Simulation Introduction Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conducting experiments with this model

for the purpose of understanding the behaviour for the operation of the system. Need for simulation Its very often that its impossible to model a real life situation into a known standard model or even if a model is available, its too complex to solve and also is not detailed enough to provide information on all important decision variables. Also some of the models provide only steady state results and if one is interested in tensient probabilities or in case prob distributions change with time, its difficult to develop analytical solutions in such cases.Its an appropriate tool to use in solving a problem when experimenting on the real system would be expensive and does not permit control over key variables. in such cases we have no option but to use simulation.But it is emphasized that simlation should be used only in case when there are no analytical methods available. disadvatages Simulation suffers with its fair share of demerits. since simulation is basically analysis by experimentation one has all the problems one faces while preforming the experiment, like run length, number of replications and statistical significance where the theory of statistics comes handy. Another drawback occurs when one is interested in optimal design of queueing system.in case the problem is solved using simulation instead of by developing an analytical model we use techniques for searching experimental output against mathematics of optimization.Frequently the experimenter might try just few alternatives and choose the best alternative.in this process he might altogether overrule the best alternative. Elements of simulation model Simulation technique is basically composed of three major elements: (a)input distribution selection and generation, (b) bookkeeping and (c) output analysis. To model a stochastic system its necessary to select & then generate the appropriate stochastic phenomena.Identify and clearly define the

problem.List the statement of objectives, decision variables and decision rules of the problem.formulate an appt model of the given problem. then the bookkeeping phase keeps track of the transactions in the system and keeps counter on the ongoing processes to calculate appropriate performance measures.Output analysis has to do with computing measures of system efectiveness and employing the appropriate statistical techniques required to make valid statements concerning system performance. Model validation Prior to embarking on developing a simulation model, it is imperative on the part of the simulation analyst to become familiar with the system to be studied, to involve the concerned organisation proffessionals and thus to agree on the required level of detail.The appt level of detail required to achieve the goal of the study is always something coarse that can stil provide the answers required. When possible simulation model output should be checked against actual systen performance, if the system being modelled is in operation.If he model can duplicate actual data the model is credible and valid.If no system currently exists then the model can be run under conditions where theoritical results are known and if the the simulation kodel can duplicate the theoritical results then the simulation model is verified.