Jan 31 Microorganisms in human body Types of microorganisms based on impact to human body o commensal non-pathogenic o pathogen invasion, produces

ces toxin How pathogens invade our body (routes of infection) o skin o mucosal system Sites of pathogen replication o extracellular (interstitial spaces, etc.) o intracellular (cytoplasm, vesicles) Type of pathogen infection o acute infection o chronic infection Factors that affect type of infection o pathogen replication strategy o host immune response o pathogen immune evasion and immune suppression
WHAT OUR DEFENSE SYSTEM PROVIDES epithelial barrier pre-existing anti-microbial factors innate immune system detects that pathogen associates pattern (PAMP) using pattern recognition receptor (PRR) innate immune response (phagocytes, humoral factors, and inflammation) adaptive immune system detect pathogenspecific antigens (B and T lymphocytes)

WHAT WE NEED Prevent infection Detect pathogen in case of infection

Rapid response to kill pathogen Invoke more powerful response Prevent future infection

Three Tiers of the Defense System Anatomical and Physiological Barriers o intact skin o ciliary clearance o low stomach pit o lysozyme in tears and saliva Innate Immunity o cellular natural killer cells

neutrophils eosinophils mast cells dendritic cells natural killer T cells o humoral complement mannose binding lectin anitomicrobial peptides LPS binding protein C reactive protein Adaptive immunity o cellular T cells B cells o humoral Ab

Cells of the Immune System leukocytes (WBCs) there are several different populations of leukocytes that perform different functions in the immune system leukocytes originate from bone marrow leukocytes differentiated from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells the pluripotent stem cells differentiate first into several lineages of progenitor cells

Granulocytes granulocytes have granules that contain various anti-microbial, inflammatory agents granulocytes = polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of the unique shapes of their nuclei neutrophils = most numerous leukocytes in blood. Main fcn of neutrophils is to phagocytose pathogens first cells to enter tissues from blood in response to infection eosinophil and basophils have much less phagocytic activities upon stimulation, cells will release contents of their granules (contains enzymes, anti-microbial peptiedes, blood vessel active agents), important for allergy response

Mast cell

 Monocytes

immature cells when they leave the bone marrow resides in the peripheral tissues and mature there have granules and contain many anti-microbial and inflammation-inducing agents including histamine important role in defense against parasitic infection and involve allergic reactions

circulate in blood or accumulate in spleen when migrate into tissues differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cell macrophages and dendritic cells have strong phagocytosis activities that can engulf pathogens into tissues macrophages phagocytose tissue and debris or dead cells (scavengers) o reside in tissue o longer lived o during infection: detects infection phagocytose, kill pathogen, and present Ag to lymphocytes induce inflammation promote wound healing dendritic cells o sample environment by phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis o during infection: as major antigen presenting cell (APC) process and present Ag to T lymphocytes stimulate adaptive immunity

Lymphocytes: players in adaptive immune response T and B lymphocytes: principle members of adaptive immune response unstimulated nave lymphocytes in blood circulation are small with dense nuclei (resting lymphocytes) in contact with specific Ag, lymphocytes are activated and undergo proliferation and differentiation (lymphoblast) fully differentiated lymphocytes = effector cells B cells = plasma cells, which are Ab-producing T cells become T-helper cells (Th) or regulatory T cells (Treg) that secrete cytokines to regulate lymphocyte responses or cytotoxic T cells (CTL) that kill viral infected or tumor cells

Natural Kill Cell (NK cell)

part of innate immune system large granular lymphocyte kill tumor and virus infected cells fcn similar to CTL but with antigen specificity