Homework 5

Robbie Lyman
ral2177

March 23, 2012

8.143. Find the points (x, y) and all the directions for which the directional derivative of f (x, y) = 3x2 + y 2 has its
largest value, if (x, y) is restricted to be on the circle x2 + y 2 = 1.

The directional derivative of f (x, y) at a point a = (x, y) in the direction of v = (z, w) is f (a + hv) f (a) 3(x + hz)2 + (y + hw)2 (3x2 + y 2 ) 6hzx + 3h2 z 2 + 2hwy + h2 w2 = lim = lim , h0 h0 h0 h h h lim which is equivalent to lim 6hzx + 2hwy + lim (3z 2 + w2 )h = 6zx + 2wy. h0 h

h0

Since this is a directional derivative, we have v = 1, which implies z 2 + w2 = 1. Further, since we have x2 + y 2 = 1, 6zx + 2wy will have its maximum where z and x are maximised and have the same sign, namely in the i direction at (1, 0) and the i direction at (1, 0). 8.144. (practice) A dierentiable scalar eld f has, at the point (1, 2) directional derivatives +2 in the direction toward (2, 2) and
2 in the direction toward (1, 1). Determine the gradient vector at (1, 2) and compute the directional derivative in the direction toward (4, 6).

Let a = (1, 2). The gradient of f at a is grad f (a) = (D1 f (a), D2 f (a)). Since the derivative at (1, 2) toward (2, 2) is equivalent to f (f ; a)y, with y = (1, 0), we have by denition D1 f (a) = f (f ; a)y = 2. The derivative at (1, 2) toward (1, 1) is equivalent to f (f ; a)y, with y = (0, 1). Because f is dierentiable at a, we can calculate the directional derivative f (f ; a)y with any direction y as a dot product with the gradient, that is f (f ; a)y = grad f (a) y. Choosing y = (0, 1), then, we nd grad f (a) y = (2, D2 f (a)) (0, 1) = D2 f (a). Therefore, since f (f ; a)y = 2, D2 f (a) = 2, and the gradient vector at (1, 2) is (2, 2) or 2i + 2j. Moving towards (4, 6) from (1, 2) can be expressed as y = (3,4)/ f (f ; a)y = grad f (a) y = (2, 2)
(3,4)

. In this case we obtain

(3, 4) 14 = . (3, 4) 5

8.145. (practice) Find values of the constants a, b and c such that the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 at
the point (1, 2, 1) has a maximum value of 64 in a direction parallel to the z-axis.

The derivative of f parallel to the z-axis is by + 2czx3 . At (1, 2, 1), the derivative is 2b 2c. One such value for a, b and c could be (0, 30, 2). 8.1410. Assume f is dierentiable at each point of an n-ball B(a).
(a) If f (x) = O for every x in B(a), prove that f is constant on B(a). f (a) = O.

(b) If f (x) f (a) for all x in B(a), prove that

a) Since f is dierentiable in B(a), we can express the derivative with respect to any vector y at a point x in B(a) as a dot product: f (x; y) = f (x) y.

Since f (x) is O for each x B(a), every directional derivative f (x; v) with v = y and v = 1 is 0 at each x B(a). Letting g(t) = f (x + tv) and keeping t small enough that x + tv is still in B(a), we use the mean-value theorem to show that g(t) g(0) = g () (with (0, t)). But since g () = f (x + y; y) and x + y is in B(a), g () = 0, and thus f (x) = f (x + tv). But since neither x nor x + tv are xed, they can be any points in B(a). Thus f is constant on B(a). b) Since f is dierentiable, each partial derivative of f exists. That is each limit lim f (a + hek ) f (a) h

h0

exists. But since f (x) f (a) for each x in B(a), as h approaches 0, the limit must be negative or 0 when h is positive and positive or 0 when h is negative. Since this holds for h arbitrarily close to 0, we must have each partial derivative Dk f (a) equal to 0. Since the gradient is composed of the partial derivatives, f (a) must be O. 8.1411. Consider the following six statements about a scalar eld f : S R, where S Rn and a is an interior point
of S. (a) f is continuous at a. (b) f is dierentiable at a. (c) f (a; y) exists for every y in Rn . (d) All the rst-order partial derivatives of f exist in a neighborhood of a and are continuous at a. (e) f (a) = O.

(f ) f (x) = x a for all x in Rn . In a table like the one shown here, mark T in the appropriate square if the statement in row (x) always implies the statement in column (y). For example, if (a) always implies (b), mark T in the second square of the rst row. The main diagonal has already been lled in for you. (NB. I didnt care to type up the table twice.)

a b c d e f

a T T T T T

b T T T

c T T T T

T T

T T

8.174. (a) Find a vector V (x, y, z) normal to the surface

z= x2 + y 2 + (x2 + y 2 ) /2
3

at a general point (x, y, z) of the surface, (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0). (b) Find the cosine of the angle between V (x, y, z) and the z-axis and determine the limit of cos as (x, y, z) (0, 0, 0).

2 2 a) A parametric representation for the surface is, choosing t = x + y , r(t) = 2 x2 j + (t + t3 )k. V must be orthogonal to r (t) to be normal to the surface. t

t2 y 2 i +

r (t) =

t t2 y2

i+

t 1 j + k + 3t2 k = (x2 + y 2 ) /2 (1/x i + 1/y j) + (1 + 3x2 + 3y 2 )k. t 2 x2

A vector orthogonal to this is V (x, y, z) = (1 + 3x2 + 3y 2 )(xi + yj) (x2 + y 2 )1/2 k, though any scalar multiple works. b) Since a b = a b cos , let a = V (x, y, z) and b = (0, 0, 1). V (x, y, x) (0, 0, 1) = (x2 + y 2 ) /2 .
1

(0, 0, 1) = 1. V (x, y, z) =

(9x4 + 18x2 y 2 + 6x2 + 9y 4 + 6y 2 + 2)(x2 + y 2 ). So 1 9x4 + 18x2 y 2 + 6x2 + 9y 4 + 6y 2 + 2

cos = As (x, y, z) (0, 0, 0), cos 1/

2.

8.1710. Find a constant c such that at any point of the intersection of the two spheres
(x c)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 and x2 + (y 1)2 + z 2 = 1

the corresponding tangent planes will be perpendicular to each other.

Since the gradient vector of each sphere is perpendicular to the tangent planes, if the gradients of the spheres are perpendicular, the planes will be. The gradients are f1 (x, y, z) = 2(x c)i + 2yj + 2zk f2 (x, y, z) = 2xi + 2(y 1)j + 2zk. Setting their dot product equal to 0, we obtain f1 (x, y, z) f2 (x, y, z) = 0 = 4x(x c) + 4y(y 1) + 4z 2 0 = 4x2 4xc + 4y 2 4y + 4z 2 c= x2 + y 2 y + z 2 . x

But since x2 + (y 1)2 + z 2 = 1 is equivalent to x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2y, we have c= y . x

Since any point on the intersection satises both spheres equations, we can solve for z and set the equations equal: z = 3 y 2 (x c)2 z = 1 x2 (y 1)2 3 y (x c)2 =
2 2

1 x2 (y 1)2

3 y (x c) = 1 x2 (y 1)2 2 2y + 1 = 2xc + c2 y= So 3 + 2xc c2 2x 2xc = 3 + 2xc c2 c= c2 = 3 c= 3 3 + 2xc c2 2

8.1712. If

f (x, y, z) is always parallel to xi + yj + zk, show that f must assume equal values at the points (0, 0, a) and (0, 0, a).

Let g(t) = f (0, 0, t). Since f is dierentiable, the directional derivative along the z-axis exists and thus g (t) exists and is equal to f/z(0, 0, t). Since g is dierentiable, we can write g(a) g(0) as g (c), with c (0, a). Since f (x; y) = f (x) y, and f (x, y, z) is parallel to xi + yj + zk, at some point (0, 0, c), g (c) = hc 8.223. The equations u = f (x, y), x = X(s, t), y = Y (s, t) dene u as a function of s and t, say u = F (s, t).
(a) Use an appropriate form of the chain rule to express the partial derivatives F/s and F/t in terms of f /x, f /y, X/x, Y /s, Y /t. (b) If 2 f /(xy) = 2 f /(yx), show that 2F f 2 X 2f = + 2 2 s x s x2
2

X x

+2

X Y 2 f f 2 Y 2f + + 2 s s xy y s y 2

Y s

(c) Find similar formulas for the partial derivatives 2 F/(st) and 2 F/t2 .

8.242. Let f be dened as follows:

f (x, y) = y x2 y 2 x2 + y 2 if (x, y) = (0, 0), f (0, 0) = 0.

Compute the following derivatives where they exist: D1 f (0, 0), D2 f (0, 0), D2,1 f (0, 0), D1,2 f (0, 0).

8.247. The change of variables x = uv, y = 1 (u2 v 2 ) transforms f (x, y) to g(u, v). 2
(a) Calculate g/u, g/v, and 2 g/(uv) in terms of partial derivatives of f . (You may assume equality of mixed partials.) (b) If f (x, y)
2

= 2 for all x and y, determine constants a and b such that

2 2

g u

g v

= u2 + v 2 .

8.2412. Let r = xi + yj + zk and let r = r . If A and B are constant vectors, show that (a) A (b) B 1 r A = Ar . r3 = 3A rB r A B . r5 r3

1 r