1

CHAPTER 4
4.1 (a) For this case xi = 0 and h = x. Thus,
+ + +
2
) 0 ( " ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) (
2
x
f x f f x f
1 ) 0 ( " ) 0 ( ' ) 0 (
0
e f f f
+ + +
2
1 ) (
2
x
x x f
(b)
+ +

+
6 2
) (
3 2
1
h
e
h
e h e e x f
i i i i
x x x x
i
for xi = 0.2, xi+1 = 1 and h = 0.8. True value = e
1
= 0.367879.
zero order:
818731 . 0 ) 1 (
2 . 0


e f
% 55 . 122 % 100
367879 . 0
818731 . 0 367879 . 0

first order:
163746 . 0 ) 8 . 0 ( 818731 . 0 818731 . 0 ) 1 ( f
% 49 . 55 % 100
367879 . 0
163746 . 0 367879 . 0

second order:
42574 . 0
2
8 . 0
818731 . 0 ) 8 . 0 ( 818731 . 0 818731 . 0 ) 1 (
2
+ f
% 73 . 15 % 100
367879 . 0
42574 . 0 367879 . 0

third order:
355875 . 0
6
8 . 0
818731 . 0
2
8 . 0
818731 . 0 ) 8 . 0 ( 818731 . 0 818731 . 0 ) 1 (
3 2
+ f
% 26 . 3 % 100
367879 . 0
355875 . 0 367879 . 0

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course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
2
4.2 Use the stopping criterion
% 5 . 0 % 10 5 . 0
2 2


s

True value: cos(/3) = 0.5

zero order:
1
3
cos
,
_

% 100 % 100
0.5
1 0.5

first order:
( )
451689 . 0
2
3 /
1
3
cos
2

,
_

% 66 . 9
t
% 4 . 121 % 100
0.451689
1 0.451689

second order:
( )
501796 . 0
24
3 /
451689 . 0
3
cos
4
+
,
_

% 359 . 0
t
% 986 . 9 % 100
501796 . 0
451689 . 0 501796 . 0

third order:
( )
499965 . 0
720
3 /
501796 . 0
3
cos
6

,
_

% 00709 . 0
t
% 366 . 0 % 100
499965 . 0
501796 . 0 499965 . 0

Since the approximate error is below 0.5%, the computation can be terminated.
4.3 Use the stopping criterion: % 5 . 0 % 10 5 . 0
2 2


s

True value: sin(/3) = 0.866025

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3
zero order:
047198 . 1
3 3
sin
,
_

% 92 . 20 % 100
0.866025
047198 . 1 0.866025

first order:
( )
855801 . 0
6
3 /
047198 . 1
3
sin
3

,
_

% 18 . 1
t
% 36 . 22 % 100
855801 . 0
047198 . 1 855801 . 0

second order:
( )
866295 . 0
120
3 /
855801 . 0
3
sin
5
+
,
_

% 031 . 0
t
% 211 . 1 % 100
866295 . 0
855801 . 0 866295 . 0

third order:
( )
866021 . 0
5040
3 /
866295 . 0
3
sin
7

,
_

% 000477 . 0
t
% 0316 . 0 % 100
866021 . 0
866295 . 0 866021 . 0

Since the approximate error is below 0.5%, the computation can be terminated.
4.4 True value: f(3) = 554.
zero order:
62 ) 1 ( ) 3 ( f f
% 191 . 111 % 100
554
62) ( 554

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
4
first order:
78 ) 2 ( 70 62 ) 1 3 )( 1 ( ' 62 ) 3 ( + + f f % 921 . 85
t

second order:
354 4
2
138
78 ) 1 3 (
2
) 1 ( "
78 ) 3 (
2
+ +
f
f % 101 . 36
t

third order:
554 8
6
150
354 ) 1 3 (
6
) 1 (
354 ) 3 (
3
) 3 (
+ +
f
f
% 0
t

Thus, the third-order result is perfect because the original function is a third-order
polynomial.
4.5 True value: f(2.5) = ln(2.5) = 0.916291...
zero order:
0 ) 1 ( ) 5 . 2 ( f f
% 100 % 100
0.916291
0 0.916291

first order:
5 . 1 ) 5 . 1 ( 1 0 ) 1 5 . 2 )( 1 ( ' ) 1 ( ) 5 . 2 ( + + f f f
% 704 . 63 % 100
0.916291
5 . 1 0.916291

second order:
375 . 0 5 . 1
2
1
5 . 1 ) 1 5 . 2 (
2
) 1 ( "
5 . 1 ) 5 . 2 (
2 2

+ +
f
f
% 074 . 59 % 100
0.916291
375 . 0 0.916291

third order:
5 . 1 5 . 1
6
2
375 . 0 ) 1 5 . 2 (
6
) 1 (
375 . 0 ) 5 . 2 (
3 3
) 3 (
+ +
f
f
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
5
% 704 . 63 % 100
0.916291
5 . 1 0.916291

fourth order:
234375 . 0 5 . 1
24
6
5 . 1 ) 1 5 . 2 (
24
) 1 (
5 . 1 ) 5 . 2 (
4 4
) 4 (

+ +
f
f
% 421 . 74 % 100
0.916291
234375 . 0 0.916291

Thus, the process seems to be diverging suggesting that a smaller step would be required for
convergence.
4.6 True value:
283 7 ) 2 ( 12 ) 2 ( 75 ) 2 ( '
7 12 75 ) ( '
2
2
+
+
f
x x x f
function values:
xi1 = 1.8 f(xi1) = 50.96
xi = 2 f(xi) = 102
xi+1 = 2.2 f(xi+1) = 164.56
forward:
8 . 312
2 . 0
102 56 . 164
) 2 ( '

f
% 53 . 10 % 100
283
312.8 283

backward:
2 . 255
2 . 0
96 . 50 102
) 2 ( '

f
% 823 . 9 % 100
283
255.2 283

centered:
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
6
284
) 2 . 0 ( 2
96 . 50 56 . 164
) 2 ( '

f
% 353 . 0 % 100
283
284 283

Both the forward and backward have errors that can be approximated by (recall Eq. 4.15),
h
x f
E
i
t
2
) ( "

288 12 ) 2 ( 150 12 150 ) 2 ( " x f

8 . 28 2 . 0
2
288

t
E
This is very close to the actual error that occurred in the approximations
forward: 8 . 29 8 . 312 283
t
E
backward: 8 . 27 2 . 255 283
t
E
The centered approximation has an error that can be approximated by,
1 2 . 0
6
150
6
) (
2 2
) 3 (
h
x f
E
i
t
which is exact: Et = 283 284 = 1. This result occurs because the original function is a cubic
equation which has zero fourth and higher derivatives.
4.7 True value:
288 12 ) 2 ( 150 ) 2 ( "
12 150 ) ( "


f
x x f
h = 0.25:
288
25 . 0
85938 . 39 ) 102 ( 2 1406 . 182
25 . 0
) 75 . 1 ( ) 2 ( 2 ) 25 . 2 (
) 2 ( "
2 2

+

f f f
f
h = 0.125:
288
125 . 0
82617 . 68 ) 102 ( 2 6738 . 139
125 . 0
) 875 . 1 ( ) 2 ( 2 ) 125 . 2 (
) 2 ( "
2 2

+

f f f
f
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7
Both results are exact because the errors are a function of 4
th
and higher derivatives which are
zero for a 3
rd
-order polynomial.
4.8
( )
38666 . 1
1
2
) / ( ) / (

c
e gm cgte
c
v
t m c t m c
079989 . 2 ) 5 . 1 ( 38666 . 1
~
)
~
(

c
c
v
c v
( ) 4533 . 30 1
5 . 12
) 50 ( 8 . 9
) 5 . 12 (
50 / ) 6 ( 5 . 12


e v
079989 . 2 4533 . 30 t v
Thus, the bounds computed with the first-order analysis range from 28.3733 to 32.5333. This
result can be verified by computing the exact values as
( ) 6458 . 32 1
11
) 50 ( 8 . 9
) (
6 ) 50 / 11 (


e c c v
( ) 4769 . 28 1
14
) 50 ( 8 . 9
) (
6 ) 50 / 14 (
+

e c c v
Thus, the range of t 2.0844 is close to the first-order estimate.
4.9
( ) 4533 . 30 1
5 . 12
) 50 ( 8 . 9
) 5 . 12 (
50 / ) 6 ( 5 . 12


e v
m
m
v
c
c
v
m c v
~ ~
)
~
,
~
(

( )
38666 . 1
1
2
) / ( ) / (

c
e gm cgte
c
v
t m c t m c
( ) 871467 . 0 1
) / ( ) / (
+

t m c t m c
e
c
g
e
m
gt
m
v
822923 . 3 742934 . 1 079989 . 2 ) 2 ( 871467 . 0 ) 5 . 1 ( 38666 . 1 )
~
,
~
( + + m c v
822923 . 3 4533 . 30 t v
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be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8
4.10 For
T
~

=20,
T
T
H
T H
~
)
~
(

408 . 8 650 ) 10 67 . 5 ( 9 . 0 ) 15 . 0 ( 4 4
3 8 3

T Ae
T
H

169 . 168 ) 20 ( 408 . 8 )

~
( T H
Exact error:
3286 . 168
2
81 . 1205 468 . 1542
2
) 630 ( ) 670 (
true

H H
H
Thus, the first-order approximation is close to the exact result.
For
T
~

=40,
3387 . 336 ) 40 ( 408 . 8 )
~
( T H
Exact error:
6124 . 337
2
83 . 1059 055 . 1735
2
) 610 ( ) 690 (
true

H H
H
Again, the first-order approximation is close to the exact result. The results are good because
H(T) is nearly linear over the ranges we are examining. This is illustrated by the following
plot.
800
1200
1600
2000
550 600 650 700 750
4.11 For a sphere, A = 4r
2
. Therefore,
4 2
4 T e r H
At the mean values of the parameters,
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9
288 . 1320 ) 550 )( 10 67 . 5 ( 90 . 0 ) 15 . 0 ( 4 ) 550 , 9 . 0 , 15 . 0 (
4 8 2


H
T
T
H
e
e
H
r
r
H
H
~
~ ~

84 . 603 , 17 8
4

T re
r
H

987 . 1466 4
4 2

T r
e
H

6021 . 9 16
3 2

T e r
T
H

4297 . 441 ) 20 ( 6021 . 9 ) 05 . 0 ( 987 . 1466 ) 01 . 0 ( 84 . 17603 + + H
To check this result, we can compute
6372 . 936 ) 530 )( 10 67 . 5 ( 85 . 0 ) 14 . 0 ( 4 ) 530 , 85 . 0 , 14 . 0 (
4 8 2


H
178 . 1829 ) 570 )( 10 67 . 5 ( 95 . 0 ) 16 . 0 ( 4 ) 570 , 95 . 0 , 16 . 0 (
4 8 2


H
2703 . 446
2
6372 . 936 178 . 1829
true

H
4.12 The condition number is computed as
)
~
(
)
~
( '
~
x f
x f x
CN
(a)
617 . 157
003162 . 1
) 1139 . 158 ( 00001 . 1
1 1 00001 . 1
1 00001 . 1 2
1
00001 . 1

+
1
]
1

CN
The result is ill-conditioned because the derivative is large near x = 1.
(b) 10
10 54 . 4
) 10 54 . 4 ( 10 ) ( 10
5
5
10
10

e
e
CN
The result is ill-conditioned because x is large.
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10
(c)
99999444 . 0
0016667 . 0
) 10 555556 . 5 ( 300
300 1 300
1
1 300
300
300
6
2
2

+
1
1
]
1

CN
The result is well-conditioned.
(d)
0005 . 0
9995 . 0
) 499667 . 0 ( 001 . 0
1
1
2

,
_

x
e
x
e xe
x
CN
x
x x
The result is well-conditioned.
(e) 001 , 10
2 . 6366
) 237 , 264 , 20 ( 141907 . 3
cos 1
sin
) cos 1 (
) (sin sin cos ) cos 1 (
2

+
+
+ +

x
x
x
x x x x
x
CN
The result is ill-conditioned because, as in the following plot, the function has a singularity at
x = .
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3.08 3.1 3.12 3.14 3.16 3.18 3.2
4.13 Addition and subtraction:
v u v u f + ) , (
v
v
f
u
u
f
f
~ ~

1 1

v
f
u
f
v u v u f
~ ~
)
~
,
~
( +
Multiplication:
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be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11
v u v u f ) , (
u
v
f
v
u
f

v u u v v u f
~ ~ ~ ~
)
~
,
~
( +
Division:
v u v u f / ) , (
2

1
v
u
v
f
v u
f

v
v
u
u
v
v u f
~ ~
1
)
~
,
~
(
2
+
2
~ ~
)
~
,
~
(
v
v u u v
v u f
+

4.14
a x f
b ax x f
c bx ax x f
2 ) ( "
2 ) ( '
) (
2

+
+ +
Substitute these relationships into Eq. (4.4),
) 2 (
! 2
2
) )( 2 (
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1 i i i i i i i i i i i
x x x x
a
x x b ax c bx ax c bx ax + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
Collect terms
c x x b bx x x x x a x x ax ax c bx ax
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
) ( ) 2 ( ) ( 2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
c bx bx bx ax x ax ax ax x ax ax c bx ax
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
c bx bx bx x ax x ax ax ax ax ax c bx ax
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + 1 1 1
2
1
2 2 2
1
2
1
) ( ) 2 2 ( ) 2 (
c bx ax c bx ax
i i i i
+ + + +
+ + + + 1
2
1 1
2
1
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be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
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12
4.15 The first-order error analysis can be written as
S
S
Q
n
n
Q
Q

74 . 50
) 2 (
) ( 1
5 . 0
3 / 2
3 / 5
2

+

S
H B
BH
n n
Q
9 . 2536
2
1
) 2 (
) ( 1
5 . 0 3 / 2
3 / 5

S H B
BH
n S
Q
228 . 0 076 . 0 152 . 0 00003 . 0 9 . 2536 003 . 0 74 . 50 + + Q
The error from the roughness is about 2 times the error caused by the uncertainty in the slope.
Thus, improving the precision of the roughness measurement would be the best strategy.
4.16 Use the stopping criterion
% 5 . 0 % 10 5 . 0
2 2


s

True value: 1/(1 0.1) = 1.111111.

zero order:
1
1
1

x
% 10 % 100
1.11111
1 1.11111

first order:
1 . 1 1 . 0 1
1
1
+
x
% 1
t
% 0909 . 9 % 100
1.1
1 1 . 1

second order:
11 . 1 01 . 0 1 . 0 1
1
1
+ +
x
% 1 . 0
t
% 9009009 . 0 % 100
1.11
1 . 1 11 . 1

third order:
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
13
111 . 1 001 . 0 01 . 0 1 . 0 1
1
1
+ + +
x
% 01 . 0
t
% 090009 . 0 % 100
1.111
11 . 1 111 . 1

Since the approximate error is below 0.5%, the computation can be terminated.
4.17
( )

d
d
0
0
sin
sin

+
+
+ +

1
1
) 1 )( 1 ( 2
sin
0
d
d
where = (ve/v0)
2
= 4 and = 0.25 to give,
1305 . 3
25 . 0 1
) 4 ( 25 . 0
1
)) 4 ( 25 . 0 25 . 0 1 )( 25 . 0 1 ( 2
4 sin
0

+
+
+ +

d
d
( ) 1305 . 3 sin
0
For = 0.25(0.02) = 0.005,
( ) 015652 . 0 ) 005 . 0 ( 1305 . 3 sin
0

559017 . 0 4
25 . 0 1
25 . 0
1 ) 25 . 0 1 ( sin
0

+
+
Therefore,
574669 . 0 015652 . 0 559017 . 0 sin max
0
+
543365 . 0 015652 . 0 559017 . 0 sin min
0

076 . 35
180
) 574669 . 0 arcsin( max
0

913 . 32
180
) 543365 . 0 arcsin( min
0

4.18 The derivatives can be computed as

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
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14
x x x f sin 5 . 0 1 ) (
x x f cos 5 . 0 1 ) ( '
x x f sin 5 . 0 ) ( "
x x f cos 5 . 0 ) (
) 3 (

x x f sin 5 . 0 ) (
) 4 (

The first through fourth-order Taylor series expansions can be computed based on Eq. 4.5 as
First-order:
) )( ( ' ) ( ) (
1
a x a f a f x f +
5 . 1
2 2
cos 5 . 0 1
2
sin 5 . 0 1
2
) (
1

,
_

1
]
1

+ x x x f

Second-order:
2
1 2
) (
2
) ( "
) ( ) ( a x
a f
x f x f +
2
2
) 2 / )( 2 / sin( 25 . 0 5 . 1 ) ( + x x x f
Third-order:
3
) 3 (
2 3
) (
6
) (
) ( ) ( a x
a f
x f x f +
3 2
3
) (
6
) 2 / cos( 5 . 0
) 2 / )( 2 / sin( 25 . 0 5 . 1 ) ( a x x x x f + +


2
3
) 2 / )( 2 / sin( 25 . 0 5 . 1 ) ( + x x x f
Fourth-order:
4
) 4 (
3 4
) (
24
) (
) ( ) ( a x
a f
x f x f +
4 2
4
) 2 / (
24
) 2 / sin( 5 . 0
) 2 / )( 2 / sin( 25 . 0 5 . 1 ) (

+ x x x x f
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be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
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15
4 2
4
) 2 / (
48
1
) 2 / )( 2 / sin( 25 . 0 5 . 1 ) ( + x x x x f
Note the 2
nd
and 3
rd
Order Taylor Series functions are the same. The following MATLAB
script file which implements and plots each of the functions indicates that the 4
th
-order
expansion satisfies the problem requirements.
x=0:0.001:3.2;
f=x-1-0.5*sin(x);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(x,f);grid;title('f(x)=x-1-0.5*sin(x)');hold on
f1=x-1.5;
e1=abs(f-f1); %Calculates the absolute value of the
difference/error
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(x,e1);grid;title('1st Order Taylor Series Error');
f2=x-1.5+0.25.*((x-0.5*pi).^2);
e2=abs(f-f2);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(x,e2);grid;title('2nd/3rd Order Taylor Series Error');
f4=x-1.5+0.25.*((x-0.5*pi).^2)-(1/48)*((x-0.5*pi).^4);
e4=abs(f4-f);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(x,e4);grid;title('4th Order Taylor Series Error');hold off
4.19 Here are Excel worksheets and charts that have been set up to solve this problem:
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may
be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
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PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may
be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
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0
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centered
forward
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may
be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual
course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.