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1. For each of the following compounds, state whether the bonding is essentially metallic, covalent, ionic, van der Waals, or hydrogen: (8 points) (a) Ni: primarily metallic. (b) ZrO2: 73.4% ionic and 26.6% covalent (c) Graphite: covalent within the layers (d) Solid Kr: van der Waals due to fluctuating dipoles. (e) Si: covalent. (f) SiC: 11% ionic and 89% covalent. (g) H2O within the molecules: 38.7% ionic and 61.3% covalent. (h) H2O between the molecules: Hydrogen bonding 2. The ionic radius of Ba2+ ion and S2- ion are 0.143 nm and 0.174 nm, respectively. (a) Calculate the attractive force between a pair of Ba2+ and S2- ions that just touch each other. (b) Calculate the net potential energy for a Ba2+-S2- ion pair. Assume n = 10.5. (12 points)
(a) The attractive force between the ion pair is found by applying Coulombs law, -Z1 Z2 e2 - (-2)(+2)(1.60 10-19C)2 Fattractive = = = 9.16 10-9 N 4oao2 4(8.85 10-12 C / N m)(3.17 10-10 m)2 (b) The repulsive energy constant b is: -FRepulsive a0n+1 -(-FAttractive) a0n+1 - (-9.16 10-9 N) (3.17 10-10 m)11.5 b = = = n n 10.5 -119 10 = 5.045 10 N m the net potential energy between the ions is, +Z1 Z2 e2 b (-2)(+2)(1.60 10-19C)2 5.045 10-119 N m10 E = + = + 4oao a0n 4(8.85 10-12 C / N m)(3.17 10-10 m) (3.17 10-10 m)10.5 = -2.6310-18 J _

3. (a) Draw in unit cubes the crystal planes that have the Miller indices of (213). (b) Determine the Miller indices of the cubic crystal plane that intersects the following position coordinates: (1, 0, 0); (1, 1/2, 1/4); (1/2, 1/2,0). (c) Calculate the planar atomic density in atoms per square millimeter for the crystal plane (100) in FCC gold,which has a lattice constant of 0.40788 nm. (12 points)

(a)

x = +1/2, y = +1, z = -1/3

(b) First locate the three position coordinates as shown. Next, connect points a and b, extending the line to point d and connect a to c and extend to e. Complete the plane by connecting point d to e. Using (1, 1, 0) as the plane origin, x = -1, y = -1 and z = . The intercept reciprocals are 1/x = -1, 1/y = -1 and 1/z = 2. The Miller indices are ( 1 1 2).

(c) area intersected by the (1 0 0) plane and the FCC unit cell is a2 while the number of atoms contained is: 1 atom at center + ( 4 corners) ( atom per corner) = 2 atoms The density is, 2 atoms p = = 1.202 1019 atoms/m2 = 1.20 1013 atoms/mm2 (0.40788 10-9 m)2

4. An x-ray diffractometer recorder chart for an element that has either the BCC or the FCC crystal structure showed diffraction peaks at the following 2 angles: 38.60, 55.71, 69.70, 82.55, 95.00, and 107.67. (Wavelength of the incoming radiation was 0.15405 nm.) (a) Determine the crystal structure of the element. (b) Determine the lattice constant of the element. (10 points)
(a) Comparing the sin2 term for the first two angles: 2 sin sin2 38.60 55.71 19.30 27.855 0.33051 0.46724 0.10924 0.21831

sin2 1 0.10924 = = 0.50 BCC 2 sin 2 0.21831 (b) The lattice constant also depends upon the first sin2 term, as well as, the Miller indices of the first set of BCC principal diffracting planes {110}.

h2 + k2 + l2 0.15405 nm 12 + 12 +02 a = = = 0.3296 nm 2 sin2 1 2 0.10924

5. Describe and illustrate the following types of imperfections that can be present in metal lattices: (a) vacancy, (b) interstitialcy, (c) Frenkel imperfection and (d) Schottky imperfection. (12 points)
(a) A vacancy, a point defect, is an atomic site which is missing an atom. (b) An interstitialcy is a point defect where an atom occupies an interstitial site between surrounding atoms in normal sites. (c) A Frenkel imperfection is a vacancy-interstitialcy pair which sometimes occurs in ionic crystals. (d) A Schottky imperfection is a cation-anion divacancy which sometimes occurs in ionic crystals.

6. Using the data in the following table, predict the relative degree of atomic solid solubility of the following elements in iron: (a) nickel, (b) chromium, (c) molybdenum, and (d) titanium. Place them in the order of increasing solubility. (8 points)
Element Iron Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Titanium Atom radius (nm) 0.124 0.125 0.125 0.136 0.147 Crystal structure BCC FCC BCC BCC HCP Electronegativity Valence 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 +2, +3 +2 +2, +3, +6 +3, +4, +6 +2, +3, +4

(d) Ti < (c) Mo < (a) Ni < (b) Cr

7. If boron is diffused into a thick slice of silicon with no previous boron in it at a temperature of 1100C for 5 h, what is the depth below the surface at which the concentration is 1017 atoms/cm3 if the surface concentration is 1018 atoms/cm3? D = 4 10-13 cm2/s for boron diffusing in silicon at 1100C. (8 points)

Cs =1018, Cx =1017, C0 = 0 t = 5.0 h = 1.8 104 s D1100oC = 4 1013 cm2/s 1018 - 1017 x Cs - Cx = = erf [] Cs C0 1018 0 2 (4 1013 cm2/s)( 1.8 104 s) x x 0.90 = erf [] 1.166 = x = 1.98 10-4 cm 1.697 10-4 1.697 10-4

8. (a)Write the equation for Gibbs phase rule and define each of the terms. (b) Referring to the pressure-temperature equilibrium phase diagram (Fig. 2) for pure water, how many degrees of freedom are there at the triple point and along the freezing line? (10 points)
(a) The equation for the Gibbs phase rule is: P + F = C +2 Where P = the number of phases that coexist within a specific system F = the degrees of freedom for the system C = the number of components in the system (b) At the triple point, there are zero degrees of freedom. Along the freezing line of pure water, there is one degree of freedom.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

9. Consider the binary eutectic copper-silver phase diagram in Fig. 2. Make phase analyses of an 88 wt % Ag12 wt% Cu alloy at the temperatures (a) 1000C, (b) 800C, (c) 780C +T , and (d) 780C -T . In the phase analyses, include: (i) The phases present (ii) The chemical compositions of the phases (iii) The amounts of each phase (20 points)
(a) At 1000C: Phases present: liquid

Compositions of phases: (b) At 800C,

100% 93% Ag in phase

Phases present: liquid Compositions of phases: 78% Ag in liquid phase Amounts of phases: 93 - 88 wt % liquid phase = 100% = 33.3% 93 78 88 - 78 wt % phase = 100% = 66.6% 93 - 78 o (c) At 780 C + T , Phases present: liquid Compositions of phases: 71.9% Ag in liquid phase Amounts of phases: 91.2 - 88 wt % liquid phase = 100% = 16.6% 91.2 71.9 88 71.9 wt % phase = 100% = 83.4% 91.2 71.9 o (d) At 780 C T, Phases present: Compositions of phases: 7.9% Ag in phase Amounts of phases: 91.2 - 88 wt % phase = 100% = 3.84% 91.2 7.9 88 7.9 wt % phase = 100% = 96.16% 91.2 7.9

91.2% Ag in phase

91.2% Ag in phase

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