EE 2092 Laboratory Practice III

Transmission Line - I

Name Index No Department Instructed by Group Date of Performance Date of Submission

: Senanayake S.B.N.S. : 100494P : Electrical Engineering. : Mr.H.L.R.Gunawardane. : Group-13. : 27/02/2012. : 12/03/2012.

Experiment Transmission line 01

Transmission line data Three phase, 50Hz transmission line (25km long) has the following constants per phase:

The line is to supply a load of The line voltage is . Scale factors: o Voltage scale : o Current scale : o Resistance scale : o Inductance scale : o Capacitance scale : Theory

at unity power factor.

1000:1 200:1 5:1 5:1 1:5

In the matrix form, ( ) For passive circuits Characteristic Impedance Propagation constant ( )( )

and for symmetric circuits

Where and c are the resistance, inductance, conductance and capacitance per unit length, respectively. The Complex impedance circuit tests, and may be determined from the open circuit and short

Calculations Resistance per unit length of the line Resistance per unit length of the model Inductance per unit length of the line Inductance per unit length of the model Capacitance per unit length of the line Capacitance per unit length of the model Conductance per unit length of the line Conductance per unit length of the line Resistance of the line Resistance of our model Inductance, Inductance of our model (negligible) (negligible)

Capacitance, Capacitance of our model Line voltage, ( Voltage using for our model Rated Current of the line, Current of our model )

Characteristic Impedance,

Propagation Constant,

Calculating Theoretical Values of A, B, C, D. (

Finding Practical Values of A, B, C, D.

Model of transmission line

Open circuit test, Wattmeter reading, And

( ) , (Here R is the watt meter resistance, which is 12k)

( ) { }

Short circuit test,

Now we can find A, B, C, D parameters,

(
-34.21

Voltage Regulation at Full Load

Discussion (a) Reasons for the differences in the calculated and experimental results There are some differences between theoretical and practical values which have been taken. There may be several reasons for that. There are some errors occurred in our practical. Resistors, inductors and capacitors are not ideal. Their values can vary in the time duration when power is supplied. Resistance of the resistors varies due to heat generated in those resistors. Power supply is not supplying a constant power. Resistance in the wires. Errors due to reading the instruments In the open circuit test the receiving end may not be open circuited well by voltmeter. In the short circuit test the receiving end may not be short circuited by the ammeter due to small amount of voltage drop across the ammeter. In our practical, a model is used instead of a transmission line.

(b) Importance of voltage regulation In transmission lines, there is a reduction in the voltage at the end of the line due to the impedance of other transmission line. So the voltage regulation is a measurement of the system ability of the provided voltage over a large loop. It's desirable to have a low voltage regulation. So the load current has less impact at the voltage of the receiving end.`

(c) Comment on the results, discrepancies and report any difficulties. Because of assumptions we made, differences can occur in the results. We used a model of a transmission line rather than using a transmission line. Because of smaller length and lower voltage in these lines, the effect of line capacitance is small and hence can be neglected. Therefore the line is considered to have series impedance i.e. only resistance and inductance of the line are taken into account. There are two methods to represent medium lines. They are Nominal T-model and Nominal model. In this transmission line the whole line to neutral capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the middle point of line and the half the line resistance and reactance are lumped on either side. Here the lengths of lines are more than 150km and the voltage used is higher than 100kV. In this case, the line constants i.e. resistance, inductance and capacitance are considered uniformly distributed and line to neutral capacitance is divided into two halves; one half being concentrated at the load end and the other half at the sending end. So those cause some errors in practical. Difficulties we faced at the practical are in some steps hard to get meter readings. I faced some difficulties in calculation finding cosh and sinh values in complex number. I faced some problems in understanding the system. It takes more time to understand.