Will delivery of NEWSPAPER be a premium service - Dead, or as in a decade?

Abstract: A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current

events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations. General-interest newspapers typically publish stories on local and national political an editorial page events and personalities, crime, editorials personal written opinions by of business, an editor The entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature containing the and columns that express writers.

newspaper is typically funded by paid subscriptions and advertising. A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns; reviews of radio, movies, television, plays and restaurants; classified ads; display ads, radio and television listings, inserts from local merchants, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons and comic strips.

Introduction: The newspaper publishing industry is facing a structural challenge in which paid titles have seen a long-term decline in circulation volume while advertisers have been moving from newspapers to online channels and into new formats. These trends are forecast to continue, and structural changes are now being exacerbated and accelerated by the global economic downturn. How can newspaper publishers successfully address these challenges? In this report we look at consumer and advertiser trends, and at how industry leaders in a number of countries are responding. Newspapers have a long-term future and will coexist with other media. However this is unlikely to be either in the formats or volumes seen today and there will some casualties and losses of well-known papers along the way. Consumers place high value on the deep insight and analysis provided by journalists over and above general or breaking news stories. Consumers see breaking news and general interest news as commodities, but there is always a market for high value online content in specific topics. Newspapers have been able to earn their readers' trust and loyalty, giving them the opportunity to both lead and follow audiences as they migrate online and into the use of portable electronic media. Indeed, with the core principles of deep analysis and trusted editorial, the medium is secondary to the brand. Use of video in online news sites gives the feel of a TV-like experience (consumers favourite medium for news) giving newspaper brands the opportunity to secure online audiences beyond their print readership and into the television audience more generally. Newspaper publishers have responded to the economic downturn by increasing their focus on cost

reduction. Many are also using multiple platforms and new technologies as channels for content distribution in order to reach their audiences. However, many have still to fully review their existing business models to take full advantage of the innovation in the marketplace and the demands of consumers. The rapid adoption of the Internet and mobile technology have created a market for mobile devices particularly for the 'net generation', those under 35 in age. Though the devices give immediate access to breaking news and information, they are low on the list of preferences for accessing information due to the difficulty of reading content on the devices. Sustainability has increased in importance both for the newspaper publishers and for their readers, who attach high values to a publishing company using sustainable production methods. Some newspapers have addressed this issue, but many have not. For advertisers, access to mass markets remains key, so major newspaper brands with large loyal customer bases will be high on the spending plans of advertisers. The overall shift from print to online will continue however, so newspaper publishers must continue to develop innovative advertising packages combining both print and online to secure the advertising spend for their brands. Niche audiences continue to demand specialised, targeted and relevant information. This creates both an opportunity for advertisers to reach their consumers and for newspapers to develop 'hyper-local' or 'local-local' sites addressing content at the neighborhood and suburban level. Although the long-term potential for growth online is huge, print remains the main revenue driver for newspaper publishers. The stakeholder groups that are the main contributors of revenue are print and online advertisers, subscribers and single copy purchasers of the print version, and online visitors. The percentage of total revenue generated through

either print or online varies per country, and is highly dependent on the penetration level of new technologies. On average, however, between 80 and 97% of revenue was still being generated in 2007 from print sales and advertising, down from 90 to 99% in 2003, with the balance being generated online. Both technological and market developments influence the outlook for the newspaper publishing market. The rapid adoption of the Internet and mobile technology have both facilitated the introduction of new online business models and created a large market for mobile devices. The penetration rate of the Internet and mobile telephony is a key factor that leads to differences in opportunities for newspaper publisher as they depend on platforms for their delivery. There is a difference in penetration rate between the surveyed countries The Internet penetration rate in the Netherlands, for example, is among the highest in the world, creating opportunities for video on demand and data traffic through mobile networks. Other national factors have an impact in this respect as well. The oligopoly in the market for data traffic in Canada has, for instance, been argued as being a slowing factor in the adoption of mobile technology. Swiss publishers have only recently begun to invest in online activities as the country has a strong print tradition. Due to the introduction of new UMTS phones in Germany, people are spending more time online with their mobile devices, requiring newspaper publishers to increase their focus on providing online content. As a result of these technological developments, new devices, concepts and media platforms have emerged, drastically changing the competitive media landscape during the last decade. Companies such as Google, YouTube and Facebook have been able to profit from these developments and captured media time from traditional providers. At the same time, traditional media providers in general and newspaper publishers in particular have found

it difficult to adopt new technologies and use them to monetise content. The world economy is moving into a major recession. The impact on the global newspaper market will be significant, especially in terms of reduced print advertising revenue, and most newspaper publishers do not expect recovery to begin before 2011.

Indian newspaper industry: The global newspaper market is forecast to decline by 10.2% in 2009 and average a 2 percent compound annual decrease to 2013. Print advertising income showed moderate growth between 2004 and 2007, but is expected to decline by 4.5% each year between 2009 and 2013 as the recession exacerbates the ongoing migration of readers and advertisers to online media. Meanwhile, online advertising showed double digit growth rates between 2004 and 2008. Although it too is expected to be impacted by the economic downturn in 2009, that same migration means its long term prospects are favourable While all regions are being impacted by the current economic gloom, the mature markets in EMEA and North America face stronger declines in circulation and in advertising income in particular.

Various strategies have been employed in an effort to mitigate these market developments. In a number of countries, including France, the Netherlands and the USA, price increases have offset some of the decline in circulation. For several newspapers in the US, including the New York Times and San Francisco Chronicle, demand has proven fairly elastic, allowing overall gains in subscription revenue. Niche papers and free sheets were able to remain profitable in EMEA and North America in the period from 2004 to 2007, but declines in print advertising are expected to lead to cutbacks in print runs for free dailies during the next two years. In some countries, such as Switzerland, Sunday editions of newspapers remain successful, and some publishers have successfully

increased circulation by offering various subscription alternatives. The historic home delivery model in the INDIA involved the local newsagent delivering the newspaper to people's homes for a fee. Now some INDIA newspaper groups are trying to develop direct home delivery services of their own. Both the Times and the Financial Times have introduced direct-to-the-home delivery services, currently restricted to London, to develop a more loyal subscriber base. Some newspapers have had to adopt radical measures in order to survive. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer produced its last print edition in March 2009, transforming itself into an Internet-only news source. The move enabled the 'paper' to reduce its staff from 165 to 20. Staff members for the Rocky Mountain News, which was closed in February 2009, plan to start an online news publication if they can get 50,000 paying subscribers by April 2009. The site would offer some news free, with advertising revenue footing part of the bill. Readers who buy subscriptions starting at $4.99 a month for a year's commitment would get extra features, including columns, interactive features, feeds to mobile devices and customisable content. Many other US newspapers, such as the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, are in the midst of restructuring, while the Chicago-based Tribune Co., owner of the Los Angeles Times as well as the Chicago Tribune itself, filed for bankruptcy protection in December 2008. The issues faced by local newspapers in particular present a mixed picture internationally. Both in the US and the INDIA, for instance, this segment is seen as being at great risk. One source recently predicted that half of the 20,000 jobs in the local newspaper industry in the INDIA would be lost in the next five years. In Canada though, the local newspaper market is particularly large and still relatively healthy. Advertising is declining for both national and local newspapers, leading to major cost reduction and restructuring initiatives.

Contrary to the trends mentioned above, the newspaper industry is still growing in some developing countries. In India, for example, where the economy remained relatively buoyant through 2008, both traditional print circulation and advertising revenue have continued a steady growth. In 2007, the Indian print media industry recorded a growth of 16% over the previous year. Newspaper publishing, which constitutes 87% of the segment, grew at 17% in 2007, whereas magazine publishing, which contributes the remaining 13%, grew at a marginally lower rate of 15%. The Indian newspaper industry is highly fragmented and regionallydominant. India has over 60,000 registered newspapers printed in 22 Indian languages. Furthermore, newspapers in Arab countries showed steady growth figures in recent years and are expected to grow further in the coming years. For a detailed analysis of the Arab newspaper market, we refer to the Arab Media Outlook 2009-2013. A further development is the growing importance of sustainability issues. Newspaper publishers are increasingly aware of this, and several interviewees indicated that they either already incorporate 'greener' solutions in their production process or have them high on their agenda. A Canadian publisher indicated that the need for 'being green' as a publisher is partly driven by the readers who attach high values to a publishing company using sustainable production methods. The shift to online will mitigate criticism of paper use. This criticism is aimed in particular at the free paper sector, due to the quantities of wastage and litter it generates. An Australian publisher is, however, quoted as saying: As a lot of our product is made on recycled paper, our carbon footprint is not too bad. In Germany, a new distribution concept 'Lesezirkel' introduced a new kind of recycling process. Readers are

provided with a monthly assortment of newspapers, either as first or subsequent readers, using the same copies several times and eventually returning them to the subscription service. Consumers have a willingness to pay of 62% for general online news content compared to 100% for general print news content. The abundance of free content, however, has an impact on demand and supply. While the vast majority of consumers indicate that they are primarily interested in general news, a growing segment is increasingly demanding specialised, targeted and relevant information. In our research, newspaper publishers identify the niche approach as an opportunity for future growth. Both consumers and advertisers have demonstrated a willingness to pay more for high value, topic-specific publications than they would for newspapers providing general news only. The mindset of consumers with respect to paying for online content to change in the next few years as a result of increased general consumer spending on the Internet. The majority of consumers use TV and free Internet content as the main media for consuming news and background information, closely followed by radio and paid newspapers. The current potential for e-readers seems limited, mainly due to unfamiliarity with this medium. Consumers are currently unwilling to pay for online content on mobile devices. The respondents to our survey indicated that this was mainly due to the difficulty of reading the information on screen. However, additional studies also identify the data transfer charges made by telecom providers as a major factor. Readers expect to be part of the intellectual debate and to be able to contribute to 'their' newspaper, both in terms of commenting on stories and in providing content. Consumer survey were asked to indicate which media they prefer to gather news and background information, the reasons for their preference and the type of news content they prefer to

read in newspapers. To indicate their willingness to pay for different types of content, online and on traditional paper, and whether they would consider buying goods and services from newspaper websites after reading reviews of them. That television and the Internet (when content was provided free of charge) currently represent the media mix they use most for gathering news and background information. Nevertheless, while television and 'free' Internet were independently the most popular media, newspapers were given a comparable ranking to each of them if free and paid-for titles are combined Regarding the amount of time spent each day on gathering news and information from each medium, the consumers in our survey indicated that they spend most time on television, free content on the Internet and paid newspapers. Television is the most intensively used medium, with an average of around 43 minutes a day, perhaps an edition of evening broadcast news together with some background information from more in-depth programming. Newspapers were ranked second, with an average time spent per day of 33 minutes. Consumers who pay for online content spend on average 20 minutes a day on the Internet, while users of free online content spend 15 minutes. Time spent on magazines and radio averages less than 10 minutes a day. When asked their preference in the hypothetical situation of price not being a factor and if their choice was restricted to paper, online, e-paper and mobile devices, however, our respondents told us that traditional newspapers would be their first choice for news consumption. An average of 69% of respondents across the seven surveyed countries indicated that newspapers would then become their first choice, 29% chose online sources, with the remaining 2% opting fore-paper or mobile devices first. The gap between traditional newspapers and online was, however, significantly smaller for younger respondents.

Among those respondents for whom newspapers became the first choice when price is ignored and TV is taken out of the equation, 90% indicated that online sources would be their second choice for news consumption. The choice for traditional paper is relatively consistent across the seven surveyed countries. The US was the only exception in this respect, where only 53% of respondents gave newspapers as their first choice. While age produced marked differences, educational level and gender had no significant impact on the first choice of medium. Of the US respondents, 43% rated online as their first choice of news consumption. This is 10% more than the average of the Canadian, INDIA and German respondents, and almost 20% more than the Dutch and Swiss average. This balance between print and online illustrates the challenge publishers face globally in satisfying significant numbers of readers across both platforms. According to a US publisher, the ability to balance this demand will be key to the future of his business. In addition to only 2% of all respondents rating e-paper or mobile devices as their first choice of news consumption, mobile devices are the last choice with regard to news consumption for 70% of all respondents surveyed. The main reasons given were difficulties with reading and unfamiliarity. As noted in the previous section, the situation in developing markets is often different, as evidenced by the continuing growth in traditional newspaper circulation in India The three main reasons respondents gave for their preference for traditional paper were the in-depth news coverage, the ability to provide a quick overview and its user-friendliness Older readers in particular indicated in-depth news coverage as the main reason for their preference for newspapers. Respondents who favoured online also mentioned that it provided a quick overview, but the availability of video was their principal reason,

as well as the ability to customize content. It is interesting to note that the inclusion of video gives online news delivery one of the benefits of TV as a medium. It is quite remarkable that the desire to receive real time, up-to-date news (including breaking news) was not mentioned by the respondents. As such a small percentage of our respondents made e-paper and other mobile devices their first choice as alternatives for reading newspaper content, it is perhaps more useful to look at the reasons why these As such a small percentage of our respondents made e-paper and other mobile devices their first choice as alternatives for reading newspaper content, it is perhaps more useful to look at the reasons why these were their last choice. The survey, the main reason why respondents select mobile devices as their last choice is that these are difficult to read, leading to the conclusion that these devices obviously do not serve their purpose. Rather than full newspaper content, there may be a good market for headlines and breaking news on mobile devices, but this was beyond the scope of the current survey. The main reason for selecting an electronic paper as a last choice was unfamiliarity with this medium. The consumer survey also addressed the respondents' preferences for types of newspaper content. According to our research, general news is the first choice of preferred content for the vast majority of respondents this is consistent across the seven surveyed countries. It also remains the preferred content category across the different age groups.

More than half of the respondents of every age group and educational level preferred sports or entertainment content Older respondents showed a higher preference for paid high quality finance and sports content than younger respondents. Higher educated respondents also preferred financial content more often. For other content categories, there appears to be no link with level of education Examination of gender differences showed that males valued finance and sports content more highly, whereas entertainment content was more valued by females.

More than half of both males and females indicated a preference for sports and entertainment content combined. The consumer survey also examined the willingness to pay for content on the various platforms: traditional paper, online, e-paper and mobile devices. 'Willingness to pay' is defined as the maximum amount that respondents are willing to pay for a product. Within this amount, however, they will choose the cheapest available product with comparable quality. To estimate the respondents' willingness to pay, the statistical method of conjoint analysis was used, allowing participants to express their preference on different news options multiple times. An overview of the methodology can be found. The overall initial finding was that respondents were only willing to pay a maximum of 62% for high quality news content online (with the same content on traditional paper stated at 100%) This does not mean that they would actually buy online content at this amount however. Free content is abundant online and consumers would choose free content when the quality was comparable or sufficient for their purpose. On average, respondents expressed no willingness to pay for general news and background information on e-paper or mobile devices, and they do not see them as alternatives for full newspapers. A breaking down of willingness to pay for high quality general news content online demonstrates that the main target audience for this segment is the group of people younger than 50. Older respondents are less willing to pay for high quality online newspapers compared to high quality traditional papers. The youngest respondents are willing to pay about 28% less for high quality general news online, whereas the oldest group is willing to pay 55% less for high quality general news online . Note that the willingness to pay for the different age categories is compared to the willingness to pay for a traditional newspaper (100%). This base category of 100% can be different for different age groups, i.e.

they can have a different willingness to pay for a traditional newspaper. Interestingly, consumers with a particular interest in sports and financial content expressed a relatively high willingness to pay for this content online when compared to a 100% willingness to pay for general news content in a traditional newspaper. Respondents preferring financial content are willing to pay a maximum of 97% as much on average for a high quality online newspaper with a focus on finance compared to general news on traditional paper. The average willingness to pay of respondents preferring sports content was particularly high. They told us that they would be prepared to pay as much as 77% of what they would pay for a high quality traditional paper with general news for an online newspaper with a focus on sports. It should be noted that print subscriptions for financial newspapers typically cost around twice as much as general newspapers Advertisers' Perspective: Advertisers are searching for an integrated approach to achieve the best return on investment, choosing a selection of multiple platforms to achieve their strategy.They are looking for a constant dialogue with customers. The shift of advertising revenue from print to online is expected to continue over the next few years. In order to maintain overall advertising market share, newspaper publishers will have to develop innovative advertising packages for advertisers, covering both print and online. TV appears to remain the most attractive medium for advertisers. It is considered to be reliable and able tor each a mass audience. In contrast to the results of our consumer survey,advertisers and their manufacturers have fairly high expectations of mobile devices. Developing commercially successful models for user-generated content and social networking sites appears to be difficult. Advertisers are still reluctant to invest in these initiatives due to the difficulty of controlling

the environment. For newspapers, however, social networking is an inexpensive mechanism to connect to content-creating consumers. Advertisers with a larger spend still mainly aim at mass markets, as the relative costs are lower and the rewards are higher compared to niche targeting. Niche content can provide an increased ROI on ad spend though, a key advantage amidst the renewed focus on accountability in the economic downturn. Advertisers are also looking for greater 'accountability' from the media they use, translating their mass spend into measurable results. The economic downturn will accelerate the shift of advertising budgets to media types that are perceived as more reliable and measurable. Advertisers and media buyers can nowadays choose from a variety of channels to target their desired audiences. They are looking for an integrated, multi-platform approach in order to achieve the best return on their investment. Historically, no platform has yet become extinct. Advertisers are tending to shift towards the emerging platforms however. Platforms are selected on the basis of the desired target audiences and the effectiveness, reach and costs of the channel. In general, a combination of platforms is selected. As one Italian advertiser told us, Communication on different platforms is key in the strategy of our company. Media companies are currently only at the start of their transformation into organisations that focus on cross platform selling. An Australian media buyer indicated during our research that the cross-platform combination of newspapers and online offers significant advantages: They are both text based and provide quick consumer satisfaction and delivery in the search for information. The adoption of a cross-platform approach could help newspaper publishers to capture a greater share of increasingly fragmented advertising budgets. The global economic downturn will cause a decline in total advertising expenditure in 2009. While it is forecast to recover and resume its growth in 2010, largely due to increased spending on

Internet and TV, newspaper advertising is expected to remain flat at best. Currently there is a broad consensus in the market that these figures might be too optimistic. Although the 2009 to 2011 outlook may have deteriorated since the forecast, the relative splits of advertising between media remain instructional. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of free newspapers in major city markets in many developed countries. These free papers have taken some advertising from their paid circulation counterparts. However, since they are 100% dependent on advertising revenue, the overall decline in advertising spend will have an even greater impact on these papers. While multiple studies indicate that the best strategy in terms of longterm return on investment is to increase marketing efforts during an economic downturn, many of the advertisers we talked to mentioned that their budget had decreased for 2009. And some revealed that they had already substantially cut spending last year. The economic crisis is also causing advertisers to shift their budget to media that they consider to be more 'accountable' and 'measurable'. The significance of this is, however, lessened by lack of consensus over the comparative value of traditional, online and mobile metrics. Due to the increasing number of media platforms, the trend towards multi-platform advertising and declining newspaper readership, advertising expenditure has been shifting away from newspapers for the last five years, and this trend is forecast to continue According to most of the interviewed advertisers and media buyers, TV remains the most attractive medium, as it is considered to have the highest reliability and the largest audience reach.

The increase in number of media channels in recent years has led to fragmentation, as advertisers followed their customers to new media types. Print media in general and newspapers in particular lost market share as a result of this shift. This trend is expected to continue for the ext few years. Several advertisers and media agencies expect mobile applications and, in some countries, pay TV advertising to become more mature and gain market share, mainly at the expense of the other channels. A perception that newspaper publishers lack innovation seems to be exacerbating the situation for them. A Dutch advertiser told us that his company had developed its own platforms for the Internet, and that he expected to spend more on TV and less on newspapers in the coming five years. An Italian advertiser noted: A more innovative approach to advertisers would attract investors back to newspapers. Advertisers actively try to incorporate the behaviour of their customers into their strategy and respond to this accordingly. An example is the trend for job seekers to use the Internet rather than newspapers. Recruitment ads have traditionally formed a significant portion of newspaper publishers' advertising revenue, but the comment from one Dutch advertiser that they had shifted 80% of their recruitment budget to the Internet was echoed by several advertisers in other countries. A US newspaper publisher also told us that employment ads had led the flight of classified ad revenue from print to online. Almost all consumerto-consumer classified advertising has now moved to the Internet in most developed markets. Some important differences can be observed, however. Newspapers in the INDIA and some other countries have lost significant classified advertising market share to online-only classified advertising websites. Else where, newspapers have been able to move their dominance of classified advertising from print to their own websites, placing them in a better position when the economy recovers. This demonstrates that, providing that they offer attractive and effective

websites to advertisers and leverage their brands, newspapers can still make money with online classifieds.

Objective of the Study: Although there is a huge potential for growth online, print remains the largest source of revenue generation for newspaper publishers, and will continue to be so for some time.

Literature Review: A newspaper is a written publication containing news, information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. General-interest newspapers often feature articles on political events, crime, business, art/entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing columns which express sections the may personal contain opinions of writers. comics, Supplementary advertising,

coupons, and other printed media. Newspapers are most often published on a daily or weekly basis, and they usually focus on one particular geographic area where most of their readers live. Despite recent setbacks in circulation and profits newspapers are

still the most iconic outlet for news and other types of written journalism. During the last decade, unlike several developed countries, the newspaper industry in India has shown intense competition; not only have new newspapers been launched but also newspapers published from one city or state have launched new editions in different cities and states. Several traditional newspaper bastions have been successfully breached. Today, newspaper industry in India is being described as the Sunrise Industry as against the Sunset Industry in the rest of the world. It is predicted that in the next decade the print industry in India will grow at a rate of 5 percent. Top dailies across the country have seen growth in readership in the recent round of IRS. Publishers are now looking for strengthening their brands and for new opportunities to ride this wave. For every business promotion there is a strong need of effective advertising so as to make the brand recognizable worldwide. There are various means of advertising radio available, Internet. including In India, newspapers, newspaper magazines, television, and

advertising is one of the oldest means of promotion for any product or service. Reading newspaper is a daily practice of many people in India, and due to this popularity of newspaper in India it is known to be a good medium of advertising. The success of newspaper advertising in India is due to its wide reach and visibility. Through advertising in newspapers, you can target the Indian market on a wider scale as well as get in contact with a large group of people. So, it would not be wrong to say that through newspaper advertising you can advertise your product or service at one shot among a large group of people. Another beneficial factor of

newspaper advertising in India is that it has different newspapers in different languages, and in this way you can easily capture your target group and advertise accordingly to meet your business objectives. A newspaper is a publication containing news, information, and advertising. General-interest newspapers offer feature articles on political events, crime, business, art, entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections mostly contain advertising, comics and coupons. A wide range of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, arguments, obituaries amusement features such as crosswords, Sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, gossip, food and other columns; critical reviews of movies, plays and restaurants; classified advertisements; display advertisements, editorial cartoons and comic strips (Wikipedia). The new ICT (Information Communication Technology) came as both an opportunity and a risk from the point of view of the traditional printed newspapers. As a form of computer-aided communication, the WWW (World Wide Web) is equally a competition for the print media. Its technical potential greatly surpasses that of the printed newspapers in a number of ways. WWW has the advantages of being interactive, multimedia, of providing internal and external networks and offering selection functions, the possibility of regular updates, access to archives, rapid access to a large number of newspapers, and being paperless, thus creating no problems of waste disposal. One advantage left to newsprint is that reading it does not require any sophisticated, bulky technical equipment. This offers the reader a high level of flexibility: newsprint can basically be read in any place at any time. The reader can absorb the information offered at his own pace. Even the fact that the reader can touch and feel the printed paper while turning the pages may be of some importance.

On the one hand, WWW presents a threat to the traditional distribution system; on the other hand it gives publishing houses the opportunity to offer up-to-date information, advertisements and additional services via a further communication channel (Van Oostendorp 1998). The aim of this write-up is to take a look on the newspapers published from different states of India and in different languages with problems and prospects History with of respect newspapers to in access. India

Newspapers in India started with William Bolts, an ex-employee of the British East India Company who attempted to start the first newspaper in India in 1776. In 1780, James Augustus Hicky started Bengal Gazette, a two-sheet newspaper that publicised the private lives of the sahibs of the Company. In the newspaper, Hicky even dared to mount insulting attacks on the governor- general and chief justice, for which he was sentenced to one year in prison and fined Rs 5, 000, which finally drove him to poverty. These were the first tentative steps of journalism in India. B. Messink Welby and Peter Reed were workable publishers of the India Gazette, unlike their infamous predecessors. The colonial establishment started the Calcutta Gazette. It was followed by another private initiative, the Bengal Journal. The Madras Courier was started in 1785 in the southern stronghold of Madras. Richard Johnson, its founder, was a government printer. Madras got its second newspaper when, in 1791, Hugh Boyd, who was the editor of the Courier quit and founded the Hurkaru. Tragically for the paper, it ceased publication when Boyd passed away within a year of its founding. It was only in 1795 that competitors to the Courier emerged with the founding of the Madras Gazette followed by the India Herald. The latter was an unauthorized publication, which led to the deportation of its founder Humphreys. The Madras Courier was designated the purveyor of official information in the

Presidency. In 1878, The Hindu was founded, and played a vital role in promoting the cause of Indian independence from the colonial yoke. Its founder, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, was a lawyer, and his son, K Srinivasan assumed editorship of this pioneering newspaper during the first half of the 20th century. Bombay surprisingly was a late starter. The Bombay Herald came into existence in 1789. Significantly, a year later a paper called The Courier started carrying advertisements in Gujarati. The first media merger of sorts happened with The Bombay Gazette, which was started in 1791, merging with The Bombay Herald the following year. Like, The Madras Courier, this new entity was recognized as the publication to carry official notifications and advertisements. Compared with many other developing countries, the Indian press has flourished since independence and exercises a large degree of independence (Stephens 2008). Among the newspapers from Bengal, Yugantar and Amritbazar Patrika played a crucial role in freedom struggle. Today India has more than 2000 daily newspapers with a combined circulation of 88 million and some of leading dailies are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Telegraph, Asian Age, Indian Express, The Economic Times, The Pioneer and many more. With the introduction of the internet, webbased newspapers have also started online-only publications. In India, major newspapers went online to provide latest and most updated news from them. Some newspapers even provide e-paper which is regarded as the digital replica of the newspaper. The demand for online newspapers has been increasing for the past few years with the growing reach of internet. Indias 70,000,000 internet users comprise approximately 6.0 percent of the countrys population and about 4,010,000 people in India have access to broadband internet as of 2008 figures. An online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper, is a newspaper that exists on the WWW or internet, either separately or as an online

version of a printed periodical. Going online created more opportunities for newspapers in presenting breaking news in a timely manner. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-established newspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers, are also seen by many in the newspaper industry as strengthening their chances of survival. The movement away from the printing process can also help decrease costs. Online newspapers are much like hardcopy newspapers and have the same legal boundaries, such as laws regarding libel, privacy and copyright, also apply to online publications in most countries, like in the UK (Wikipedia). Some newspapers have attempted to integrate the internet into every aspect of their operations, i.e., reporters writing stories for both print and online, and classified advertisements appearing in both media; others operate websites that are more distinct from the printed newspaper. Physically on the basis of publication policy, online newspapers are of three types

Online-only newspapers Online-only paper is a paper that does not have any hard copy connections. It is independent web-only newspaper.

Hybrid newspapers There are some newspapers which are predominantly an online newspaper, but also provide limited hard copy publishing.

Soft-copy news sheet A news sheet is a paper that is on one or two pages only. Soft-copy sheets are like online newspapers, in that they have to be predominantly news, not advert or gossip based. These sheets can be updated periodically or regularly, unlike a newspaper. They must also like a newspaper be regarded as a news outlet by media groups and governments.

There are some advantages of online newspapers for their users: online newspapers are still mostly free of charge, often updated throughout the day, easily accessible for everyone with an internet connection; and they can be visited while working at ones PC. As of 2009, the collapse of the traditional business model of print newspapers has led to various attempts to establish local, regional or national online-only newspapers - publications that do original reporting, rather than just commentary or summaries of reporting from other publications.

Gazettes and bulletins In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao,

circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao (Bulletin of the Court) of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty. In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In Early modern Europe the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to

convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (15001700) sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers. However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics. The newspaper has a weekly circulation of more than four thousand copies, but its offices are modest. One small room with bright blue walls houses the production team which comprises no fewer than seven people at any given time. The adjacent room, piled high with old editions, is the reception area hosting a steady stream of local businessmen and women here to take out advertisements. Advertisements are the lifeblood of this local newspaper and its pages are filled with classified postings for jobs and services. This is in stark contrast to that of many local newspapers in the US and the UK, which have been forced to shut down or scale back because of diminishing advertising income. "The story in India is quite different because local businesses are growing because of globalisation and opening up of the markets. Despite the hold the television industry has on the country, it is the print press which is attracting more advertisers, making up 47% of the overall share. In the past year alone, advertising spend for print media was worth $2.86bn (1.74bn). A recent industry analysis from KPMG and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) suggested that the value of the Indian newspaper industry has grown by two-thirds in the past six years.

Industrial Revolution

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute. Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript. Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience. In France, mile de Girardin started La Presse in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, August Zang, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with Die Presse (which was named for and frankly copied Girardin's publication)

Categories: While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the local gay community. A lot of Indian Media houses because of their sheer might and questionable ethics get away with very good deals for themselves and

leave the partners (typically small startups or technology providers) to eat the crumbs. An undernourished ecosystem is as good as dead. I have seen this behavior time and again in the large companies in India who treat smaller companies like dirt. This behavior is further re-inforced as self funded or poorly funded startups desperate for cash who are not mature enough to understand contracts or hire lawyers to help understand the contracts simply sign on the dotted line. Very soon these startups die and the big Media house that just bet its core service on this company are now looking for other small startups to prey on. My message to startup founders is to be very vary of un-equitable partnerships. Have the courage to walk away from a bad deal. It doesnt matter how big or famous the partner you are working with is. In 2005, the total industry was worth $2.64bn dollars. This rose to $4.37bn in 2010. It is predicted to continue to rise at an annual rate of 10% between 2011-2014. The localisation of content and the introduction of specific pullouts, such as wedding supplements and womens' sections, is one reason why newspapers continue to pull in advertisers. More than 107 million copies of newspapers were circulated daily across India in 2009, according to the World Association of Newspapers, and it's estimated that one in every five daily newspapers in the world is published in the country. Increased literacy is one reason for the rise in newspaper readership in India - not just in English language titles but in regional languages. Almost one-third of India's 579 million literate population is said to read a newspaper now, according to KPMG analysis. Across India there are hundreds of titles in regional dialects. The country's two top-selling newspapers are Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar, according to the Media Research Users Council. Both are published in Hindi and continue to attract readers and revenue.

The paper had a "virtual monopoly" in the English language newspaper market in Chennai, but in recent years other national newspapers such as the Times of India have started editions, associate editor of The Hindu.The paper now has a number of regional editions, which contain national content alongside pages of localised news relevant to the distribution area. "We're having to expand and open more editions,". "This is a large country so you need to have multiple printing centres. More and more newspapers are reaching out to places where they haven't before."Another reason for increased readership is the low cost of buying a newspaper. Pricing is at about a tenth of the price of a newspaper in America or in the UK so it's possible for an upper middleclass family to buy two or three newspapers a day." Internet has yet to fully penetrate the rural and less developed parts of India. While many newspaper markets have been hit by the growth of online journalism the outlook for Indian print media remains buoyant. The figures on the numbers of newspapers in India vary greatly, but it's believed there is thousands rather than hundreds of in them the country, with many more editions being added all the time. One of the key reasons is the low penetration of internet outside large urban centres. "India is considered among those developing countries that will last see the wrath of digital penetration because Internet penetration is still nascent and consumer migration has not yet happened,". In the West, the rise of the internet has been a driving factor in the demise of many print editions. Paul Gillin, who runs the website newspaperdeathwatch.org, says by one count he saw more than 200 weeklies close in the US 2009 alone. While they are growing considerably and raking in the profits of India's rapid expansion, the newspapers in the country are well aware of the imminent threat posed by the web.

Daily: A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and occasionally Saturdays, and often of some national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office workers. Leadership has a Journalism background Most of the leadership in these companies is tenured gray haired journalists who paid their dues in the Print business and believe that the Internet model is very similar to the traditional print business. There isnt a single technology based Internet company that has had journalists as leaders. All of us saw the case of Terry Semel, the gray haired Media Industry Suit (not even a Journo) run Yahoo! to the ground. This breed believes in old school journalism and dont believe that Internet companies are all about delivering quality journalism using the the best technology. 2. Cannot disrupt their cash cow(Newspapers) Successful Internet companies were created when something was disrupted for something better, faster, cheaper. However, traditional media houses cannot even start to think of the inevitable end of their cash cow business. 3. Lack of appreciation for technology Since these companies are typically run by media industry suits or journalists and not the technologists who are viewed as the second class citizens in these

organizations, all critical decision making is handled by the the nontechie kind. 4. Inability to qualify, attract, retain talent since the management of these companies is so caught up in promoting their own kind (media suits or journalists), they cannot attract good technical talent to create and run their own Internet Service.

National Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. Some national newspapers, such as The Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal, are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many national newspapers in the INDIA, but only few in the United States and Canada. In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such, The New York Times is available throughout the country. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources. The inspiring examples of creativity and guts shining through, a sense of gloom continues to pervade the print newspaper industry. By contrast, the newspaper business in India seems almost

embarrassingly in the pink of health. Over the past decade, aggregate circulations have grown at over 5% per annum and advertising revenues at upwards of 15% (despite the recent slowdown, from which the industry has bounced back with a spirited growth of more than 18%). Of course yes, but only in part. The print industry isn't merely riding an

overall economic boom. It is, in fact, growing faster than most other industries and faster than other media, including the far younger television industry. Over the decade, print has actually increased its overall revenue share within media! 1. Does print continue to thrive in India only because online hasn't as yet developed enough to seriously eat into its lunch? For a large part of the industry (especially Indian language newspapers) this is true. Yet for English newspapers, despite over 70% of readers having ready access to the Internet, the patronage of print continues relatively unabated. An extremely low cover price that ranges from a mere Rs 1.50 to Rs 5 (US$0.03 to US$0.10) per copy.

2. A system of direct distribution that enables some 50 million copies to be home-delivered on time, morning after morning.

3. A clear and palpable focus towards young readers, even at the risk of occasionally annoying the old. Over the next few weeks try and expand on each of these factors. But in this post, let's start with price. Indian newspapers today cost pretty much the same as they did 15 years ago despite inflation of over 400% in the same time period. At under US$0.05 (5 cents), the product is cheaper than in perhaps any other large newspaper market in the world. In many cases, newspapers cost less than the salvage price for old paper, making them effectively less expensive than free.

How did this happen? The trend was perhaps led by the company I work for (The Times of India), where we came to a realisation as early as in the mid-1990s that against the escalating onslaught from free newsmedia like television (Internet was yet to happen!), it was important to make the cover price of newspapers a virtual non-issue for readers. We had inherent faith that if we were able to build a large enough readership, advertising would pay for it. We were willing to jettison the stream of circulation revenue for the sake of maximising advertising revenue. And this bet has clearly paid off handsomely. From time to time such as after the global downturn of late 2008 several newspapers get tempted to raise cover prices as an immediate way out of their difficulties. Given the reader loyalty which print tends to enjoy in the short-run, this could well be argued as sound pragmatism.

Online Virtually all printed newspapers have online editions, which depending on the country may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in the INDIA. But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable, Web-based newspapers have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporter in the INDIA and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and went online only. Another popular way seen to enter into other territories quickly has been by acquisitions, like Times of India group acquired Bangalore-based publishing house, Vijayanand Printers to tap the southern market. The Vijay Times group was comparatively a newcomer to the industry, with its promoters coming from the transport business, but with good political background. Soon, Times of India group launched its Kannada daily The Times of India Kannada in Bangalore.

Its really surprising that how fierce competitors join hands to form new strategies - first it was in collective marketing campaigns and now a joint newspaper as well. As a new marketing alliance, Business Standard has tied up with Desh Pardes Ni AajKaal, a Gujarati evening newspaper, for advertising combination. This step has been taken to grow the circulation of Business Standard in Saurashtra and Kutch regions. Hindustan Times and Times of India jointly launched a newspaper Metro Now, a morning tabloid targeted at the age group of 18-30 years. Metro Now is published by Metropolitan Media; a 50:50 joint venture between HT Media and The Times of India group. Even though the tabloids have not been very successful in the past, specially in Delhi, but this market is now set to experience world-class changes as three major tabloids are lined up for Delhi region alone - first it was Metro Now and recently Mid Day group has relaunched its afternoon tabloid Mid Day Delhi on the same content lines as Mid Day Mumbai. Both the newspapers are targeted at the young readers who are regularly on the move. Besides, the Times of India group is set to launch Bangalore Mirror, another tabloid for the IT city Bangalore. In terms of adopting new technologies, the newspapers have realized that customer is the king and amidst so many choices, readers would go for newspapers that are more readerspecific, content-rich and give value for money. The blackand- white technology is becoming pass whether it is a mobile phone or a newspaper. Today, readers prefer all-colour editions and more and more newspapers have come out with all-colour editions. This has necessitated the newspaper publishers to opt for CtP technology, which by default has improved the print quality and reduced the waste percentage. Besides, the newspapers are also going in for makeover of their publications, in terms of layout, font and sometimes even masthead. For this, they are spending substantial money and are even

taking help of international designers. The cut-off size 546 mm is preferred over 578 mm, which has resulted in savings in newsprint cost. The price of the newspapers also dwindled and some newspapers even went to the extent of offering their newspaper at Re 1 only. The newly launched Metro Now newspaper is also offered for a cover price of Re 1 only and provides 40 pages in colour and 8 in black-and-white. All these trends have facilitated a lot of business potential to press manufacturers and consumable suppliers like that of ink, plates and newsprint. The web press manufacturers in India have been keeping themselves busy round-theclock. Infact, a few of these manufacturers gained presence in international markets as well. The largest Indian web press manufacturer Manugraph went a step further by acquiring USbased Dauphin Graphic Machines (DGM), which is a leading manufacturer of single-width web offset presses in the 4-page segment. Top newspapers in India are now opting for high-speed web presses like that of Goss, MAN Roland, Mitsubishi and mailroom systems from Ferag and Muller Martini. However, the majority of newspapers are continuing their production on indigenously produced equipment. With this impressive growth in the industry, it is high time that the highend manufacturers from developed countries may enter into India either in collaboration with local manufacturers or independently to tap the growing demand. Infact, a little bird has informed that a leading foreign manufacturer is in talks with a local web press manufacturer to jointly set up a new manufacturing facility in India. It would indeed be a major step in this industry and the effect would be for all of us to see. Quality has become an important factor in the industry and Indian newspapers are continuously investing in quality control equipments. The demand for automatic registration control systems has increased to the extent

that leading manufacturer QI Press Controls is planning to come up with manufacturing activities in India.

Customized A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction

of individualization through on-demand

printing technologies.

Customized newspapers allow the reader to create their individual newspaper through the selection of individual pages from multiple publications. This Best of approach allows reviving the print-based model and opens up a new distribution channel to increase coverage beneath the usual boundaries of distribution. Customized newspapers online have been offered by MyYahoo, I-Google, CRAYON, ICurrent.com, Kibboko.com, Twitter.times and many others. There has been a frenzy of activities in the Indian newspaper industry - some eye it with pleasure, some with anxiety, but this spur of fresh developments is continuing. New editions, new titles, all-colour pages, acquisitions and mergers, internal co-operation...these are just a few of the happenings that have transformed the entire scenario. Undoubtedly, the newspaper industry is in its full bloom, posing a win-win situation for everyone...newspaper publishers, readers, advertisers, web offset manufacturers, consumable suppliers, etc. Such is the potential of the Indian newspaper industry that come September and Ifra is set to organize IfraExpo for the first time in India.

Newspapers shape the nation and it holds true for India as well. Even before India got independence, newspapers played a major role in spreading the issue of independence. Today, India has over 300 big newspapers, besides hundreds of medium and small-sized ones. And the number is increasing almost everyday as existing newspapers bring out new editions apart from new players joining the bandwagon. More recently, Metro International, Sweden is in talks with ABP group to launch their daily Metro in India. The negotiations are on and very soon the deal would be done. Similarly, UK based Associated Newspapers and India Today Group have entered into a joint venture to launch the Daily

Mail in India. With such international newspapers foraying into the Indian market, the future of the newspaper industry at large, looks promising. Little doubt then that Ifra is set to hold its popular event IfraExpo for the first time in India (September 4- 6, 2007, Chennai). Till now, IfraExpo was held only in Europe.

There was a time when select group of newspapers were ruling a particular region and they all were self-contained and did not wish to foray into other regions. For example, Hindustan Times was confined to Delhi region, The Hindu in Chennai region, while Tribune was dedicated to Ambala (later Chandigarh), Anandabazar Patrika was confined in West Bengal and Bhaskar in Gujarat and so on.

But lately, the scenario has completely changed, probably marked with Times group spreading its wings across other territories; for example, the Times of India added a number of new editions and the recent one being their Nagpur edition. The Indian Express group launched its Marathi daily Loksatta in Bangalore and Hyderabad. Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd launched the Chennai edition of Deccan Chronicle and they are now planning to bring out a Bangalore edition as well. HT Media Ltd launched a new edition in Kolkata and lately in Mumbai. Regional newspapers like Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Rajasthan Patrika, Amar Ujala, etc have also started spreading their hold over B class cities by bringing out regionspecific editions. Close on the heels of launching its Amritsar and Jalandhar editions, the Bhaskar group launched an edition in Sagar, Madhya Pradesh and more recently Gorakhpur, UP. After launching its Rajkot edition, Divya Bhaskar launched its Jamnagar edition, making it Jamnagars first ever Gujarati morninger. They also launched an edition in Anand. Amar Ujala launched its Gorakhpur edition, which was followed by an edition in Aligarh. Nai Dunia, the Hindi daily, launched its Bilaspur edition, which will soon be followed by

Jabalpur and Bhopal editions. Rajasthan Patrika launched a Hindi paper Daily News in Jaipur. Sahara Group launched its Urdu daily, Roznama Rashtriya Sahara in Bangalore, which will be followed by the launch of its Srinagar edition, besides specific editions for Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The Sahara group also launched the Kanpur and Dehradoon editions of their popular Hindi daily Rashtriya Sahara. More recently, the Hindi daily, Punjab Kesari forayed into Hisar. Jagran Prakashan Limited launched I-next, the first bilingual newspaper in the country, targeting readers in the age group of 18-35 years. The paper was launched in Lucknow and Kanpur and the company has plans to launch the brand in 5 more mini metros of North India. More recently, The Tribune launched its Himachal Pradesh edition; it is notable that it is their fourth edition after Chandigarh, Delhi and Jalandhar.

Business newspapers have also branched into new editions in newer territories. Financial Express, the business daily, launched its Pune edition while Business Standard launched its Bhubaneshwar edition. Another business newspaper (20 pages colour and 4 pages blackandwhite) launched was Mint from the Hindustan Times group in Delhi and Mumbai. After these two cities, HT Media plans to launch Mint in Kolkata and Chandigarh, giving competition to Economic Times from Times of India group. DNA Money launched its Ahmedabad edition for the Gujarati businessmen and also a stand-alone Mumbai edition, even though it continues to be available as a supplement along with the main paper DNA in Mumbai. DNA Money is planning to bring out its Jaipur edition as well. The Times Group has launched a Gujarati language edition of The Economic Times.

Organizational and personal: In the United States, the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher. In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher. Although he or she rarely or perhaps never writes stories, the publisher is legally responsible for the contents of the entire newspaper and also runs the business, including hiring editors, reporters, and other staff members. This title is less common outside the U.S. The equivalent position in the film industry and television news shows is the executive producer. Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itselfeditorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other namesas well as the non-newspaper-specific departments also found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT. Throughout the English-speaking world, the person who selects the content for the newspaper is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on are common. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports. These divisions are called news bureaus or desks, and each is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors copy edit the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with proofreaders and fact checkers.

Reporters are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers. Photographers and graphic artists provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a beat, such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences. Printers and press operators physically print the newspaper. Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an offset web press (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers) and also because a small newspaper's print run might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. If the newspaper offers information online, webmasters and web designers may be employed to upload stories to the newspaper's website. The staffs of the circulation department liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by newspaper carriers, at retailers, and through vending machines. Free newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sells space to clients such as local businesses, but also help advertisers design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may include graphic designers, who design ads according to the customers' specifications and the department's policies. In an advertising-free newspaper, there is no advertising department.

Zoned and other edition:

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel. Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the B section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal's global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning. Newspapers are usually printed on cheap, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing. In printing to addition, higherdesktop have quality, four-color computers, word cameras and process, offset processing

software, graphics

software, digital

digital prepress and typesetting technologies

revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.

Circulation and readership: The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspapers circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free). A common measure of a newspapers health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the papers market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasnt until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent. Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a work week subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

Advertising: A newspaper typically generates 7080% of its revenue

from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. The business model of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing and distributing newspapers (and, it is always hoped, the making of a profit) rather than having subscribers cover the full cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by The Sun, a daily paper that was published in New York City. Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York daily at the time, they charged 1 cent, and depended on advertising to make up the difference. Newspapers in countries with easy access to the web have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now. Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including Craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile. In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most

commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story.

Impact of television and internet: By the late 1990s, the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and the business then the Internet posed most an ongoing in challenge to model of newspapers developed countries.

Paid circulation has declined, while advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of most newspapers income has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience. However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers continue to grow. On April 10, 1995, The American Reporter became the first daily newspaper, with its own paid reporters around the world and all-original content, to start on the Internet. The editor-in-chief and founder is Joe Shea. The site is owned by 400 journalists. The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risenespecially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001. Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has squeezed older print publishers. The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits,[ and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue. At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete newspapers in their traditional format. Reading

newspaper print has a lower impact on global warming than reading online, according to one of the world's leading paper-makers, because the impact of powering computers allegedly outweighs the impact of creating newsprint. Reading a newspaper has a lower impact on global warming than reading the news online for 30 minutes.

Future: People believe that the printed newspapers would not be replaced by the electronic newspapers. They believe that electronic newspapers would be supplementary to the printed copies. But the publishers believe that both print and online newspapers would flourish together. In general, Indian online newspapers seem to be more optimistic about their future. The current development of web newspapers is underlined by newspaper publishers desire to turn the internet into an opportunity to help reverse the trend in declining readership rather than a threat to the print newspaper. The newspaper industry seems to be more confident about the future with the development of online publishing. Publishers and online editors believe there is little chance for the print newspapers to be replaced by the electronic version. Instead, online publishing is seen as having the potential to open up broader prospects for the newspaper industry. The future of a new medium depends on whether it is simply a replica of an existing one and to what extent it can add value to it. In this regard, online newspapers clearly enjoy some advantages over the print newspapers. First and foremost, online newspapers are gradually building up a readership of their own. The readership of online newspapers is composed of a special group of newspaper readers who differ from those who read the same newspaper in its hard copy. They are more likely to be those who read more than their local daily and need to read other newspapers but do not have direct access to hard copies. Whatever the reasons, online newspaper

readers are more likely to help swell the ranks of existing readers rather than reduce them. Also, online newspapers provide new services that could not be a part of traditional newspapers. The searchable archive and classified ads can help each newspaper become an information databank in addition to its role as a deliverer of news. The hyperlinks have changed the newspaper from a single source of information into a hub of information networks without a clear ending point.

Challenges: The two-day fifth Annual South Asia Conference of INMA, held in Bengaluru on November 7-8, was attended by eminent media personalities. The theme of the conference was 'Roots and Wings: Strengthening Our Core Business and Exploring New Opportunities'. The conference focussed on the opportunities in the year ahead for South Asian newspapers that can help them achieve profits from the print business, but at the same time, give them a head start on the rapidly changing world in the digital market. The conference was attended by newspapers from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, where they discussed various ideas and innovations to grow newspaper advertising, circulation and brands, across titles and across consumer platforms. The conference aimed at bringing together the South Asian newspapers to learn from the best and address the issues that are common to all newspapers to make sure that the industry remains robust and work in tandem. The welcome address was given by Tariq Ansari, INMA South Asia president, and managing director Media Next, and I Venkat, conference moderator and director, Eenadu. The first presentation of the day 'New Oxygen, New Growth' by Earl J Wilkinson, executive director and CEO (chief executive officer), INMA discussed about how it is the time for newspapers to go on the offensive and be innovative and relevant. He shared some of the best ideas from newspapers worldwide and looked at how consumer perception of newspapers is changing, the role of social media and newspapers, as well as what advertisers want from the multi-media publishers.

Jehil Thakkar, head of media and entertainment practice, KPMG India, gave an industry overview on the challenges, growth opportunities, and new revenue drivers for the newspaper market. He talked about the potential for the industry to address new markets, both organically, and through mergers and acquisitions. The CEO Roundtable, 'Have We Reached An End To Readership Growth?' was moderated by Bhaskar Das, president, BCCL, and the panel included Sanjay Gupta, director, CEO and editor, Jagran Prakashan; Tariq Ansari; K N Tilak Kumar, joint managing director and editor, Deccan Herald, and Shahrukh Hasan, group managing director, Jang Group, Pakistan. They discussed that in the era of change that the newspapers are witnessing there is a need to navigate these changes in readership The session titled 'The Advertising Challenge: Space selling in the age of multiple platforms and the vanishing rate card', raised the question of how the rate card is virtually non-existent for television and its status in the print world is debatable. The panel included Bijou Kurien, president and chief executive, lifestyle, Reliance Retail, Jayen Mehta, general manager, marketing, Gujarat Co-Operative Milk Marketing Federation, Rohit Gupta, president, Sony Entertainment Television, Bhaskar Das of BCCL, Aritra Sarkar, vice-president, strategy, ABP, and Ambika Srivastava, chairperson, ZenithOptimedia and Vivaki Exchange. Madanmohan Rao, research director, Asian Media Information and Communication Centre, gave a presentation on 'Newspaper Advertising: Social media and mobile opportunities'. He talks about the rise of social media and community reporting, mobile media strategies for newspapers and revenue building through social and mobile ads. The last session of the day, 'Quick Ideas from Innovative South Asia Newspapers' had Akshay Jain, deputy GM, sales and market development, DB Corp, discuss Dainik Bhaskar Group's readership

strategy. He shared how the newspaper in the last two years, has moved from a circulation driven company to building meaningful readerrelationships. The second presentation of the Quick Ideas session, 'Good editorial content and credibility are good business also', was delivered by Harivansh, chief editor and K K Goenka, managing director, Prabhat Khabar. He talked about how Prabhat Khabar aims at bringing about a change in the development of Jharkhand state, and has established itself as a top newspaper here through its pro-active editorial which highlights readers' problems on corruption, health and education. The second day of the conference saw Ravi Dhariwal, president, INMA Worldwide and CEO, The Times of India, talk about the key opportunities in the media business -- mobile, digital, advertising and community. The session titled 'Digital Opportunity for Newspapers' was moderated by Raj Singh, managing director, 2ergo India. The panel included Rishi Khiani, CEO, Times Internet, Sanjeev Khaira, managing director, UBM India, and Sachin Kalbag, executive editor, Mid-Day Infomedia. The next session titled Community Opportunity for Newspapers, had Suresh Srinivasan, vice-president, The Hindu Group of Publications, share the campaign by the group. The Hindu contributed 2,75,000 books in five days to under-privileged children with the support of its Chennai readers. Mandir Tendolkar, vice-president, communications, Lokmat, talked about Lokmat Sakhi Manch, an initiative for women empowerment. Anshuman Tiwari, chief of national bureau, Dainik Jagran, talked about the Jan Jagran Campaign for Justice. The next presentation was by Robert Whitehead, director, marketing and newspaper sales, Fairfax Media, Australia, on 'Lessons From a Market In Transition'. South Asian newspapers were big winners at the 2011 INMA

Awards competition, and executives of the winning newspapers gave a brief overview of their award-winning campaigns, which included Hemant Somani, chief operating officer, Mint, who spoke about the launch of Mint Money, Ralph Fernandez, assistant marketing manager, Mid-Day, who shared the details of Mid-Day: Meter Down campaign, Alok Sanwal, CEO, editor and project head, Inext, who spoke about the Inext Bikeathon, and Ranjan Roy, associate editor, The Times of India, talked about Aman ki Asha.

RESEARCH APPROACH: Research approached can be qualitative, quantitative or both. The selection of the particular research approach depends on the kind of information required. Qualitative research collects, analyzes, and interprets data that cannot be meaningfully quantified, that is, summarized in the form of numbers. For this reason, qualitative research is sometimes referred to as soft research. Any study using nonstructured questioning or observation techniques can be labeled qualitative research. However, qualitative research typically studies relatively few respondents or units. In other words, a study of a large, representative sample would normally not be called qualitative research even if it used some non-structured questions or observations. The nonstructured and small-sample features of qualitative research techniques have an important implication. They are intended to provide initial

insights, ideas, or understanding about a problem, not to recommend a final course of action. Therefore, qualitative research techniques are most appropriate in situations in calling to for exploratory research. is Quantitative research, contrast qualitative research,

characterized by more structure and larger, more representative respondent samples. Consequently, the logical place for quantitative research techniques (usually in the form of large-scale questionnaire surveys or structured observations) is in conclusive research projects. A primary role of qualitative research is to generate hypotheses that can be tested through more formal research. In contrast, each of the situations under Quantitative Research calls for very specific data, capable of suggesting a final course of action. A primary role of quantitative research is to test hunches or hypotheses. These suggest that qualitative approach is a soft research approach in which collected data cannot be meaningfully quantified and more importantly in this approach non-structured research is conducted. But so far as quantitative research approach is concerned, through this approach structured research is conducted with approaching larger respondents and the collected data can be meaningfully quantified. As the present research required both observational information and quantifiable data therefore both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were put into application. RESEARCH METHOD The case study method is an in-depth examination of a unit of interest. By virtue of its insight-generating potential, the case study method is a useful method of research ,there are six sources that can be used to conduct a case study. These sources are: documents, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant observation and physical artifacts. Considering the above facts, in this research case study was

conducted with the help of interviewing a Senior marketing Foreign Direct Investment. The interview was structured in which 4 predefined open-ended questions were put before the interviewee. DATA COLLECTION Research data can be collected either in the form of secondary or primary or both. In this research both primary and secondary data were collected considering the required information Secondary Data Secondary Data usually factual information can be obtained through secondary data, that has already been collected from other sources and is readily available from those sources. The definition and characteristics of secondary data presented above suggest us that secondary data are data that have already been collected for purpose other than the problem in hand. Before detailing as how and what secondary data were collected in this research, in would be worth to examine the advantages and disadvantages of such data. Secondary data are easily accessible, relatively inexpensive, and quickly obtained. Some secondary data are available on topics where it would not be feasible for a firm to collect primary data. Although it is rare for secondary data to provide all the answers to a non-routine research problem, such data can be useful in a variety of ways. Secondary data can help you: Identify the problem, better define the problem, develop an approach to the problem, formulate an appropriate research design (for example, by identifying the key variables), answer certain research questions and test some hypotheses and interpret primary data more insightfully. Because secondary data have been collected for purposes other than the problem at hand, their usefulness to the current problem

may be limited in several important ways, including relevance and accuracy. The objectives, nature, and methods used to collect the secondary data may not be appropriate to the present situation. Also, secondary data may be lacking in accuracy, or they may not be completely current or dependable. Before using secondary data, it is important to evaluate them on these factors. Although so many handicaps are associated with the secondary data, but such data were found useful in this research as identifying the problem, developing approach to the problem, answering some research questions and interpreting primary data. Secondary data was collected from reports Foreign Direct Investment. Other secondary data sources were journals, newspapers and websites. Primary Data Primary data is collected for the specific purpose of addressing the problem at hand. The collection of primary data involves various steps. Thus obtaining primary data can be expensive and time consuming. These suggest that primary data are those data that are collected for the particular purpose of research in hand. The disadvantage of collecting primary data is that it is lengthy and resource and time consuming process (in comparison of secondary data), but the advantage of primary data is that they are first hand information and comparatively more reliable (than secondary data). A researcher originates primary data for the specific purpose of addressing the problem at hand. The collection of primary data involves all six steps of the marketing research process. Obtaining primary data can be expensive and time consuming. The definition of primary data presented above suggests us primary data are those data that are collected for the particular purpose of research in hand. The

disadvantage of collecting primary data is that they are lengthy and resource and time consuming process (in comparison of secondary data), but the advantage of primary data is that they are first hand information that are comparatively more reliable (than secondary data). Primary data can be collected from various sources and methods that are case studies, observation, questionnaire survey and interview. In this study primary data was collected through interview method that has already been mentioned above. DATA ANALYSIS Before analyzing a data set using sophisticated techniques, a researcher should get a feeling for what the data are like. The purpose of preliminary data analysis is to reveal features of the basic composition of the data collected. It can also provide useful insights pertaining to the research objectives and suggest meaningful approaches for further analysis of the data. Preliminary data analysis examines the percentage on each variable in the data set. In accordance with the above prescription of data analysis, firstly all the collected data were coded and arranged in a systematic manner and then analyzed in accordance with the research objectives.

Analysis:

1: By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way.

40 30 20 10 0 Series1 yes 33 no 17

Out of 50 respondents 33 respondents say yes to By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way and 17 respondents say no to By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South, published newspapertype publications though not all of them developed in the same way.

2: At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area.

S1

yes

no

Out of 50 respondents 31 respondents say yes to At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area and 19 respondents say no to At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area.

3: The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices.

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Se rie s1 ye s 29 no 21 28

Out of 50 respondents 29 respondents say yes to The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices and 21 respondents say no to The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices

4: Although there is a huge potential for growth online, print remains the largest source of revenue generation for newspaper publishers, and will continue to be so for some time.

27 26 25 24 23 22 21
Series1 yes 27 no 23

Out of 50 respondents 27 respondents say yes to Although there is a huge potential for growth online, print remains the largest source of revenue generation for newspaper publishers, and will continue to be so for some time and 23 respondents say no to Although there is a huge potential for growth online, print remains the largest source of revenue generation for newspaper publishers, and will continue to be so for some time.

5: Newspapers have a long-term future and will coexist with other media. However this is unlikely to be either in the formats or volumes seen today and there will some casualties and losses of well-known papers along the way.

28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
yes no

Out of 50 respondents 23 respondents say yes to Newspapers have a long-term future and will coexist with other media. However this is unlikely to be either in the formats or volumes seen today and there will some casualties and losses of well-known papers along the way and 27 respondents say no to Newspapers have a long-term future and will coexist with other media. However this is unlikely to be either in the

formats or volumes seen today and there will some casualties and losses of well-known papers along the way.

6: Consumers place high value on the deep insight and analysis provided by journalists over and above general or breaking news stories.

50 40 30 20 10 0
yes no S eries 1

Out of 50 respondents 42

respondents say yes to

Consumers place

high value on the deep insight and analysis provided by journalists over and above general or breaking news stories and 8 respondents say no to Consumers place high value on the deep insight and analysis provided by journalists over and above general or breaking news stories.

7: Consumers see breaking news and general interest news as commodities, but there is always a market for high value online content in specific topics.

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 yes no Series2

Out of 50 respondents 36 respondents say yes to Consumers see breaking news and general interest news as commodities, but there is always a market for high value online content in specific topics and 14 respondents say no to Consumers see breaking news and general interest news as commodities, but there is always a market for high value online content in specific topics

8: Consumer research indicates that consumers are willing to pay for this content, but newspapers need to develop strategies for monetising their content and intellectual capital.

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 yes Series1 no

Out of 50 respondents 41 respondents say yes to Consumer research indicates that consumers are willing to pay for this content, but newspapers need to develop strategies for monetising their content and intellectual capital and 9 respondents say no to Consumer research indicates that consumers are willing to pay for this content, but newspapers need to develop strategies for monetising their content and intellectual capital.

9: Newspapers have been able to earn their readers' trust and loyalty, giving them the opportunity to both lead and follow audiences as they migrate online and into the use of portable electronic media.

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
yes no

Out of 50 respondents 38 respondents say yes to Newspapers have been able to earn their readers' trust and loyalty, giving them the opportunity to both lead and follow audiences as they migrate online and into the use of portable electronic media and 12 respondents say no to Newspapers have been able to earn their readers' trust and loyalty,

giving them the opportunity to both lead and follow audiences as they migrate online and into the use of portable electronic media

10: Indeed, with the core principles of deep analysis and trusted editorial, the medium is secondary to the brand.

50 40 30 20 10 0 Series1 yes 44 no 6

Out of 50 respondents 44 respondents say yes to Indeed, with the core principles of deep analysis and trusted editorial, the medium is secondary to the brand and 6 respondents say no to Indeed, with the core principles of deep analysis and trusted editorial, the medium is secondary to the brand.

11:

Use of video in online news sites gives the feel of a TV-like

experience (consumers favourite medium for news) giving newspaper brands the opportunity to secure online audiences beyond their print readership and into the television audience more generally.

40 30 20 10 0 Series1

yes 39

no 11

Out of 50 respondents 39 respondents say yes to Use of video in online news sites gives the feel of a TV-like experience (consumers favourite medium for news) giving newspaper brands the opportunity to secure online audiences beyond their print readership and into the television audience more generally and 11 respondents say no to Use of video in online news sites gives the feel of a TV-like experience (consumers

favourite medium for news) giving newspaper brands the opportunity to secure online audiences beyond their print readership and into the television audience more generally.

12: Newspaper publishers have responded to the economic downturn by increasing their focus on cost reduction.

50 40 30 20 10 0
Series1 yes 43 no 7

Out of 50 respondents 43 respondents say yes to Newspaper publishers have responded to the economic downturn by increasing their focus on cost reduction and 7 respondents say no to Newspaper publishers have responded to the economic downturn by increasing their focus on cost reduction.

FINDINGS:

The cost of starting an online newspaper is much lower than that of starting a traditional print newspaper. For newspapers already available in a print version, the added cost for maintaining an online version is really minimal. Considering the limitless space provided by the internet and the increasing cost of newsprint, online publishing is much more cost effective.

The countrys population today has crossed 1.1 billion; out of them almost 70 percent live in rural areas. The literacy rate which was around 17 percent at the dawn of independence, stood as 66 percent as per census of 2001 and would have further improved since. In absolute numbers, people are gradually rising above the poverty line and with passage of time, more literate and educated people and economic growth are reasonably expected. This change and progress will improve capacity to purchase and read. Though the computer literacy rate is still very low and only 6.12 percent of total population are computer educated. More people want to gain computer literacy with time (Lalwani 2009). Probably in near future more people will get accustomed to live and work in a networked environment.

Government of India now gives emphasis on the development of infrastructure including ICT. This will create facilitate spread of the online newspapers.

An online newspaper has some advantages which include:

o

given the short concentration span of internet users, concise text captures more attention; forums create an environment where people entertain people, making the media a sideshow; feelings expressed in the forum cannot be matched by journalistic interpretation and writing skills; the internet users include an untapped generation of nonreaders who will try everything, only once, which makes scouting for them out not worth the effort.

These advantages plus others will no doubt give online newspapers enough reasons to stay and be further explored. Indian online newspapers can adopt these advantages to increase their readership base. Recommendation:

The number one problem with online newspapers published from India is the font problem. Basically the problem arises in the case of Indic languages. Sometimes people need special software to read these newspapers. It is not possible for everyone to download software for each newspaper in a particular language. For example, one person can read Anandabazar Patrika by downloading Bitstreams Web Font Player software. But to read

Bartaman Patrika, he/ she have to download another software though both are in Bengali language.

The second problem is the presence of loud and stylistically unpredictable advertisements on the main page. Readers dont visit these sites to be overwhelmed by hectic colours and dizzying arrays of advertisements. Rather, they visit to read news and be informed. These ads distract and they destroy the design and the layout of the pages. The worst offenders are animated advertisements. Trying to read the headlines with one of these animated advertisements next to it is like trying to read the headlines of a real newspaper within a fish market.

In almost every case the layout and design of online newspapers is very poor. Very few online newspapers employ intelligent use of grid, colour and content hierarchy. Most have a flat aspect with no visual clues as to how the page and its information are supposed to be consumed.

With most online newspapers, the site navigation is horribly confusing and inconsistent. Furthermore, the link text on the page is often disguised, easily confused with nonlink text, and provides little or no visual feedback when used.

Online newspapers often have questionable typography and paragraph configuration. Some have quite a horrible mismatch of font styles, coupled with poor font selection. Proper typography is more important in the lowresolution online environment than it is in the high-resolution environment of print. Too often, online newspapers have bad lineheight (leading) in their paragraph copy, making it more difficult to read on the monitor.

Although the internet can help online publishers save the cost of printing and delivering the hardcopy newspaper, online newspapers have yet to generate sizeable revenues by charging their readers.

In India, ICT infrastructure is very poor. To access online newspaper the first thing we need is a computer with internet connection. It has been found that most of the villages in our country do not have any internet connection. Electrical power supply is also erratic.

Conclusion: New technologies can bring new opportunities as well as threats to existing media. The newspapers play an important role in crystallizing public opinion. The forums, chat facilities and e-mail contacts allow greater interactivity among the community members and between the readers and editors than the traditional print newspapers (Bogart 1985). As far as business is concerned, very few online papers are actually making money. Compared with the print paper, the online paper is clearly at a disadvantage in maintaining the traditional sources of newspaper revenues - advertising and subscription charges. Newspaper advertisers are mainly interested in local customers within their reach, but online readership tends to be away from the local market. Only multinational corporations and companies catering to the international

market may find the online paper useful to carry their advertisements. As a result, small local online newspapers find it hard to generate advertising revenues. It may be still too early to conclude that advertising will not become a major source of revenue for online papers. On the one hand, it takes time for advertisers to assess the online readership and the effectiveness of online advertising. On the other hand, online newspapers have to make full use of the advantages provided by the internet to offer better services for advertisers. For instance, the limitless space provided by the internet will allow advertisers to have their ads carried by online papers for as long as necessary. As a result, it may be more cost effective to advertise in online papers than in the print. In addition, online search engines will also make it more convenient for readers to select what they need. As far as subscription is concerned, the situation is not optimistic for online papers. The internet culture is characterized by free information. Some newspapers are limited to certain uses such as access to archives. There should not be fixed means for online papers to generate revenues but papers with a large readership base and more specialized orientation tend to be more successful with advertising and subscription charges while smaller papers tend to rely on Internet services for revenues. Considering the relatively small amount of costs for online papers and the additional benefits brought about by online papers such as promoting the print product, online papers should not be considered simply as money losing operations by the publishers. If online publishers can focus on turning out a value-added product rather than a replica of their print product, online papers will become cost effective operations with the development of new technologies and growth of the internet community. That probably explains why few online papers have closed shop since they were started.

An online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper, is a newspaper that exists on the world wide web or internet, either separately or as an online version of a printed periodical. Going online created more opportunities for newspapers in presenting breaking news in a timelier manner. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-established newspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers, are also seen by many in the newspaper industry as strengthening their chances of survival. The movement away from the printing process can also help decrease costs. Indian newspapers have 230 years of history and the first newspaper the weekly Bengal Gazette, also known as Hickys Gazette was published in January 1780 by James Augustus Hicky, an Englishman. India has more than 2000 newspapers in 21 languages with a combined circulation of 88 million, and some of leading dailies are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Malayala Manorama Dainik Jagran, The Telegraph, Asian Age, Indian Express, Economics Times, The Pioneer and many more. Indian newspapers cater to the demand for information on local issues, politics, events, celebrations, people and business. Information about holidays, vacations, resorts, real estate and property together, finance, stock market and investments reports, theatre, movies, culture, entertainment, activities and events are all covered in Indian newspapers. In India, major newspapers went online to provide latest and most updated news to the net savvy people. Some newspapers even provide e-paper which is regarded as the digital replica of the newspaper. The demand for online newspapers has been increasing for the past few years with the growing reach of internet. Indias more than seventy million internet users comprise approximately six percent of the countrys population and about four million people in India have access

to broadband internet as of 2008 figures. Online newspapers are much like hard-copy newspapers and have the same legal boundaries, such as laws regarding libel, privacy and copyright.

Reference: www.developmentchannel.org/.../1143-indian-newspaper-industry-

www.theviewspaper.net/is-indian-newspaper-industry-flourishing-orfloun www.crisil.com/Ratings/Commentary/.../newspaperindustry0502.pdf www.allaboutnewspapers.com/april07/story1.htm www.ey.com Home Industries Media & Entertainment www.asianwindow.com/tag/indias-newspaper-industry/ www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/newspaper-business-india www.thinkindia.net.in/.../newspapers-why-indias-newspaper-industry www.indiannewspapersociety.org/aboutins.htm www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:mcomm

Questionnaire:

1: By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way. Yes.. No.. 2: At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area. Yes.. No.. 3: The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices. Yes.. No.. 4: Although there is a huge potential for growth online, print remains the largest source of revenue generation for newspaper publishers, and will continue to be so for some time. Yes.. No.. 5: Newspapers have a long-term future and will coexist with other media. However this is unlikely to be either in the formats or volumes seen today and there will some casualties and losses of well-known papers along the way. Yes.. No..

6: Consumers place high value on the deep insight and analysis provided by journalists over and above general or breaking news stories. Yes.. No.. 7: Consumers see breaking news and general interest news as commodities, but there is always a market for high value online content in specific topics. Yes.. No.. 8: Consumer research indicates that consumers are willing to pay for this content, but newspapers need to develop strategies for monetising their content and intellectual capital. Yes.. No..

9: Newspapers have been able to earn their readers' trust and loyalty, giving them the opportunity to both lead and follow audiences as they migrate online and into the use of portable electronic media. Yes.. No..

10: Indeed, with the core principles of deep analysis and trusted editorial, the medium is secondary to the brand. Yes.. No..

11:

Use of video in online news sites gives the feel of a TV-like

experience (consumers favourite medium for news) giving newspaper brands the opportunity to secure online audiences beyond their print readership and into the television audience more generally. Yes.. No.. 12: Newspaper publishers have responded to the economic downturn by increasing their focus on cost reduction. Yes..