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EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082)

Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture1:IntroductiontoWirelessSystems HowMuchDoYouKnowAboutCellularSystems?
Q0. ThetermCellusedtodescribeCellPhonescomesfromthefactthat a) Cellphonesneedmanybatterycellstoworkproperly. b) ManufacturerssellalotofphoneseachyearbutsellwasmisspelledwithaCinsteadof S c) Thetransmitterinsidethephoneisshapedlikeahumancell. d) Theinventorofcellphonescameupwithhisinventionwhilehewasinajailcell. e) Alloftheabovearestupidanswers.ItmustbeadifferentreasonbutIhavenoclue. A0. Thecorrectansweris(e).Thereasoncellphonesarecalledcellphonesisthattheregionthat theyoperateinisdividedintosmallerregionseachiscalledacellwithacelltoweraroundthe centerofthecell.

Q1.

Asthedistance(R)betweenyourlocationandanantennathatradiateselectromagneticpower increases,theamountofpoweryoureceiveincreases(T/F). Thepowerdecreasesasthedistanceincreasesbecausetheradiatedpowerisdistributedovera largerarea.

A1.

Q2.

INFREESPACE,thedrop inpowerreceivedata distance (R)fromthetransmittingantennais proportionaltoRX.WhatisthevalueofX? Since the radiated power spreads as spheres with surface area 4R2, the drop in the received powerisproportionaltoR2,whichmeansthatX=2.

A2.

Q3.

IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS, the drop in power received at a distance (R) from the transmitting antennaisproportionaltoRX.IsthevalueofXequalto2,greaterthan2,lessthan2? Duetomanyphenomenathatinterferewiththetransmittedsignalsincellularsystems(willbe discussedlater),thedropismuchfaster(X>2).Frompracticalexperiments,itwasfoundthatX isintherange3to4.

A3.

Q4.

What is the main difference between modern cellular phone system and old mobile phone systems? In old mobile phone systems, a band of frequency was assigned to cover a large area (called servicecoveragearea)oftheorderofacitywitha radiusofaround50km. Onetoweratthe center of the coverage area was providing service to every user of the system within the coveragearea.Moderncellularphonesystemsdividealargecoverageareaintosmallerregions 1

A4.

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082)

Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture1:IntroductiontoWirelessSystems
(called cells). The same band of frequencies is divided into smaller bands that are used in differentcellsandthesamebandsareusedinfarawaycells.

Q5. A5.

IsahighervalueofXintheattenuationRXbetterorworstforacellularsystem? Believeitornot,arelativelyhighvalueofX(uptoaspecificvalue)isbetterforcellularsystems because it allows us to reuse frequencies use for communication multiple times with little interferencebetweencellsusingthesamesetoffrequencies.AnextremelylargevalueofXis notgoodbecauseitmeansthatveryhighpowermustbetransmittedandyettherangeofthe transmitted power is extremely small, so cellular towers must be installed over very short distances.

Q6. A6. Howmanycallsdoesacellulartowertypicallycarry(1s,10s,100s,1000s,10000s)? Thenumberofcallsacellulartowercanserveatanytimeiscalledthetowercapacity.Acellular towertypicallycanservearound100to200customersatanytime.Differentconfigurationscan increaseordecreasethetowercapacity.

Q7.

Whatisthetypicalcoverageareaofacellularphonetower(0.25km2,1km2,4km2,25km2,100 km2,2500km2,10000km2) Thecoverageareaofatypicalcellulartowerisaround25km2.

A7.

Q8.

In regions of low population, will the coverage area of a cellular tower be maid larger or smaller?Inregionsofhighpopulation,willthecoverageareaofacellulartowerbemaidlarger orsmaller? Thecoverageareamaybemaidlargerforregionsoflowpopulationandmaidsmallerfor regionsofhighpopulation.

A8.

Q9.

Toprovidethebestcoveragetoanareabyasinglecellulartower,whereshouldthetowerbe placedwithrespecttothecoveragearea? Thebestcoverageisprovidedwhenyouplacethetoweratorclosetothecenterofcoverage area.

A9.

Q10. A10.

WhatisthemeaningofCallTrunking? Whenaregionwithalargepopulationisallocatedasmallnumberofphonelines,allcallsfrom thepopulationofthisregiongetroutedthroughthesmallnumberofphonelines.Thisprocessis

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082)

Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture1:IntroductiontoWirelessSystems
calledCallTrunkingsimilartoatreewithmanybranchesrepresentingthelargepopulation butasingletrunkrepresentingthesmallnumberofphonelines.

Q11. A11.

WhatisthemeaningofCallBlocking? Whenthenumberofcallsoriginatingfromordirectedtoaregionexceedsthenumberofphone linesdedicatedtothatregion,thecallsoriginatingorreceivedbeyondthecapacityofthelines ofthatregionareblocked.Callblockingisgenerallyveryrareinwelldesignednetworks. However,evennetworkswiththebestqualityofservicemayexperiencehighcallblockingin emergencieswheremanypeopletrytomakephonecallsbeyondnetworkcapacity.

Q12.

Which provides more reliable (less call blocking), having region 1 with X1 population and L1 dedicated phone lines and region 2 with X2 population and L2 dedicated phone lines, or one combineregionwithX1+X2populationandL1+L2dedicatedphonelines? Asyouwillseelater,combiningregionstogetherandcombiningthededicatedlinesforeach regionprovidesbetterqualityofserviceintermsoflowercallblocking.Thereasonisthatfor twoseparateregions,callblockingmayoccurinoneregionwhiletherearefreelinesinthe otherregionandviceversa.Whenthetworegionsarecombined,thissituationiseliminated.

A12.

Q13. Whoownsthefrequencyspectrumindifferentregions:(a)clearlynooneownsthespectrum, (b) first one to start transmitting owns the spectrum he reserved, (c) governments own the spectrum, (d) cellular companies own the spectrum, (e) cellular companies, radio and TV stations,andotherbroadcastingcompaniesagreetosharespectrum. Thespectrumisownedbygovernments.Itcostscellularcompaniesalotofmoneytoleasethe spectrum.MobilypaidtheSaudigovernmentaroundSR13,000,000,000tobethesecond cellularserviceoperator.Fromanunconfirmedsource,ZainpaidaroundSR22,000,000,000to bethethirdoperator.

A13.

Q14. Thequalityofthesignalreceivedbyacellphone(oranycommunicationsystem)ismeasuredin termsof:(a)amountofsignalpower,(b)amountofnoisepower,(c)signaltonoisepower,(d) amplitudeofreceivedsignal,(e)bandwidthofreceivedsignal. Thequalityofthereceivedsignalismeasuredintermsofsignaltonoiseratio(RatioofSignal powertonoisepower).

A14.

Q15. Thequalityofthesignalreceivedbyacellphone(oranycommunicationsystem)ismeasuredin termsof:(a)amountofsignalpower,(b)amountofnoisepower,(c)signaltonoisepower,(d) amplitudeofreceivedsignal,(e)bandwidthofreceivedsignal. 3

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) A15.

Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture1:IntroductiontoWirelessSystems
Thequalityofthereceivedsignalismeasuredintermsofsignaltonoiseratio(RatioofSignal powertonoisepower).

Q16. The amount of traffic (calls) that a channel of a telephone system is carrying has units of (a) Alphas, (b) Erlangs, (c) Quasars, (d) Calls/channel, (e) Users/line, (f) Calls/(min*Hz), (g) Traffic/channel Asyouwillunderstandlater,itismeasuredinunitsofErlangs

A16.

WhatClassifiesasaMobileRadioCommunicationSystem
Most people limits Mobile Radio Communication Systems to cellular phone systems. In general, this termscoversmanymoresystemssuchas: Garagedooropeners Pagingsystems Cordlessphones WalkieTalkies WiFisystems

HistoryofMobileSystems
Marconiinventedradioin1897.Wasmostlyusedforlongdistancecommunicationacrossthe AtlanticandtocommunicatewithshipsinthemiddleoftheAtlanticocean. Firstmobilephoneservicewasdevelopedin1946duringWorldWarII(mostlyPushtoTalk) Thecellularphoneconcept(breakingupacoverageareaintosmallcellswherefrequenciesare reusedinfarawaycells)wasconceivedbyBellLabsinthe1960sand1970s. Thedevelopmentsoftechnologiesof o Miniaturizedbatteries o Analoganddigitalandcircuitminiaturization o RFcircuitfabrication o Efficientdigitalswitching in1970s,1980s,and1990resultedinsparkingthewidespreadofmobilephones. Mobile phones experienced very low market penetration for the first 35 years after their invention due to high unit cost, high service cost, and large equipment size. During the last decadeof thepastcenturyandfirstdecadeofthis century,mobilephoneshaveexperiencea hugeincreaseinmarketpenetration. 4

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082)

Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture1:IntroductiontoWirelessSystems DevelopmentofMobileSystemsintheU.S.
In1946,twentyfivemajorUScitiesadoptedthefirstmobiletelephonesystem o Singlehighpowertowerineachcitytocoveranareawithradiusaround50km. o AnalogFMmodulationwasused. o PushtoTalksystem(halfduplex)with1channelfortransmittedandreceivedsignals. o Original system used FM modulated signals with bandwidths 120 kHz because of difficultyinmanufacturingfilterswithlowtransitionbands. o In1950s,improvementsincircuittechnologiesreducedchannelbandwidthsto60kHz. o In1960s,channelbandwidthswerereducedto30kHz.(animprovementofonly4times wasachievedoveraperiodof20years) In 1950s and 1960s, technology improvement resulted the IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service). Bymid1970s,IMTSwassaturated.Example:theIMTSsysteminNewYorkCity(withmorethan 10,000,000people)hadonly12channelsthatcouldserveamaximumof543payingcustomer with a waiting list of 3700 people requesting service. Service in IMTS was poor due to call blocking. In1968,AT&TBellLabsproposedtheconceptofcellularmobilesystemtoFCC,buttechnology wasnotavailableuntilendof1970stosupportthisconcept. In 1983, the FCC allocated a frequency band for the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). FCCregulationsstatedthat o AnalogFMmodulationisused o FDMAistheaccessmethod o Totalallocatedbandwidthwas40MHz o Bandisintherangeof800MHz o 666duplexchannelswereallocated o Bandwidthofeachonewaychannelis30kHz(60kHzforbothwaychannel) o Eachcityshouldhavenomorethan2cellularsystemproviders o Radiochannelsweresplitequallybetweenthetwoproviders In1989,FCCallocated10MHzadditionalbandwidth(166channels)tomeetincreasingdemand. In1991,firstUSDigitalCellularsystem(USDC)basedonInterimStandardIS54wasdeployedin majorcities. o USDC allows cellular service providers to gradually replace the analog channels with digitalchannels o USDC provides 3 times the capacity of AMPS because analog channels are singleuser channelswhiledigitalchannelssupport3usersinthesamebandwidthof30kHz. o /4differentialquadraturePSKisused o Speechcodingisused o TDMAisused In1993,acellularsystembasedonCDMAwasintroducedbasedonInterimStandardIS95 o Useswideband1.25MHzchannelswithvariablenumberofusersperchannel o Directsequencespreadspectrum(CDMA)istheaccessmethod 5

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) o

Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture1:IntroductiontoWirelessSystems
BecauseCDMAismoreresistanttocochannelinterference(canoperateatlowerSNRs) than narrowband systems, frequency reuse is done at a higher rate to give a higher capacitysystem(moreusersperMHz) In 1994, bands in the range 1800/1900 MHz were auctioned for use with the new Personal Communicationservice(PCS)(SimilartoEuropeanGSMsystem) o UsesTDMA o UsesGaussianMinimumShiftKeying(GMSK) o Channelbandwidthis200kHzwith8usersperchannel

ImportantDefinitions

Mobile Station (MS): is the part of a mobile communication system that changes its
positionastimepasses.Cellularphonesareatypeofmobilestations. Base Station (BS): isthepartofamobilecommunicationsystemthatisstationary(does notmove).Thebasestationcommunicateswithallmobilestationsandtakesacentralposition surroundedbymobilestations.Cellulartowersareatypeofbasestations. Full Duplex Systems: are communication systems in which transmission between the mobileandbasestationsoccursinbothdirectionsatthesametime(transmitandreceiveatthe same time) such as cellular phone systems. The regular phone at your house is a type of full duplexsystemsbecauseyoucantalkandlistentoothersidetalkingatthesametime. Half Duplex Systems: are communication systems in which transmission between the mobileandbasestationsoccursatdifferenttimes(transmitandreceiveatdifferenttimes)such aspushtotalksystems. Simplex Systems: arecommunicationsysteminwhichtransmissionofinformationoccurs inonedirectiononlysuchasagaragedooropeningsystem. Forward Channel: is the communication channel used to transmit information from the basestationtothemobilestation. o Forward Control Channel (FCC): isthechannelusedbythebasestationto informmobilestationsofacalldirectedtothem,andtoinstructmobilestationsofthe voicechannelstheyshouldusetosendandreceiveinformation. o Forward Voice Channel (FVC): is the channel used by the base station to transmitthevoicesignaltothemobilestation. Reverse Channel: is the communication channel used to transmit information from the mobilestationtothebasestation. o Reverse Control Channel (RCC): isthechannelusedbythemobilestationto requestfromacellulartowertoinitiateaphonecall. o Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): is the channel used by the mobile station to transmitthevoicesignaltothebasestation. Multiple Access Techniques: are methods by which multiple mobile stations in a communicationsystemrequestthatpartofthelimitedspectrumofthesystembereservedfor 6

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082)

Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture1:IntroductiontoWirelessSystems
its communication and then release the reserved spectrum once the communication is completed. o Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): the system assigns different time slotstotransmit/receiveinformationforeachmobilestationthatwouldliketousethe resources of the system. Multiple mobile stations using the system transmit/receive informationatthesamefrequency. o Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): thesystemassignsdifferent frequencyslotstotransmit/receiveinformationforeachmobilestationthatwouldlike to use the resources of the system. All mobile stations using the system transmit/receiveinformationatthesametime. o Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): the system assigns different SPREADING codes to transmit/receive information for each mobile station that would like to use the resources of the system. Multiple mobile stations using the system transmit/receive information at the same frequency and the same time. The different spreadingcodesassignedtodifferentmobilestationsareorthogonaltoallowtheuseof thesamecodestoextractthe desiredinformation fromthespreadsignal withoutthe interferenceoftransmissionsofothermobilestations. Call Blocking: occurswhenmorecallsareinitiatedorreceivedinaregionorzonebeyond thenumberofchannels(orphonelines)dedicatedtothatregionorzone.Inthissituation,some callswillbeblocked. Coverage Footprint: is the region around a base station in which a mobile stations will receiveservicefromthatbasestationaslongasitisinitscoveragefootprint.Oncethemobile stationleavesthecoveragefootprint ofabasestation,itsservicewilleitherbetransferredto anotherbasestationoritwillloosecoveragecompletely. Mobile Switching Center:

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