VAJIRAM & RAVI GENERAL SCIENCE HAND OUT NO.3 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM C Sisvatacadt Pad eh mmart Salen eo emawtorwr Bleod Volume. Itis formed of following parts (i) Lymph (ii) Lymphatic capillaries (Iii) Lymphatic vessel (iv) Lymph nodes Lymph:lt is a alkaline fluid present in lymph vessels and between the blood capillaries and the tissues It also forms the tissue fluid which surrounds the body tissues. Difference between Blood & Lymph Character Brood: = .—_| Lymph = Typeof Tissue _—_—'| Red Vascular tissue ~|White vascular tissue ‘Occurrence in blood vessels In Lymph vessels around body si a atu. tissues fstaqud_ ‘Composition Formed ofplasmapRBC;WBO | Formed of plasma and | (Neutrophils most abundant) | Leucocytes only. | and platelets Lymphocytes most abundant Be | L RBC and platelets absent (ne tab) | Haemogiobin | Present in RBC Absent : Nature ofplasma ~~~ | Plasma has more proteins | Less proteins, Calcium and a expe See bi Calcium and Phosphate | Phosphate « | Testor the Iymph is > Lymph is constantly required tobe Grculaled 9 restore bloadsvglume so the iymph is taken up @ small thin walled vessels called lymph capillaries (wider than blood capillary) as lacteals present in villi of small intestine.Lymph capillary join to form large lymph vessels having valves to prevent backflow. These join and rejoins to form Thoracic duct and Right Lymphatic duct and eventually open into blood venous ao mcbirrh A ABERIC ET: lame Coe Comun oh em Lymph Nodes eat] a 3 Eironwond Bleek Saaligainn sehen gaia c+ These are small oval or bean like bodies placed in the course of lymphatic vessels, These act as fillers stows Syste be te lt Oe and are'the’sites of formation of the lymphocytes. These mainly lie in neck, axilla,thorax, abdomen and “9 Chemis. te nbquaned groin.Lymph Nodes are maximum in armpit and groin. | Badan U taped 2h tocatnd Haus SoM & Privat (bem apued of bade « NOTE: Lymphatic system Siso include bone marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsil and appendix and'wall of small intestine (especially eum called as Peyer's patches or Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT), cottatls tis soft pinkish biobed mass of ynphoid tissue present just above the heart and beneath ood. ba) sternum of the chest. It isilarge size in the young child grows to maximum sizeat puberty and then trophies gradually. It secretes ihymosine hormone which helps in development and maturation of TeLymphocyte of ens SYS Gana Sheol ‘Spleen ~ It is largest lymphoid organ and lies just behind the stomach. Spleen act as a blood bank as it helps in’storage of RBC & WBC. It is also called graveyard of RBC as it is site of hemolysis of dead RBCs. It also act as filter and traps the blood borne microorganisms Qed (steve RSC sal Fier or badeda— an Limp Nokia sptody 7 ehernie Lutte alo ets —— Biri Ser aA blood Mowk i OSes‘Tonsils: It is small ovoid lymphoid tissue present on either side of throat. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTERY & VEIN ‘CHARACTER: __. [ARTERY [VEIN es Direction of blood flow | From heart to body organs | From body organs | to heart | Nature of blood Pure, oxygenated except, | Impure “and | Pulmoriary artery which | deoxygenated blood, carries impure blood from | éxcept,Pulmonary Right Ventricle to Lungs vein from Lungs to S Left Ventrick Pressure and speed of the | Pressure ind speed is | Pressure is low and blogs eet STE eeteeiere __| speed is also low Nature of wail Wall is thicker and more | Wall is thinner and Sh elastic | less elastic. Lumen Narrow [Wide Position Deep seated | Superficial Valves Without valves | With vaive i Jet ____| prevent back flow | The muscles present in arterial wall provide due elasticity and stretchability to arteries so that they do not rupture when blood rushes in with the great force. Aorta is the largest artery (blood vessel) that distributes pure blood to different parts of the body Arterioles are less thick and less muscular-branches of arteries. Capillaries : These are finest, single celled thick, highly permeable blood vessel that are meant for exchange of respiratory gases and nutrients in, blood.Arterial capillaries rejoin and form the venous capillaries which further join to form the venules which finally join and form a vein. HEART . Position & shape: Mediastinal space of thoracic cavity between the two lungs. Human heart is about the size of a person's closed fist.It is a hollow muscular pumping organ made up of specialized cardiac muscle Fibres that beat continuously spontaneously and rhythmically without fatigue. Its broader side is called base, is forward and upward while pointed side called Apex is backward and downward. Pericardium: tis a thin transparent two layered protective membrane present around the heart (On the removal of pericardium the outermost layer of heart is epicardium followed by myocardium and finally endocardium as innermost layer myccardium forms the bulk of heart and these three layers make the wall of heart, Human Heart is 4 chambered heart the upper two chambers that receive blood are called ‘Atrium/Auricles and the lowe*chambers that pump blood out of the Heart are called as Ventricles. Note: Impure blood is always on the right side of heart and pure on left side. AURICLES/ATRIA Both Auricles are thin walled because they have to push blood only upto ventricles. Both auricles are separated by a thin vertical interatrial or inter auricular septum which prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. ;3 s large in size and receives deoxygenated blood by three large veins, superior venacava Right auricle: (precaval) from head, forelimbs and upper part of chest, inferior venacava (post caval) from lower part of trunk and hindlimbs, and coronary sinus from wall of heart Right auricle opens in right ventricle through a right auricloventricular aperture guarded by Right Auriculoventricular valve which is formed of three flaps called cusps, so it is called Tricuspid valve. It regulates unidirectional flow of blood from right auricle to right ventricle but prevents the backflow of blood with the help of number of whitish clastic threads called chordae tendinae which extend from tricuspid valve to wall of right ventricle. Left Auricle. It receives oxygenated biood from pulmonary veins (two from each lung). Left auricle opens in left ventricle through the aperture/opening called left auriculo ventricular aperture which is guarded by left auriculo ventricular valve consisting of two flaps or cusps so is called bicuspid valve or mitral valve. It regulates flow of blood from left auricle to left ventricle but prevents backflow of blood with the help of chordae tendinae similar to those in right ventricle. Ventrieles. Both ventricles are thick walled. Left ventricles is much thicker than right ventricles because left ventricle has to push the blood to all body parts while right ventricle has to push blood to closely lying lungs only.Both ventricles are separated by a thick vertical interventricular septum which is placed obliquely towards the right side. So there is no mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the ventricular part of heart. Pulmonary artery originates from right ventricle and carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. At the base of pulmonary artery, there is a valve called pulmonary valve located in between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. These allow blood to enter the pulmonary artery but prevents its backflow into right ventricle. Aortic valve located in between left ventricle and the aorta (ie. at the base of aorta) prevents backflow of blood from aorta into left ventricle RHYTHMICITY OF HEA\ Tr n and maintenance of electrical activity (cardiac Rhythmicity of heart deals with initiation, disseminé impulses) to bring about contraction of heart in a synchronous manner.initiation of heart beat is under three special bundies of cardiac muscles called nodal tissues $0 is called myogenic. 41) Sinus node/Sinoatrial node or Sino Auricular Node (SA Node) It Nes in the right wall of the right atrium below the opening of superior venacava. It's also called pacemaker since its the first to originate the cardiac impulses and determines the rate of heart beat. So the atrial contraction precedes the ventricular contraction. It has highest degree of autorhythmicity or self contraction These cerdiac impulses are conducted aiShg tracts of special cardiac muscle fibers called intermodal pathways and then teaching both auricles at Atrio ventricular node. 2) Atrio Ventricular Node:lt is called pacesetter and lies in the right atrium near junction of interauricular and interventricular septum and is stimulated by waves of contraction initiated by SA node. 3) Bundle of His: