Computational Intelligence

A Biological Approach to Artificial Neural Network

group of biological neurons in modern uses that constituted of artificial neurons. In general a neural network is composed of groups or groups of physically connected or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron can be connected to many

ABSTRACT:
Computational Intelligence is a branch of study of artificial Intelligence. CI is a set of machine capabilities which allowed a machine to use acquired knowledge and to solve new task efficiently in the presence of new condition of their performance. Neural network is a technique of artificial intelligence. intelligence i.e., computational It is on information processing

other neurons and the total number of neurons and connection in a network can be extremely large. Artificial neural network is a crude electronic model based on neural structure of the brain. The brain stores information as patterns utilizes these patterns and solves problems. This paper species that how the human brain learns? And also that defines the essential

paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous system, such as the brain, process information. A neural network is an interconnected

Features of neurons and their interconnections. We then typically program a computer to simulate these features. In this paper we have shown theoretically neural network versus conventional computers. Neural networks are based as they are on a crude low level model of biological neural systems. In future, the development of this neurobiological modeling may lead to intelligent genuinely computers.

1. Computational Intelligence:
CI is a set of machine capabilities which allowed a machine to use acquired knowledge and to solve new task efficiently in the presence of new condition of their performance. Computational intelligence is the study of the design of intelligence agents. An agent is something that acts in an environment such as mobile, robot, a web Crawler, an automated medical diagnosis system.Some techniques within

This paper is discussed the following points:1. Artificial neural network 2. Neural Networks versus Conventional

computational intelligence are often counted as artificial intelligence techniques(i.e., genetic algorithm, neural network ) there is a cleared difference between these techniques and traditional logic based artificial intelligence techniques. Theoretical and computational neuroscience is the field concerned with the theoretical analysis and computational modeling of biological neural system. Neural networks are based as they are on a crude low level model of biological neural systems. In future, the development of this neurobiological modeling computers. may lead to intelligent genuinely

Computers 3. Applications of ANN 4. Limitations of Neuro- Fuzzy Systems 5. Conclusion

2. Artificial neural network:

The term artificial neural network encompasses a wide array of computational tools loosely patterned all after artificial elements. biological neural These processes. networks Physically,

interconnected assemble of mathematically simple computational computational elements a very limited amount of local memory and perform rudimentary mathematical operations on a data passing through them. A neural network is a network capable of information processing, in which a large number of relatively simple information processing units are connected together and in which these units communicate with each other by relatively simple signals. An artificial neural network also called a simulated neural network or commonly just neural network (NN). It is on information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous system, such as the brain, process information. It works along two directions. Firstly, it deals with realizing the anatomy and functioning of the human brain in order to define models adherent to its physical behaviour. Secondly, it aims at computing on the basis of the parallel and distributed structure of the brain. (a) A biological neural network is a plexus of connected for functions related neurons in the peripherial nerves system or the central nervous system. In the field of neuro science, most often refers to a group of neurons from a nervous system. Fig: A view of an artificial neural network A neural network is an interconnected group of biological neurons in modern uses that constituted of artificial neurons. The term neural network specifies the two distinct concepts:

(b) Artificial neural networks were designed to model the same properties of biological neural networks. In general a neural network is composed of groups or groups of physically connected or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron can be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connection in a network can be extremely large.

200,000

other

neurons.

2.1 Analogy to Brain:

Artificial neural network is a crude electronic model based on neural structure of the brain. The brain stores information as patterns utilizes these patterns and solves problems. Behind this power of brain lies 100 billion neurons co0nnected with

Much is still unknown about how the brain learns itself to process information, so theories around. In the human brain, a typically neuron collect signal from other through a long, thin stand known as an axon, which splits into thousands of branches, a structure called a synapse converts the activity from the axon into electrical effects that inhibit or excit activity from the axon into electrical effects that inhibits or excite activity in the connected neurons. When a neuron receives excitatory input that is sufficiently large compared with its inhibitory input; it sends a spike of electrical activity down its axon. Learning occurs by changing the effectiveness of the synapses so that the influence of one neuron on another changes.

A Simple Neuron Basic Artificial Neuron. A biological neuron receives inputs from other sources and synapses of other neurons, combines them in some way, performs a generally non-linear operation on the result and then outputs the final result. Likewise the artificial neurons simulate the four basic functions of natural neurons. Various inputs to the network are represented by the mathematical symbol, x (n). Each of these inputs are multiplied by a connection weight w(n). We conduct these neural networks by first trying to deduce the essential features of neurons and their interconnections. We then typically program a computer to simulate these features. However because our knowledge of neurons is incomplete and our computing power is limited, our models are necessary goes idealization of real networks ofneuronsq.

2.3

From Human Neurons to Artificial

Neuron:

2.2 How the Human Brain Learns?

Fig: A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast Neural model An Artificial neuron is device with many inputs and one output. The neuron has modes of operation, the training mode and using mode. In the training mode, the neurons can be treated for particular inputs patterns. In the using moal when are taught input pattern is detected at the input; its associated output becomes the current output. network of neurons in the human brain. Neural networks take a different approach to problem solving than of conventional computers.conventional computers use an alogrith approaches that is the computer follows the set of instruction in order to solve the problems.unless the specific steps that the needs to follow are known the computer .the computer cannot solve the problem that restrict the problem solving capability conventional computer to problem that we already

3. Neural Networks versus Conventional Computers:

Computers are not models of the brain (even though it is possible to describe a logical process as a computer program or to simulate a brain using a computer) as they were not created with that purpose in mind.

understand and know how to solve.but computer would more useful if they could do things that do not exactly now how to do . Neuron networking process in similar way, the human brain does. The networking is composing of large number of highly interconnected neurons working in parallel to solve specific problem. Neural networks learns by examples.they cannot be programmed to perform specific task .the example must be selected carefully otherwise useful time is wasted or even worse the networks might be functioning incorrectly.the disadvantage is that

because the network finds out here to solve the problem by itself, its operation can be unpredictable. On the other hand convectional computer user cognitine approach to problem solving, the way that problem is to solve must be known and stated in small unambiguous instruction. Neural network and conventional algorithmic computers are not in competition but complement each other. There are tasks are more united to algorithmic approach like arithmetic opertion and takes that are more suted to nudel networks. Even more , a large number of tasks require system that use a combination of the approaches. (Normally a conventional computer is used to supervise neural network in a order to perform maximum efficiency).

Neural networks in medicine:

Artificial neural network is currently a hot research area in medicine and it is believed that they will receive extensive application to biomedical system in the next few years. At the moment, the research is mostly on modeling parts of the human body and recognizing disease from various scans(eg. Cardiograms, CAT scan, ultrasonics scans etc.). Neural networks are ideal in recognizing disease suing scans since there is no need to provide a specific algorithim on how to identify the disease neural network learn examples so the details of how to recognize the disease are not needed what is needed is asset of examples is not as important as the quality. The examples need to be selected very carefully is the system is perform

4. Applications of ANN, Detection of medical phenomenon:

A Variety of health related intriceses (a combination of heartrate, levels of various substances in the blood respiration rate) can be monitor.The onset of a particular medical condition could be associated with the very complex(eg. Nonlinear and interactive combinations of changes on a subset of the variables being monitored.) Neural networks have been used to recognition this presctive pattern, so that appropriate treatment can be prescribed.

reliably and efficiently.

Instant physician:
One of the many applications designed in neural networks in medicine was developed by Anderson et al., called the Instant Physician could diagnose a disease based on the symptoms. This uses the auto associative memory neural network. The net performs surprisingly well, given its simple structure.

Of the several algorithms present back-propagation is found to be the most efficient for this purpose. Back Propagation Net: The training of a network by back-propagation involves three stages. 1. Feed-forward of the input training pattern 2. Calculation and back-propagation of associated error 3. Adjustment of weights After training, the application involves only computations of the feed forward phase.

Neural techniques are executed sequentially and difficult to parallelize. Methods may suffer a combinatorial Explosion when the data rate increased. The learning process seems difficult to simulate in a symbolic system.

In Perceptron network:
(i) Due to hard- limiter transfer function. The output values of a perceptron can take only one of two values (eg. 0 and l) (ii)When all vectors are classified properly learning will never reach a point. So Perceptrons can only classify linearly separable sets of vectors (iii) For most of the problems, the computation involves exponentially to the group with the size of the problem which sends impractical techniques.

Adsorption water treatment:

Artificial neural network can be applied to the literature data pertaining to adsorption batch studies to develop and validate a model that can predict the pollutant Removal Efficiency (PRE).
This process, which may be efficiently applied to the treatment of industrial waste waters, involves a series of complex reactions leading eventually to the mineralization of the organic pollutant. A model based on artificialneuralnetworks has been developed for fitting the experimental data obtained in a laboratory batch reactor. The model can describe the evolution of the pollutant concentration during irradiation time under various conditions. It has been used for simulating the behavior of the reaction system in sensitivity studies .

6. Conclusion:
This paper has presented an overview of computational intelligence in the form of artificial neural network with biological applications. Artificial neural network is a crude electronic model based on neural structure of the brain. The brain stores information as patterns utilizes these patterns and solves problems. In this paper, we have tried to show the various aspects of artificial neural networks in the form of biological approach like analogy of human brain and heart rate and also for learning human neuron to artificial neurons.

5. Limitations of Neuro- Fuzzy Systems:

7. References:
(i) Anderson, James A., "A Simple Neural Network Generating an Interactive Memory", Mathematical Biosciences, Volume 14, 1972. (ii) Anderson, James A., "Cognitive and

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September, 1983. (iii)http://www.erns1.pn1.gov:2080/docs/cie/neural/ neural.homepahe.html

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