Electronics Engineering Programme (ESEP) 'Model Question Paper' with 'Synoptic Answer Key' TES041: Basic Electronics-1

Maximum Allowed Time: 180 Minutes Instructions for the students 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All questions are compulsory. "Long Answer type Question (LAQ)" is a supply type question of 20 marks, which requires typical answer of about 60-80 lines in about 32-40 minutes. "Short Answer type Question (SAQ)" is a supply type question of 05 marks, which requires typical answer of about 15-20 lines in about 08-10 minutes. Use of non-programmable type of scientific calculator is allowed. Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary. Maximum Marks: 100

Q.N.

Question (Q) Long Answer type Questions (LAQs)

Marks

(A) Define Thevenin voltage and Thevenin resistance. For the following circuit diagram, calculate Thevenins voltage and Thevenin resistance.

20

(B) Define forward biasing and reverse biasing. What is the surface leakage current? (C) A Silicon diode has a saturation current of 5 nA at 25C. What is the saturation current at 100C? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 (A) Thevenin voltage (Vth): The voltage across the load terminals when the load resistor is open. Thevenin resistance (Rth): The resistance that an ohmmeter measures across the load terminals. Vth = 24v Rth = 02 (B) FB: The negative battery terminal connected to the n-type material and positive connected to p-type material, this connection is called forward bias. RB: The positive battery terminal connected to the n-type material and negative connected to p-type material, this connection is called forward bias. Surface leakage current: - reverse current on the surface of the crystal. 03 (C) T=100 C 25 C = 75 C Is = (27) (5 nA) = 640 nA Is = (1.07 ) (640 nA) = 898 nA
5

Key

Marks 2

2 2 4

(from circuit diagram)

4k +

3k 6 = 6k 3k + 6

(from circuit diagram) 2

2 1 1 2 2

(a) Using second approximation, calculates the load voltage, load current, and diode power for the following circuit diagram.

20

(b) Write short note on Surface-Mount Diode (SM). (c) Explain operation of Bridge Rectifier with neat circuit diagram. Draw waveforms across load resistor RL. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 (a) Key Marks 1 Load Voltage 2 Load Current 2 1

V L = 10V 0.7V = 9.3V

IL =

9.3V = 9.3mA 1K

PD = (0.7)(9.3mA) = 6.51 mW
02 (b)

Diode Power

SM: Surface-mount diode can be found anywhere there is a need for diode application. SM diode are small, efficient, and relatively easy to test, remove on the PCB Two SM package: SM & SOT (small outline transistor) SM has two L-bend leads and a colored band on one end to indicate cathode Larger the surface area, larger the current rating. 03 (c) 1] The bridge rectifier is similar to a full-wave rectifier because it produces a fullwave output voltage. 1 1 1 1 1

2] Diode D1 and D2 conducts on the positive half cycle, Diode D2 and D4 conducts on the negative half-cycle 3] As a result, the rectified load current flows during both half cycles. 4] During the both cycles, the load voltage has the same polarity and the load current is in the same direction. 5] The circuit has changed the ac input voltage to the pulsating dc output voltage. 6] Neat and labeled waveform across load resistor RL

1 1 1 1 2

(a) For the following figure, calculate dc load voltage and ripple?

20

(b) Explain operation of clipper with neat diagram and draw its waveforms. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 (a)The rms secondary voltage, V 2 Key Marks 2

120V = 24 V 5

The peak secondary voltage, VL = 34 V Ripple,

Vp =

24V = 34 V 0.707

IL =

VL 34 = = 6.8mA RL 5K

VR =
02

6.8mA = 1.13 VPP 1.1 VPP (60 Hz )(100uF )

(b)Clipper: It is a circuit that removes either positive or negative parts of a waveform.

1 4

Positive Clipper: The circuit removes all the positive parts of the input signal. During the positive half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short across the output terminals. On the negative half cycle, the diode is open. So negative half cycle appears across output. The series resistor is much smaller than load resistor. This is why the negative output peak is shown as -Vp

1 1 1 1 1

(a) What would be the collector-emitter voltage for the figure shown below using i) Ideal transistor ii) Second approximation iii) Using VBE: 1 V?

20

(b) What would be the voltage between the collector and ground? Also find voltage between collector and emitter?

Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 (a) In this example we have to compare the three approximations for the case of low supply voltage. 1] With ideal transitor: Key Marks 1

IB =

5V = 10.6 A 470 K

I C = 100(10.6 A) = 1.06 mA VCE = 15V (1.06)(3.6 K ) = 11.2 V

2] With the second approximation:

1 1 1

IB =

4.3V = 9.15 A 470 K

I C =100(9.15 A) = 0.915 mA VCE = 15V (0.915)(3.6 K ) = 11.7 V

3] With the measured VBE :

1 1 1

IB =

4.0V = 8.51 A 470 K

I C = 100(8.51 A) = 0.851 mA VCE = 15V (0.851)(3.6 K ) = 11.9 V

02 (b)

1 1 1

V E = 5 V 0.7 V = 4.3V

IE =

4.3V = 4.3mA 1K

I C RC = (4.3mA)(2 K ) = 8.6V

VC = 15V 8.6V = 6.4V VCE = 6.4V 4.3V = 2.1V

Short Answer type Questions (SAQs) 5

Explain operation of optocoupler with neat diagram. What would be the advantage of optocoupler? SN 01 Key 1]Optocoupler made up of LED and phototransistor means LED driving phototransistor 2] Any change in the Vs produce changes in the LED current, which changes the current through the phototransistor. 3] In turn, this produces a changing voltage across the collector-emitter terminals. 4] Therefore, a signal voltage is coupled from the input circuit to the output circuit. 5] Optocouplers advantage is the electrical isolation between the input and output circuits. Marks 1 1 1 1 1

Which are the two ideal sources? Enlist the properties of any one of them? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key 1] Ideal Voltage source and Current source 2] Properties of voltage source: Rs= Typically low 3] Rl= Greater than 100Rs 4] Vl= constant 5] Il= depend upon Rl Marks 1 1 1 1 1

What is Peak Inverse Voltage? Write PIV of the Half wave, Full wave and Bridge rectifier? SN 01 Key 1] Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) is the maximum voltage across the nonconducting diode of a rectifier. 2] This voltage must be less than the breakdown voltage of the diode, otherwise, the diode will be destroyed. 3] Half-wave, PIV = 2 Vp 4] Full-wave, PIV = Vp 5] Bridge-wave, PIV = Vp Marks 1 1 1 1 1

What are the three useful ways to connect transistor in circuit? Draw any one of them. SN 4 Key 1] The useful ways to connect transistor in circuit: CE (Common emitter), CC (Common collector), CB (Common base) 2] Circuit Diagram of CE connection: Marks 2 3

End of Model Question Paper with Synoptic Answer Key

Electronics Engineering Programme (ESEP) 'Model Question Paper' with 'Synoptic Answer Key' TES042: Basic Electronics -2
Maximum Allowed Time: 180 Minutes Instructions for the students 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All questions are compulsory. "Long Answer type Question (LAQ)" is a supply type question of 20 marks, which requires typical answer of about 60-80 lines in about 32-40 minutes. "Short Answer type Question (SAQ)" is a supply type question of 05 marks, which requires typical answer of about 15-20 lines in about 08-10 minutes. Use of non-programmable type of scientific calculator is allowed. Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary. Maximum Marks: 100

Q.N.

Question (Q) Long Answer type Questions (LAQs)

Marks

a) Write down the steps involved in deriving the collectoremitter voltage of Voltage-Divider Bias (VDB) circuit with diagrams. b) Explain how to analyze amplifier. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 a) 1] Base Voltage: Key Marks 3

20

V BB =

R2 VCC R1 + R2

2] Emitter Voltage:

V E = VBB V BE

3] Emitter Current:

IE =

VE RE

4] Collector Current:

IC I E

5] Collector Voltage:

VC = VCC I C RC

02

b) 1] Amplifier analysis: The simplest way to analyze an amplifier is to split the analysis into two parts: a dc analysis and an ac analysis. 2] To analyze amplifiers, calculate the effect of the dc sources, and then the ac sources. 3] In the dc analysis, we calculate the dc voltage and current and open all capacitors. 4] The ac analysis, this is the circuit that remains after we have mentally shorted all capacitors and dc voltage sources. 5] The transistor can be replaced by either model or T model.

1 1 1 1

a) Explain the operation of Two-stage feedback amplifier. b) If QL is 100 in figure, what is the bandwidth of the amplifier?

20

c) Draw the graphs to show the following characteristics of the class C amplifier? 1] Maximum Output, 2] Conduction angle, 3] Transistor power dissipation 4] Current drain, 5] Efficiency. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 a) 1] In the two-stage feedback amplifier: first stage has an unbypassed emitter resistance of re, second stage is a CE stage, with the emitter at ac ground to produce maximum gain. 2] The output signal is coupled back through a feedback resistance rf to the first emitter. 3] If temp increases that causes the output voltage to increase. Some part 1 1 Key Marks 1

of this voltage fed back to first emitter, Ve increases. 4] This decreases Vc in the first stage , and decreases Vout 5] On the other hand, if the output voltage tries to decrease, Vbe increases and Vout increases. 02 b) 1] 2] 3] 1 1 1

X L = 2FL = 2 (5.19 MHz )(2uH ) = 65.2ohm

R P = QL X L = (100)(65.2) = 6.52 K rc = 6.52 K || 1K = 867ohm

1 1 1

4]

Q=

867 = 13.3 65.2 5.19MHz = 390 KHz 13.3

5] (C)

BW =

1] Maximum Output:

2] Conduction angle:

3] Transistor power dissipation:

4] Current drain:

5] Efficiency:

a) Draw and explain an emitter follower circuit. b)What is the input impedance of the base if =200? What is the input impedance of the stage? Given: R1, R2=10k, Vcc=10V, RE =4.3K, RL =10, RG =600 , Vg= 1V. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key The emitter follower is also called as Common-Emitter (CC) amplifier. The input signal is coupled to the base, and the output signal is taken from the emitter. This set up an ac emitter current and produces an ac voltage across the emitter resistor. This ac voltage is then coupled to the load resistor. This output voltage is in phase and is approximately equal to the input voltage. The reason the circuit is called an emitter follower is because the output voltage follows the input voltage. Since there is no collector resistor, the total voltage between the collector and the ground equals the supply voltage. The emitter follower uses negative feedback. The negative feedback is massive because the feedback resistance is equals all of the emitter resistance. Marks 2

20

2 2

2 2

02

re =25, re=3K, Zin(base)=605 K, Zin (stage)=5K

1x2=2 2X2=4

a) Draw and explain Frequency response of an AC amplifier? b) Explain the miller's theorem? c) Figure 16.8 (page 539 of TES042) shows impedance-matched stages with R= 50. What are the total decibel gain, total power gain, total voltage gain and ordinary voltage gain of each stage? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 a) The frequency response of an amplifier is the graph of its gain versus the frequency. AC amplifier is designed to amplify ac signals. Key Marks 1

20

In the middle range of frequency, the amplifier is normally operates and the voltage gain is maximum. At low frequencies, voltage gain decreases because the coupling capacitor no longer acts like short circuit. At the high frequencies, the voltage gain decreases because of transistors internal capacitance. Diagram 02 b) 1] Millers theorem converts feedback component connected between input and output terminal of the circuit into two separate input and output components. For example feedback capacitor converted into two separate capacitors. [Refer page no.553, fig 16.20 of TES042] 2] This equivalent circuit is easier to work with because the feedback capacitor has been split in to two new capacitance Cin & cout with complex algebra it is possible to derive the following eqns-: Cin = c(A+1) - - - - - - Cout = c (A+1/A) - - - - 3] Millers theorem convert the feedback capacitor in to two equivalent Capacitors one for the input side & the other for the output side eqn & are valid for any inverting amplifier 4] Millers theorem has more effect on the input capacitance Cin as it gets amplified by 1+A times than feedback Capacitor. 5] This phenomenon is known as miller effect it creates artificial or virtual capacitors that are much larger than the feedback capacitor. 03 c) 1] the total decibel voltage gain is:

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 2

ADB = 23dB + 36dB = 31dB = 90dB

2] The total decibel power gain also equals 90dB because the stages are impedance-matched. Total power gain is: 3

G = anti log

90dB = 1,000,000,000 10
2

3] Total voltage gain is:

A = anti log

90dB = 31,623 20
1

4] The first stage has a voltage gain of:

A1 = anti log

23dB = 14.1 20
1

5] The second stage has a voltage gain of:

A2 = anti log

36dB = 63.1 20
1

6] The third stage has a voltage gain of:

A3 = anti log

31dB = 35.5 20

Short Answer type Questions (SAQs) 5 What is meant by coupling capacitor? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 1] Key Marks 1 5

2] The impedance of the capacitor is inversely proportional to frequency is high enough; the capacitor reactance is much smaller than the resistance. 3] Almost all the ac source voltage appears across the resistor. 4] When used in this way, the capacitor is called a coupling capacitor because it couples or transmits the ac signals to the resistor. 5] Coupling capacitor are important because they allow us to couple an ac signal into an amplifier without disturbing its Q point.

1 1 1 1

What is bode plot of voltage gain, if ratio of f/f2 is 10, 20, and 40? Synoptic Answer Key SN 2 1] Key Marks 2
2

A=

1 1+ ( f / f2 )

2]

A= A= A=

1 1 + (10 ) 1 1 + (20 ) 1 1 + (40 )

2 2 2

= 0 .1 = 0.05 = 0.025

3]

4]

What are the advantages of Darlington Connections? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key 1] A Darlington Connection is a connection of two transistors whose overall current gain equals the product of the individual current gains. 2] Its current gain is much higher 3] It have very high input impedance 4] It produces very large output currents 5] Used in voltage regulators and power amplifiers. Marks 1 1 1 1 1

Enlist the classes of Amplifier operations according to ranges of frequency. SN Key Marks

01

1] Audio amplifier 2] Radio frequency amplifier 3] Narrowband amplifier 4] Wideband amplifier 5]Tuned RF amplifier

1 1 1 1 1

End of Model Question Paper with Synoptic Answer Key

Electronics Engineering Programme (ESEP) 'Model Question Paper' with 'Synoptic Answer Key' TES043: Basic Electronics-3
Maximum Allowed Time: 180 Minutes Instructions for the students 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All questions are compulsory. "Long Answer type Question (LAQ)" is a supply type question of 20 marks, which requires typical answer of about 60-80 lines in about 32-40 minutes. "Short Answer type Question (SAQ)" is a supply type question of 05 marks, which requires typical answer of about 15-20 lines in about 08-10 minutes. Use of non-programmable type of scientific calculator is allowed. Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary. Maximum Marks: 100

Q.N.

Question (Q) Long Answer type Questions (LAQs)

Marks

a) Draw and find DC load line and the Q point from the following figure.

20

b) How can we use a Power FET as an Interface? c) Why has the EMOSFET revolutionized the computer industry? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 a) 1] The 3:1 voltage divider produces a gate voltage of 10 V. 2] Ideally, the voltage across the source resister is: Vs=10V 3] The Drain Current is: 1 1 Key Marks 1

ID =

10 V = 5 mA 2K
1 1

4] The drain voltage is : Vd= 30V- (5mA)(1K)= 25V 5] The Drain Source voltage is:

V DS = 25V 10V = 15V

6] The DC saturation current is: 1

I D ( sat ) =

30V = 10mA 3k
1

7] The Cutoff voltage is:

VDS ( cutoff ) = 30V

Figure shows the dc load line and the Q point. 3

02

b) 1] To use output of a digital IC to drive a high-current load, we can use a power FET as an interface.

2] 3] The output of the digital IC drives the gate of the power FET. 4] When the digital output is high, the power FET is like a closed switch 5] When the digital output is low, the power FET is like an open switch 03 c) 1] Because of its threshold voltage, it is ideal for use as a switching device. 2] When the gate voltage is well above the threshold voltage, the device switches from cutoff to saturation. This on-off action is the key to building computers. 3] A typical computer uses millions of E-MOSFETs as off-on switches to process data. 4] It is used in analog & digital switching devices. 2 1 1 1 1

1 1

a) Explain in brief SCR, Triac and Diac with their use and equivalent circuit. b) Write the levels of integration for manufacturing of ICs. c) A 741 is an op-amp with A=200,000 and CMRRdB= 90dB. What is the common-mode voltage gain? If the desired and common-mode signal, each has a value of 1 uV, what is

20

the output voltage with comments? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 (A) 1] SCR: Silicon Controlled Rectifier is more useful than a four-layer diode because the gate triggering is easier than breakover triggering. 2] 1 Key Marks

3] The four doped regions separated into two transistors, and it is equivalent to latch. 4] The input is called Gate, the top is the anode, and the bottom is called cathode. 5] Traic: The traic acts like two SCRs in reverse parallel, equivalent to the two latches. 6] Because of this the triac can control current in both directions.

1 1 1 1 1

7] 8] The diac can latch current in either direction. 9] The equivalent circuit of a diac is two four-layer diodes in parallel. 1 1 1

10] 02 b) 1] Small Scale Integration (SSI): few components have been integrated to form IC. This have fewer than 12 integrated components. It uses resistors, diodes, transistors 2] Medium Scale Integration (MSI): this have from 12 to 100 integrated components. It uses bipolar, MOS transistors. 2 2

3] Large Scale Integration (LSI): more than hundreds components. It uses MOS transistors. 4] Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI): to placing thousands of components. All modern chips refers VLSI 5] Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI): to placing more than 1 million components. Intel 486 and Pentium processors use ULSI. 03 c) 1]

2 2 2 1

CMRR = anti log

ACM =

90dB = 31,600 20
1

2]

A 200,000 = = 6.32 CMRR 31,600

Desired output component common-mode output

3] 4]

Vout = 200,000(1uV ) = 0.2V Vout 2 = 6.32(1uV ) = 6.32V

1 1 1

5] Comment: the desired output is much larger than the common-mode output

a) How Summing Amplifier is used as MIXER in Audio Systems? b) Explain the concept of virtual ground and virtual short in op-amp. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 a) 1] Fig shows mixer circuit for two input signals with adjustable resistor ( to set input signal level) and gain control resistor (to adjust combined output voltage) 2] 4 Key Marks 2

20

3] As Op-amp is in inverting configuration hence, by decreasing level1, V1 signal can be make louder at output. Similarly by decreasing level2, V2 signal can be make louder at output 4] By increasing gain, both signals can be made louder at output or vice versa 02 b) 1] Concept of virtual ground: different than mechanical ground. It is a ground for voltage not for current. 2] With a virtual ground, the analysis of an inverting amplifier and related circuit becomes incredibly easy. The concept of a virtual ground is based on an ideal op amp. When an op amp is ideal, it has infinite open-loop voltage gain & infinite Rin. The ideal properties for the

2 1

inverting amplifier are Open loop gain is infinite hence, Vid = V2 - V1 is zero. Input resistance is infinite hence, input currents are zero 0.5 1.5

ii)since AOL is infinite, noninverting voltage V1 is zero hence, V2 is zero 3]

4] The given fig. shows the noninverting amplifier with virtual short between two input terminals of Op Amp. This short act as a short for voltage and open for the current. 5] Virtual short concept is based on two ideal characteristics of Op Amp such as, Open loop gain is infinite hence, Vid = V2 - V1 is zero. Input resistance is infinite hence, input currents are zero

1.5

Virtual short exists means inverting input terminal voltage is always equal to noninverting terminal voltage. 1.5

6]

a) b)

Explain with neat diagram operation of Transistorized series voltage regulator? Explain how regulation action occurs. What are the topologies of switching regulator? Draw circuit diagram for the most basic topologies. Synoptic Answer Key

20

SN 01 fig. 24.8 page no.918

Key

Marks 3 2 2.5

Function of each component used in circuit diagram To simplify, the complete circuit operation is divided into two cases: 1) For increased output voltage Vo : Explain regulation action with cause equation 2) For decreased output voltage Vo. Explain regulation action with cause equation 02 b)

2.5 2.5

1] Topologies used: Buck or step down, Boost or step up, Flyback, Push-Pull etc. 2] Buck or step down : Output voltage is less than input voltage refer fig 24.26 page 940 3] Boost or step up :Output voltage is greater than input voltage refer fig 24.27 page 942 4] Inverter or buck-boost Output has opposite polarity of input. Output voltage is greater or less than input voltage. refer fig 24.28 page 943 Short Answer type Questions (SAQs) 5 Draw output characteristics of JFET connected in common source configuration with neat circuit diagram. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 02 Key neat circuit diagram of CS configuration using JFET [fig 13.4, page no.424] Drain characteristics [fig 13.5, page no.425] showing VGS=0V, IDSS, ID for various values of VGS like -2, -4, -6V. Marks 2 3 5 2.5 2.5 2.5

What is meant by current mirror and explain why it is required in different amplifier stage of Opamp. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 current mirror, Key In any circuit if source current is equal and sink current is known Marks 1

Source current

Current Mirror

Sink current

02

Easiest way to create current source and active loads to design differential amplifier of Opamp. Used to increases Voltage gain and CMRR of differential amplifier.

1 1

Enlist an Ideal Op-amp characteristic. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 02 03 Key Infinite Differential gain, Zero Common mode gain, Infinite CMRR Zero offset, zero input current and bias current, infinite slew rate, infinite Bandwidth Infinite input impedance, zero output impedance Marks 2 2 1

Define load regulation and line regulation. What should be ideal value of load and line regulation? Synoptic Answer Key SN Key Marks

01

Load regulation It is defined as the ratio of the load voltage with no load current minus the load voltage with full load current to the load voltage with full load current multiply by 100%. % Load regulation = (VNL-VFL/VFL)x100 Ideally, it is zero Line regulation It is defined as the ratio of load voltage with high line minus the load voltage with low line to the load voltage with low line multiply by 100%. Line regulation =[(VHL-VLL)/VLL]x100 Ideally, it is zero

1 1 0.5 1 1 0.5

02

End of Model Question Paper with Synoptic Answer Key

Electronics Engineering Programme (ESEP) Model Question Paper with Synoptic Answer Key TES044: Basic Electronics-4
Maximum Allowed Time: 180 Minutes Instructions for the students 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All questions are compulsory. "Long Answer type Question (LAQ)" is a supply type question of 20 marks, which requires typical answer of about 60-80 lines in about 32-40 minutes. "Short Answer type Question (SAQ)" is a supply type question of 05 marks, which requires typical answer of about 15-20 lines in about 08-10 minutes. Use of non-programmable type of scientific calculator is allowed. Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary. Maximum Marks: 100

Q No.

Question (Q) Long Answer type Questions (LAQs)

Q Marks

a) Explain operation of three op-amp instrumentation amplifier with neat schematic diagram. b) Explain how summing amplifier can be used as subtracter and average circuit with neat schematic diagram. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key a) Diagram for instrumentation amplifier(IA) [Fig 20.18, page no. 713] Explanation of operation of IA for difference input signal Explanation of operation of IA for common mode input signal Formulae for Av and ACM 02 b) Substrater operation: subtracts two input voltages to produce output voltage equals to the difference of V1 and V2. Explanation fig 20.21 , page no. 717 average operation: Output voltage is the average of the input voltages. Formula: Vout=-(V1+V2+V3+Vn)/n where n no. of sources connected to inverting terminal of Opamp. fig 20.23 , page no. 719 Marks 5 2 2 1 1

20

2 2 1 2 2 20

a) b) c)

Draw the frequency response for various ideal filters. Describe in brief five approximations used in filter design. Explain second order low pass filter using Op-amp. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key a) refer section 21.1, page 744-747 Draw ideal frequency response fro Ideal LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF and All pass filter b) Five approximations Butterworth maximally flat passband Chebyshev-rippled passband Inverse chebyshev- flat passband and rippled stopband Elliptic- rippled passband and stopband Bessel- maximally flat time delay d) e) f) fig. 21.24 page 769 explanation [page 769] pole frequency fp [page 770] Marks 5

02

03

4 4 2

a) b)

What is window comparator? Explain window comparator using IC 339. Enlist various nonlinear applications of op-amp. Explain operation of precision rectifier and active peak detector circuit in detail with neat diagram. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key a) A comparator which detects output when input voltage is between two limits such as LTP and UTP. fig 22.23 page no. 827 Explanation how output is high only between LTP and UTP and remain low with graph 04 b) Applications: Comparator, Schmitt trigger, Integrator, Differentiator, Wave form generation, active diode circuits precision rectifier, active peak detector, clipper, clamper etc. Circuit diagram for half wave precision rectifier Fig. 22.36 page 839 Explanation for half wave precision rectifier Circuit diagram for active peak detector Fig. 22.37 page 841 Explanation for active peak detector Marks 2

20

3 5 2

2 2 2 2 20

a) Explain working of monostable operation using IC555 with neat circuit diagram. b) What is difference between clap oscillator and colpits oscillator? c) How oscillations are initiated at first? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key Circuit diagram for monostable using IC555 a)Explanation how capacitor charges from 0 voltage to 2/3 VCC and discharges from 2/3Vcc to zero voltage. T= 1.1 RAC Wave forms: at pin 2 (trigger), across capacitor and at pin 3 b) In colpits osci. only two capacitor C1 and C2 are used and they are shunted by stray capacitor and transistor capacitance. Hence resonant frequency slightly varies due to variation in capacitor values. Whereas in clap, additional capacitor C3 is connected in series with inductor and its value is very much smaller than C1 and C2. Hence, resonant frequency is independents of C1, C2, stray capacitor and transistor capacitance. This produces very stable oscillation at resonant frequency. c)Form where the starting voltage comes: Every resistor has certain free electrons, at room temperature these free electrons move randomly and generate a noise voltage across the resistor due to collisions. This voltage is also known as thermal noise voltage. Resistor acts as small ac voltage source. When power supply is turned on, for the first time this small ac noise voltage gets amplified and appears at the output terminal. This amplified output is applied to feedback circuit and output of feedback circuit is fed back to the amplifier as an input. It is again amplified by amplifier and fed back to input through feedback circuit. This process is repeated and at one particular frequency, circuit satisfies the necessary conditions to start oscillation. Using proper feedback components, it is possible to select the particular frequency. Short Answer type Questions (SAQs) Marks 3 2 2 3 2

1 1 1 1

Compare four types of negative feedback with respective their circuit diagram, Zin(CL), Zout(CL), stabilized ratio and equation Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 02 Refer table 19.2 , page 681 Key Marks 1 *5

05

Explain with example the difference between 20db/decade and 6db/octave roll off of active filter. Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key 20db/decade roll off means gain of filter decreases by 20 db if frequency increases 10 times. For eg at 1KHz gain is 100db, gain becomes 80 db at 10KHz. 6db/octave roll off means gain of filter decreases by 6 db if frequency doubles. For eg at 1KHz gain is 100db, gain becomes 94db at 2KHz. Marks 2.5

05

02

2.5

Write the name of circuit which acts as a waveform converter for the following : i) Sine to rectangular ii) Rectangular to triangular iii) Triangular to pulse iv) Square to spike v) sine to cosine Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key i) Schmitt trigger ii) Integrator iii)Comparator with adjustable iv) Differentiator v)Integrator Marks

05

What is piezoelectric effect? Draw its circuit list out the various types of oscillator in which crystals can be used. State the advantages of using crystals in oscillator? Synoptic Answer Key SN 01 Key piezoelectric effect pressure-electricity Marks 1

05

-vibration occurs when a crystal is exited by an ac signal across its plates

-Electrical energy is converted into mechanical and vice versa. 02 various type of crystals used in the Oscillators - Colpitts oscillators clap & pierce oscillator Advantages: -Very high stability -Very high Q factor -Ability of frequency selection 2 2

End of Model Question Paper with Synoptic Answer Key