Recent Developments in Electric Power Transmission Technology

Dr. Kalyan Sen

April 15, 2003

Slide: 1

Issues Facing Power Industry Today

s Demand for electrical energy is increasing. s Free Flow makes particular transmission lines overloaded. s Construction of new transmission lines has become increasingly difficult and expensive. s Energy needs to be transported from the generating point to the enduser along the most desirable path.
Slide: 2

S o u rc e

Load

Load

Issues Facing Power Industry Today

s Voltage level may need to be restored at a point along the line.
Ps , Q s I Vs s V1 Vs I qs I I ds Vs VX I Pr , Q r I Vr r

XL VX

90

Vm V2 Vr I qr I I dr
Slide: 3

Vr

Principles of Power Flow in a Transmission Line

Pr , Q r VX XL I VX

Pr =
Vs

Vs Vr XL Vs Vr XL

sin (cos Vr Vs
Vr

s Power flow in a transmission line depends on

Vr

Vs

Qr =

)
(a)

90

(b)

impedance voltage phase angle.

s Leading voltage sends active power to the lagging voltage.

Slide: 4

Available Solutions
s Traditional Technology
Voltage-Regulating Transformer Shunt Inductor/Capacitor Series Inductor/Capacitor Phase Angle Regulator

s Voltage-Sourced Converter Based Technology

STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Slide: 5

Voltage-Regulating Transformer
s Regulates the line voltage in small steps by adding or subtracting a compensatng voltage in series with the transmission line.
V sC

V s'C

(a)

V sC

EXCITER UNIT

V s's

V s'C

V sA
Vs
B

V sA

Vs
VOLTAGE REGULATING UNIT

V s'sA V s'A

'B

Vs
'B

V s'A
Vs
B

(b)

Vs

'sB

vs * Vs'

Magnitude Calculator

Vs Tap Control Unit (c)

Slide: 6

Taps

Controller

Voltage-Regulating Transformer
s Produces a variable voltage.
Gate Firing Circuit Controller Gate Firing Circuit Gate Firing Circuit Gate Firing Circuit

Slide: 7

Thyristor-Controlled Static Var Compensator

Transmission Line

Step Down Transformer

Gate Firing Circuit Controller

Gate Firing Circuit

Gate Firing Circuit

Gate Firing Circuit

s Regulates the line voltage by connecting an inductor or a capacitor in parallel with the transmission line.

Capacitor Banks

Reactor Banks

Slide: 8

Voltage and Current of a ThyristorControlled Reactor

TCR

TCR current Bus voltage

19 0

20 0

21 0

22 0

2 30

24 0 x 10 -3

25 0

ti me

Slide: 9

STATic synchronous COMpensator-STATCOM

I Vs V s' V

SHNBRK XFSHN

s Regulates the line voltage by injecting a shunt reactive current into the transmission line.

I1 E1

i DC1 v DC

MC1

VSC1 Control & Protection Unit

Slide: 10

STATCOM

A STATCOM Operating in Inductive and Capacitive Modes

Vs Xs V Iq XTIE E (a) Xr Vr

s Inductive operation means E<V. s Capacitive operation means E>V.

STATCOM
Iq (b) X TIE Iq V V Iq E < V : Inductive E > V : Capacitive
Slide: 11

V-E E

(c)

Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)

V C = -j I k XC (k=0, 1, ..., n) XC XC XC I VX XL

s Regulates the transmission lines effective reactance by connecting a capacitor, parallel with a bypass switch, in series with the transmission line.

Slide: 12

Static Synchronous Series Compensator-SSSC

BYPBRK V dq XFSRS ES V1 I2 SRSDS E2 I V2 V s'

Vs

i DC2 v DC

s Regulates the transmission lines effective reactance by connecting a compensatng voltage in series with the line and in quadrature with the prevailing line curretnt.

VSC2 MC2 Control & Protection Unit

SSSC

Slide: 13

An SSSC Operating in Inductive and Capacitive Modes

Pr , Q r Vq VX XL Vs V s' Vr 90
(a)

I Vs

VX Vr I
(b)

s A series-injected voltage while

leading the prevailing line current, provides an inductive compensation lagging the prevailing line current, provides a capacitive compensation
Slide: 14

90 Vq Vs VX V s' I 90
(c)

Vq Vs VX

Vr

Pr = Qr =

Vs Vr XL Xq Vs Vr XL Xq

sin (cos Vr Vs )

V s'

I ' 90
(d)

Vr

'

A Phase Angle Regulator

V sC V sB

V sC V s'C

EXCITER UNIT

V s'B

V sA V sC
PHASE ANGLE REGULATING UNIT

V s'A V sA V s'sA Vs
'A

s Regulates the phase angle of the line voltage by a seriesconnected compensating voltage that is in quadrature with respect to the line voltage.

V s'A

(a)

V s'A

V s'B

V s's

Vs

'C

V s'B Vs

Vs
A

Vs
'sB

Vs Vs
'C

(b)

Slide: 15

The Effect of a Series-Injected Voltage on Power Flow in a Transmission Line

V s's Pr , Q r Vs Vd V q V s' VX XL
-0.5

Qr Vr
0

Voltage Regulator Line

Reactance Compensator Line (P =

exch

0) (P r * Q r* ) P r ,
2

with '- R' Pexch

Phase Angle Regulator Line

P exch = Vd I with '- R'

Q exch = Vq I

(a) I
-1

with '+ R' (P rn , Q rn ) P r @Vs's = 0.2588 (d)

Pexch with '+ R' V s's

Voltage Regulator Line

VX Vr

Vs

P rn = P r @ Vs's = 0
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.5 0 90 180 270

s Active and reactive power flow in the line is regulated independently. s Exchanged power by the series unit is active and reactive.

V s'
Phase Angle Regulator Line

Reactance Compensator Line

Q rn = Q r @Vs's = 0 C
360

360

(Vd = 0)

Q r @ Vs's = 0.2588 Pexch

90

C
180

L Qexch
270

(b)

Slide: 16

-0.5

-R

+R

-R (c)

Characteristics of Power Flow Controllers

s Traditional power flow controllers
each controls only one of the three parameters (voltage, reactance or angle).

s Single Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers

each controls one of the transmission line parameters. can have fast dynamic response.

s Dual Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers

can exchange real power with the line and generate or absorb reactive power.

Slide: 17

Unified Power Flow Controller-UPFC

BYPBRK V dq XFSRS ES V1 I2 I1 E1 SRSDS E2 I V2 V s'

Vs

SHNBRK XFSHN

i DC1

DCLS v DC

i DC2

MC1

VSC1 VSC2 MC2 Control & Protection Unit

s Regulates the active and the reactive power flow in the line independently. s Regulates the line voltage by injecting a shunt reactive current into the transmission line.
Slide: 18

UPFC

AEP UPFC Test Results

1.05 Inez Bus Voltage (pu) 1 0.95 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

300 Line Active Power (P) M W 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 0 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 0 10 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Line Reactive Power (Q) M var

Q P

s Holding unity power factor while changing line active power. s Sub-cycle performance of a UPFC is not required in a utility application.

STATCOM Reactive Power (M var)

30

40

50

60

70 Tim e (s)

Slide: 19

What Are We Looking For in a Utility Application?

s A power flow controller that is
reliable independent regulator of active (P) and reactive (Q) power flow fast enough for a utility application inexpensive

Slide: 20

Sen Transformer Concept

s Combines power flow control parameters, using a single-core three-phase transformer with load tap changers,
voltage phase angle reactance

s Regulates active and reactive power flow selectively, s Regulates line voltage.

Slide: 21

Sen Transformer
V sA V1s'sA 0 a1
4

I 1A V 1s'A

V sB

4
4

I 1B b1 I 1C
0

V 1s'B

c1 V sC V1s'sB 0 a2
4

V 1s'C

4
4

b2
0

c2

s Regulates line votage like an autotransformer. s Controls active and reactive power flow in the line by a series-connected compensating voltage that is at any angle with respect to the line voltage.

V1s'sC N a3
4 0

0 4
4

C EXCITER UNIT B

b3
0

c3

COMPENSATING-VOLTAGE UNIT
Slide: 22

Sen Transformer Operation

V a1

V s'sA
V sA
B

V sC V c3

V s'C
V c1

V a1

Vb

V sA
2

Vs

V s'A
Vs

V sA

V a3

V sA

V a3

V a2

Vs

Vs

'sC

Vs

V sC

V sC

Vb

V c3

Vb

V a2
Vb
2

Vb

V s's

V sC

Vs Vs
'B

V c1

V s's

'sB

Vb

V c2

V s'sB

V c2

Slide: 23

Practical Compensators Operating Range

V s's (a) Vs s Vs' s' XL Pr , Q r VX I Vr r
-0.5 0 Phase Angle Regulator Line Voltage Regulator Line

Qr
1

Pr

(d)

V s's

Voltage Regulator Line Phase Angle Regulator Line

-1

(P r * Q r* ) , (P rn , Q rn)

1.20

Vs' @ Vs's = 0.2

1.05 1 0.95

VX V s' Vs

Vr

10 0 -10

0.8 0

max 1
A

12
90

Vs's

34 3 4
270

Vs' @ Vs's = 0
360

180

P r @Vs's = 0.2 A
180 270

max

P rn = P r @ Vs's = 0
0 90

(b)

r s s'

-0.5 -1

A Q r @ Vs's = 0.2

Q rn = Q r @ Vs's = 0 (c)
A

360

s Line voltage is bounded by 5% over nominal voltage. s Full range of voltage injection is not permitted. s Full capability of a UPFC is not utilized. s ST can be modified to fit customers needs.
Slide: 24

Limited Angle Operation of a Sen Transformer

V s'sA 0 V sA
0

IA V s'A 4

a1
4

s Injects voltage from 0 to 120.

c1 Vs'sB 0 V sB a2 4
4 0

IB V s'B b2

Vs'sC V sC
4 0

V s'C b3
4

c3

0
Slide: 25

Limited Angle Operation of a Sen Transformer

V s'sA V sA
4 0

IA V s'A b1

s Injects voltage from 120 to 240.

c1 V s'sB 0 V sB
0

IB V s'B 4

a2
4

c2 V s'sC 0 V sC a3 4
4 0
Slide: 26

IC V s'C b3

Limited Angle Operation of a Sen Transformer

V s'sA 0 V sA a1 4
4 0

IA V s'A b1

s Injects voltage from 240 to 360.

Vs'sB V sB
4 0

IB V s'B b2

c2 V s'sC 0 V sC
0

IC V s'C 4

a3
4

c3
Slide: 27

A Power Flow Controller in a 2-Bus Network

Power Flow Controller

V source

Xsource

Vs

V s'

XL

Vr

s Controls the active and the reactive power flow in the line by a seriesinjected voltage that is at any angle with respect to the line voltage.

Slide: 28

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

s The exchanged power by the series unit of an ST and a UPFC are identical.
Variation of Exchanged Power with an S T
30

Variation of Exchanged Power with a UPFC

30

Power (MW, Mvar, MVA)

Power (MW, Mvar, MVA)

20 10 0 0 -10 -20 -30 100 200 300 400

20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 0 100 200 300 400

Pexch Qexch VAexch

Pexch Qexch VAexch

Rotational Angle (degree)

Rotational Angle (degree)

Slide: 29

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

Variation of Voltage at PCC
142 140

138 136 134 132 0 100 200 300 400

ST UPFC Vs-nat

s From 205 to 335, an ST maintains a higher line voltage than a UPFC. s From 0 to 205 and 205 to 335, a UPFC maintains a higher line voltage than an ST.

Voltage (kV)

Rotational Angle (degree)

Slide: 30

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

s The variation of power flow, at the receiving-end of the transmission line, by an ST and a UPFC are identical.
Variation of Receiving-end Power with an ST
200
200

Variation of Receiving-end Power with a UPFC

Power (MW & MVar)

Power (MW & MVar)

150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 100 200 300 400

150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 100 200 300 400

Pr Qr Pnat Qnat

Pr Qr Pnat Qnat

Rotational Angle (degree)

Rotational Angle (degree)

Slide: 31

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

Q r vs Pr 25 0 Qr (MVar) -25 -50 -75 -100 -125 Pr (MW) 50 100 150 200 ST UPFC

s Area of controllability in the P-Q plane for an ST and a UPFC are almost identical.

Slide: 32

Aerial View of AEP UPFC at Inez Substation

Slide: 33

Advantages and Shortcoming of an ST

s Advantages
voltage regulation independent control of active and reactive power (P and Q) flow established transformer and load tap changer-based technology limited angle operation with reduced amount of hardware reliable and less expensive power flow controller low operating cost injection of line frequency voltage into the power system network high enough response for most utility applications

s Shortcoming
coarse voltage injection, which is acceptable for a utility application.
Slide: 34

Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers

s Voltage Regulation s Independent Line Active and Reactive Power Control s Low installation and operating costs X s Reliability and high availability X s Injection of line frequency voltage X s Low leakage reactance in the X coupling Transformer s Fast bypass switch not needed X s Fast response for utility applications X s Coarse voltage injection X s Capability of independent reactive power generation and absorption ST X X PAR VRT X UPFC X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X
Slide: 35

Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers

s Losses s Cost ($/kVA) ST <1% 15-20 PAR <1% 15-20 VRT <1% 10-15 UPFC 3%-8% 75-100

Slide: 36

Conclusion
s A new power flow controlling transformer is presented. s Sen Transformer
uses traditional technology of transformer and tap changers. uses proven technology that is reliable. provides four quadrant control of active power (P) and reactive power (Q) for an optimum system operation. provides more features than a PAR at the same cost. displaces UPFC for most utility applications.

s An emerging power flow controller market can be exploited with the right technology.

Slide: 37