations of the cartographic methods. Good maps are related to selected and specified use and try to focus on information relevant to the intended use

Functions Of Maps
Navigation Visualization Measurements Storing Spatial Data

Advantages of maps
Descriptive Good Planning Tool Solve Complex Problem Objective and Efficient

Topographical Maps of India

Toposheets are prepared by Survey Of India. Survey Of India is the National Survey and mapping organization of the country under the Dept. of Science & Technology. Is the oldest Scientific Dept of the Govt. of India. It was set up in 1767 and has evolved rich traditions over years.

Survey Of India..

Army of East India Company and devoted British and Indian Surveyors had onerous task of exploring the unknown. Bit by bit the tapestry of Indian terrain was completed by painstaking efforts. It was the work of British Surveyors Mr.Lambton and Sir George Everest that India at the time of Independence inherited a survey network built on scientific principles. The great Trigonometric Series spanning the country from N-S & E-W are some of the best geodetic control series available in the world

Topographical Maps of India

Topographical maps are reference tool showing conventional representation of natural and man made features of part of the earth surface plotted to scale. Topographical maps are generally on polyconic projection on different scales. The Indian sub-continent along with the adjacent countries of Iran, Afganistan, Burma,Tibet,and part of China have been mapped.

International Map Series

An International Map Series Issued by Survey of India on 1: 1,000,000 covers India in 26 sheets. The extent of these sheets is 4 x 6 and prepared as per international specifications and prove very handy for regional planning. These sheets cover an area of aprox. 270450 Sq Kms. These sheets are not numbered but are named by important location of sheet area i.e. Delhi sheet, Barreili sheet, Jammu and Kashmir sheet etc.

1:1000,000 Scale Maps

The whole area up to 40Latitude in the North has been uniformly divided into rectangles of 4x4diamention and are numbered from 1 to 105. These Sheets are on 1:1,000,000 scale. There are 37 4X 4 sheets for India. Sheet Numbers 37 to 84 excluding 60,61,69,70,71,75, 76,77,80 and 81 cover Indian territory. These sheets are known as 4 sheets. Each of These 37 sheet is subdivided into 16 uniform rectangles of 1x 1damention.

Scale 1:1,000,000
44 53 62 71

45

54

63

72

46

55

64

73

47

56

64

74

Degree Sheets
Each of the 4 37 sheets are subdivided into 16 uniform rectangles of 1x 1damention. These are designated by 16 letters of English alphabets A to P. They are on 1:250,000 scale. Each sheet cover appx.11140 Sq km Area. These are known as degree sheets. These toposheets are also known as quarter inch sheets as they represent quarter inch=1 mile(1 Inch = 4 Miles).

Scale 1:250,000
A E I M

62
C G K O

 Each of these 16 Degree Sheets is divided into 16 uniform rectangles of 15 x15 dimension and are numbered 1 to 16 . They are drawn on a scale of 1:50,000 (1 for 1 Miles in non metric scale sheets) These are also known as one Inch sheets. Publication of Metric maps started in 1956 . All the old maps are in Inch to Mile scale

Scale 1:50,000
A/1 A/5 A/9 A/13

A/2

A/6

A/10

A/14

62/A
A/3 A/7 A/11 A/15

A/4

A/8

A/12

A/16

Half Inch Sheets

Each of 1 Inch sheets are further divided into 4 parts. These are known as half Inch sheets. These sheets are on 1:25,000 Sacle. These sheets provide detailed information about the ground and terrain.

Half Inch Sheets

NW

NE

62A/1
SW SE

Other Map Series Of SOI

Defence Series Map (DSM) Open Series Map (OSM) on UTM projection District Planning map series State maps Tourist maps Trekking maps Road maps Antique maps Plastic relief map Guide maps

Map Issues:1
Map along the International boundary and Coastal area are restricted Takes time to acquire restricted maps Conservative on Data/Maps sharing Restriction on Digitization of elevation data MOD clearance for using boundaries from SOI maps

Map Issues:2
Existing maps :Heterogeneous formats, Scales, Projections, Accuracies etc. Data/maps from different Sources do not sit one over the other. There was no National level data sharing policy resulting in repetitive digitization work by diff. Organizations independently

National Spatial Data Infrastructure ( NSDI)

Joint Effort of All the Ministries / Depts. to create Spatial Data Infrastructure. The NSDI aims to promote and establish an infrastructure, at the national level for the availability of organized spatial (and non-spatial) data and multilevel information networking to contribute to local, national and global needs of sustained economic growth, environmental quality and stability and social progress.

Spatial Data Infrastructure

Collaboration in collection and use of geospatial data Use of standards and best suitable practices in data collection Geospatial data access in a uniform standards and compatible format

National GIS
National GIS has been conceptualized as a service across the nation in a mission mode. Development of seamless spatial data for the entire country on 1:50K scale. Raster Data Repository of Satellite Images and Toposheets. To strengthen systematic integration of data from different sectors. Data Sharing through web & desktop clients.

The Policy
The goal is to build a : High-quality spatial data With several layers This will end replication of map creation efforts Promote data sharing and cooperation between local government departments, Enable access for the public to non-sensitive information

NSDI Agencies
Geological Survey of India Survey of India Forest Survey of India Department of Space National Informatics Centre Central Ground Water Board Census Department National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization National Bureau of Soil Survey and Landuse Planning National Remote Sensing Agency Central Water Commission Department of Ocean Developments National Council for Applied Economics Research Ministry of Environment and Forests Central Pollution Control Board Indian Meteorological Department

S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Layer Administrative Boundaries Village Boundaries Major Towns/Cities Settlements Roads Railway/ Railway Stations Forest Cover Soil Watershed Land Use/Land Cover(NRSA) Cover(NRSA) Wasteland Wetland Waterbodies Drainage(SOI) Drainage(SOI) Groundwater Agriculture Geology Hydro Geomorphology/Geology Misc point data sets with attributes Hq, PO,PS, Airports etc. Hq, Satellite image- Multispectral data Georeferenced mosaic imageacross the country from AWIFS (56m),LISS III(23m), for extraction of Natural Resources features. IRS Satellite 5.8 m Pancromatic image mosaic of entire country Quik Bird high resolution satellite image for 580 district Hq. Hq.

Source organization SOI SOI SOI/NIC SOI/NIC SOI/NIC SOI/NIC FSI/NIC NBSS&LUP/NNRMS AISLUS/CGWB/NRSA NRSA/CGWB/NIC NRSA/NIC NRSA/NIC SOI/NIC SOI CGWB DOS/NRSA/NIC GSI/CGWB/NIC GSI/CGWB/NRSA/NIC SOI/NIC/NNRMS

20

NRSA/NIC NRSA/NIC SOI

21 22

GSDI
The GSDI Association is an inclusive organization of organizations, agencies, firms, and individuals from around the world. The purpose of the organization is to promote international cooperation and collaboration in support of local, national and international spatial data infrastructure developments that will allow nations to better address social, economic, and environmental issues of pressing importance.