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26.10 BirdsThe Feathered Ones

Birds are the only animals with feathers

Animal Evolution The Chordates

Chapter 26 Part 2

Descendants of flying dinosaurs in which scales became modified as feathers Long feathers are adapted for flight Downy feathers provide insulation

Dinosaurs and Feathers

Bird Adaptations
Bird characteristics
Eggs No teeth Produce body heat (endotherms) Lightweight skeleton, strong muscles, and efficient circulation and respiration for flight Wings with flight feathers

A Bird Egg

Animation: Amniote egg

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Adaptations for Flight

Fig. 26-22c, p. 447

Animation: Avian bone and muscle structure

26.11 The Rise of Mammals

Mammals are animals that nourish young with milk and have hair or fur; four kinds of teeth allow them to eat many kinds of food

Mammalian Evolution

Monotremes (egg-laying mammals) and marsupials (pouched mammals) evolved during the Jurassic Placental mammals (mammals with a placenta that exchanges materials between the mother and embryo inside the body) evolved later

Fig. 26-23b, p. 448

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Distribution of Mammalian Lineages

Distribution of Mammalian Lineages

Mammals underwent adaptive radiation after dinosaurs died out Continental movements influenced distribution Some mammals show morphological convergence

Paleocene Mammals

The Largest Land Mammal

Giraffe rhinoceros (Indricotherium) lived in Asia during the Oligocene

26.7-26.11 Key Concepts

The Amniotes

26.12 Modern Mammalian Diversity

Egg-laying monotremes lay leathery eggs

Amniotesreptiles, birds, and mammalshave waterproof skin and eggs, highly efficient kidneys, and other traits that adapt them to a life that is typically lived entirely on land Reptiles and birds belong to one amniote lineage, and mammals to another

Spiny anteaters, platypus

Pouched marsupials develop in a pouch

Kangaroos, koala, opossum, Tasmanian devil

Placental mammals include most living mammals

Rodents and bats are the most diverse groups

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Monotremes: Platypus

Marsupials

Placental Mammals: The Placenta

Placental Mammals

26.13 From Early Primates to Hominids

Primate Classification

Primates: Mammalian subgroup including humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians Anthropoids: Humans, apes, and monkeys Hominids: Humans and apes

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Primates

Adaptations for Walking

Monkey, gorilla, and human

Overview of Key Trends

Five trends led to uniquely human traits
Enhanced daytime vision (binocular vision) Upright (bipedal) walking Better grips (power grip and precision grip) Modified jaws and teeth (omnivorous diet) Brain, behavior, and culture (transmission of learned behavior between individuals and generations)

Better Grips
Power grip (prehensile movement) and precision grip (opposable movement)

Origins and Early Divergences

65 mya: First primates (shrewlike) 36 mya: Tree dwelling anthropoids 23-18 mya: First hominoids (early apes) 6 mya: Hominids

26.14 Emergence of Early Humans

6-8 mya: Early hominids from Africa

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Australopiths
The first bipedal hominids (Australopithacus) were probably human ancestors

Early Humans
Humans are members of the genus Homo
Homo habilis emerged during the late Miocene

26.12-26.14 Key Concepts

Early Humans
In Africa 1.8 mya, Homo erectus had a larger brain, used simple stone tools and built fires

Early Humans and Their Ancestors

Changes in climate and available resources were selective forces that shaped the anatomy and behavior of early humans and their primate ancestors Behavioral and cultural flexibility helped humans disperse from Africa throughout the world

26.15 Emergence of Modern Humans

H. erectus evolved in Africa and spread throughout the world H. neanderthalensis, H. floresiensis, and modern H. sapiens evolved from H. erectus

Two Models for the Origin of H. sapiens

Multiregional model
H. erectus in Africa and other regions evolved slowly into H. sapiens (based on fossil record)

Replacement model
H. sapiens arose from a single African population of H. erectus and drove all other populations to extinction (based on genetics)

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Leaving Home

Dispersal Routes of H. sapiens

Starting 120,000 years ago, long-term shifts in global climate drove humans from Africa into the Middle East, Africa, Australia and Eurasia 15,000 years ago, humans crossed a land bridge from Siberia to North America