Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design
Page 1 of 19
Follow Us on FacebookSubscribe via RSS FeedsFollow Us on Twitter What is Civil Engineering? Blogging of Civil Engineering, Construction Work and Higher Learning
Home About Contact Contents Guest Policy
To search, type and hit enter

by Civil-Guy on May 12, 2010 in Materials Testing
Concrete Imaging www.GroundHound.com High Resolution Concrete Scanning Floors Walls Ceilings Beams Columns Ready Mix www.commandalkon.com Batching, dispatching, mix design software for the concrete industry. Commercial Construction LTIConstruction.com A Complete Solution to Restaurant, Office, and Retail Development - FL Concrete Floor Patch www.floorpatch.com A polyester floor repair product fills cracks,resurfaces,slip-proof
Concrete mix designs is best defined as a process in selecting suitable ingredients, which is cement, aggregate, sand and water, and determining their relative proportions to give the required strength, workability and durability. The mix designs, which is a performance specification stating required strength and minimum cement content but leaving the grading and details of the concrete mix design to be work out.
Ads by Google
Concrete Mix
Concrete Test
Mix Concrete
Concrete
Objective of Concrete Mix Design
http://www.civilcraftstructures.com/materials-testing/steps-of-concrete-mix-design/
22-Mar-2012
Page 2 of 19
Concrete Mixer Drum type 140L Two main objectives for concrete mix design: To determine the proportions of concrete mix constituents of; Cement, Fine aggregate (or normally Sand), Coarse aggregate, and Water. To produce concrete of the specified properties. To produce a satisfactory of end product, such as beam, column or slab as economically as possible.
Theory of Mix Designs

The Process of Concrete Mix Design The method of concrete mix design applied here is in accordance to the method published by the Department of Environment, United Kingdom (in year 1988). There are two categories of initial information required: 1. Specified variables; the values that are usually found in specifications. 2. Additional information, the values normally available from the material supplier. Reference data consists of published figures and tables is required to determine the design values including; Mix parameters such as target mean strength, water-cement ratio and concrete density. Unit proportions such as the weight of materials. The design process can be divided into 5 primary stages. Each stage deals with a particular aspect of the concrete mix design: Stage 1: Determining the Free Water/ Cement Ratio i) Specify the required characteristic strength at a specified age, fc ii) Calculate the margin, M. M=kxs .. [ F1 ]
where; k = A value appropriate to the defect percentage permitted below the characteristic strength. [ k = 1.64 for 5 %
22-Mar-2012
Page 3 of 19
defect ] s = The standard deviation (obtained from CCS 1).
CCS 1: Approximate compressive strength (N/mm2) of concrete mixes made with a free-water/cement ratio of 0.5 iii) Calculate the target mean strength, fm fm = fc + M .. [ F2 ]
where; fm = Target mean strength fc = The specified characteristic strength iv) Given the type of cement and aggregate, use the table of CCS 1 to obtain the compressive strength, at the specified age that corresponds to a free water/cement ratio of 0.5.
22-Mar-2012
Page 4 of 19
CCS 4: Relationship between compressive strength and free-water/ cement ratio. v) In figure CCS 4, follow the starting line to locate the curve which passes through the point (the compressive strength for water/cement ratio of 0.5). To obtain the required curve representing the strength, it is necessary to interpolate between the two curves in the figure. At the target mean strength draw horizontal line crossing the curve. From this point the required free water/cement ratio can be determined. Stage 2: Determining the Free-Water Content
22-Mar-2012
Page 5 of 19
CCS 2: Approximate free-water contents (kg/m3) required to give various levels of workability. Given the Concrete Slump or Vebe time, determine the free water content from table CCS 2. Stage 3: Determining the Cement Content Cement Content = Free Water Content / Free-water or Cement Ratio .. [ F3 ]
The resulting value should be checked against any maximum or minimum value that may be specified. If the calculated cement content from F3 is below a specified minimum, this minimum value must be adopted resulting in a reduced water/cement ratio and hence a higher strength than the target mean strength. If the calculated cement content is higher than a specified maximum, then the specified strength and workability simultaneously be met with the selected materials; try to change the type of cement, the type and maximum size of the aggregate. Stage 4: Determining the Total Aggregate Content This stage required the estimate of the density of fully compacted concrete which is obtained from figure CCS 5. This value depends upon the free-water content and the relative density of the combined aggregate in the saturated surface-dry condition. If no information is available regarding the relative density of the aggregate, an approximation can be made by assuming a value of 2.6 for un-crushed aggregate and 2.7 for crushed aggregate.
22-Mar-2012
Page 6 of 19
CCS 5: Estimated wet density of fully compacted concrete. With the estimate of the density of the concrete the total aggregate content is calculated using equation F4: Total Aggregate Content = D C W .. [ F4 ]
where; D = The wet density of concrete ( in kg/m3) C = The cement content (in kg/m3) W = The free-water content (in kg/m3) Stage 5: Determining of The Fine and Coarse Aggregate Contents This stage involves deciding how much of the total aggregate should consist of materials smaller than 5 mm, i.e. the sand or fine aggregate content. The figure CCS 6 shows recommended values for the proportion of fine aggregate depending on the maximum size of aggregate, the workability level, the grading of the fine aggregate (defined by the percentage passing a 600 m sieve) and the free-water/ cement ratio. The best proportion of fines to use in a given concrete mix design will depend on the shape of the particular aggregate, the grading and the usage of the concrete.
22-Mar-2012
Page 7 of 19
22-Mar-2012
Page 8 of 19
CCS 6: Recommended proportions of fine aggregate according to percentage passing a 600 m sieve. The final calculation, equation F5, to determine the fine and coarse aggregate is made using the proportion of fine aggregate obtained from figure CCS 6 and the total aggregate content derived from Stage 4. Fine Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content x Proportion of Fines .. [ F5 ] Coarse Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content Fine Aggregate
Procedures of Design Mixing

Production of Trial Mix Design 1. The volume of mix, which needs to make three cubes of size 100 mm is calculated. The volume of mix is sufficient to produce 3 numbers of cube and to carry out the concrete slump test. 2. The volume of mix is multiplied with the constituent contents obtained from the concrete mix design process to get the batch weights for the trial mix. 3. The mixing of concrete is according to the procedures given in laboratory guidelines. 4. Firstly, cement, fine and course aggregate are mixed in a mixer for 1 minute. 5. Then, water added and the cement, fine and course aggregate and water mixed approximately for another 1 minute. 6. When the mix is ready, the tests on mix are proceeding.
Slump Test apparatus for Concrete Workability Tests on Trial Mix Design 1. The slump tests are conducted to determine the workability of fresh concrete. 2. Concrete is placed and compacted in three layers by a tamping rod with 25 times, in a firmly held slump cone. On the removal of the cone, the difference in height between the uppermost part of the slumped concrete and the upturned cone is recorded in mm as the slump. 3. Three cubes are prepared in 100 mm x 100 mm each. The cubes are cured before testing. The procedures for making and curing are as given in laboratory guidelines. Thinly coat the interior surfaces of the assembled mould with mould oil to prevent adhesion of concrete. Each mould filled with two layers of concrete, each layer tamped 25 times with a 25 mm square steel rod. The top surface finished with a trowel and the date of manufacturing is recorded in the surface of the concrete. The cubes are stored undisturbed for 24 hours at a temperature of 18 to 220C and a relative humidity of not less than 90 %. The concrete all are covered with wet gunny sacks. After 24 hours, the mould is striped and the cubes are cured further by immersing them in water at temperature 19 to 21oC until the testing date. 4. Compressive strength tests are conducted on the cubes at the age of 7 days. Then, the mean compressive strengths are calculated.
22-Mar-2012
Page 9 of 19
The Calculations
Here is one example of calculation from one of the concrete mix design obtained from the laboratory. We have to fill in all particulars in the concrete mix design form with some calculations
CCS 3: Relationship between standard deviation and characteristic strength. Firstly, we specified 30 N/mm2 at 7 days for the characteristic strength. Then, we obtained the standard deviation, s from the figure CCS 3. So, s = 8 N/mm2. From the formula F1, k = 1.64 for 5 % defect. The margin, M is calculated as below: M = k x s = 1.64 x 8 = 13.12 N/mm2 With the formula F2, target mean strength, fm is calculated as below: Target mean strength, fm = fc + M = 30 + 13.12 = 43.12 N/mm2 The type of cement is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). For the fine and course aggregate, the laboratorys fine aggregate is un-crushed and for coarse aggregate is crushed before producing concrete. Then, we obtain the free-water/ cement ratio from table CCS 1. For OPC ( 7 days ) using crushed aggregate, water/cement ratio = 36 N/mm2. After that, from the figure CCS 4, the curve for 42 N/mm2 at 0.5 free-water ratio is plotted and obtained the free -water ratio is 0.45 at the target mean strength 43.12 N/mm2. Next, we specified the slump test for slump about 20 mm and the maximum aggregate size we used in laboratory is 10 mm. For the specified above, we can obtained the free-water content from table CCS 2 at slump 10 30 mm and maximum size aggregate 10 mm, the approximate free-water content for the un-crushed aggregates is 180 kg/m3 and for the crushed aggregates is 205 kg/m3. Because of the coarse and fine aggregates of different types are used, the free-water content is estimated by the expression: Free-water Content, W = 2/3 Wf + 1/3 Wc = (2/3 x 180) + (1/3 x 205) = 188.33 kg/m3
22-Mar-2012
Page 10 of 19
where, Wf = Free-water content appropriate to type of fine aggregate Wc = Free-water content appropriate to type of coarse aggregate Cement content also can obtained from the calculation with the expression at F3: Cement Content, C = Free Water Content / Free-water or Cement Ratio = 188.33 / 0.45 = 418.52 kg/m3 We assumed that the relative density of aggregate (SDD) is 2.7. Then, from the figure CCS 5 with the freewater content 188.33 kg/m3, obtained that concrete density is 2450 kg/m3. The total aggregate content can be calculated by: Total Aggregate Content = D C W = 2450 418.52 188.33 = 1843.15 kg/m3 The percentage passing 600 m sieve for the grading of fine aggregate is about 60 %. The proportion of the fine aggregate can be obtained from the figure CCS 6, which is 38 %. Then, the fine and course aggregate content can be obtained by calculation: Fine Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content x Proportion of Fines = 1868.74 x 0.38 = 700.40 kg/m3 Coarse Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content Fine Aggregate = 1843.15 700.40 = 1142.75 kg/m3 The quantity per m3 can be obtained, which is; Cement = 418.52 kg Water = 188.33 kg Fine aggregate = 700.40 kg Coarse aggregate (10 mm) = 1142.75 kg The volume of trial mix for 3 cubes = [(0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1) x 3] + [25% contingencies of trial mix volume] = 0.006 + 0.00075 = 0.00375 m3 The quantities of trial mix = 0.00375 m3, in which is; Cement = 1.57 kg Water = 0.71 kg Fine aggregate = 2.61 kg Coarse aggregate (10 mm) = 4.29 kg The Results of Mix Design Slump Test = True Slump of 55 mm All the 3 concrete cubes produced were then cured for 7 days. After that, the compressive cube test is carried out. The results are as follows: Sample Compressive Strength Average 1 32.37 2 33.54 3 35.70
(32.37 + 33.54 + 35.70) / 3 = 33.87
22-Mar-2012
Page 11 of 19
For cubes after 7 days of curing, compressive strength should not be less than 2/3 target mean strength. = 2/3 43.12 = 28.75 N/mm2 < 33.9 N/mm2 After 7 days of curing, the compressive strength of concrete cubes produced by the mix design method pass the specific strength requirements.
Discussions Upon Concrete Mix Designs

Although our compressive strength passes the specific requirements, we still identified several factors which contribute to the lacking of compressive strength of concrete mixes produced in the experiment. However, the main factor is the condition of aggregates whether it is exposed to sunlight or rainfall. When the free water/cement ration is high, workability of concrete is improved. However, excessive water causes honey-comb effect in the concrete produced. The concrete cubes become porous, and hence its compressive strength is well below the design value. Other possible reasons include over compaction, improper mixing methods and some calculation errors. Few suggestion upon several steps to avoid the problems previously faced: All the raw materials, which is cement, aggregates, and sand should be protected from precipitation or other elements which may affect its physical properties. The quantity of ingredients may be adjusted if necessary, theoretical values are not always suitable. For example, if the aggregates are wet or saturated, less amount of water should be added, vice versa. Compaction should be done carefully, as either under or over-compaction will bring significant negative effect on the concrete produced.
Ads by Google
Concrete Mix
Concrete Test
Mix Concrete
Concrete
The Conclusion
1. By using the concrete mix design method, we have calculated the quantities of all ingredients, that is water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate according to specified proportion. 2. The concrete produced did not fulfill the compressive strength requirements due to several reasons. Furthermore, some steps mentioned above should be taken into consideration to overcome this problem. Standard reference for the concrete mix design is as accordance to British Standard; BS 5328: 1981 : Methods of Specifying Concrete including Ready-Mixed Concrete Dear readers, thank you for visiting and reading the above article. We looking forward for your feedback and may re-tweet the post for sharing it to others. We do hope you will find the article to be useful, informative and enjoyable. Happy reading and go engineering... Thank You and Best Regards, Author: Civil-Guy | Blog: Civil Craft Structures | Subscribe: RSS or Email
2
tweets
retweet
22-Mar-2012
Page 12 of 19
Decorative Concrete www.eagleconcretecorp.com Decorative Concrete - Lowest Prices Free (954) 288-6131 Estimates
Foundation Repairs Fla LREGSI.com/Foundation-Repair Keep Your Family Safe. Get Your Foundation Walls Repaired. Call Now Historic Mortar Analysis www.highbridgematerials.com Petrographic and chemical analysis of mortar, concrete, cast stone Rectangular Column Design www.asdipsoft.com/Concrete Design Concrete Columns in Minutes. Free Demo Download. Order Online!
57
Read More Constructive Posts:

The Facts About Concrete Tagged as: Concrete and Testing 27 comments { 27 comments read them below or add one }
A.parankunranJune 29, 2010 at 8:15 pm obviously thanks. Reply
Vishwanu November 11, 2010 at 12:39 pm I found Steps in concrete mix design concise, simple, easy to read and very helpful. Reply
FathiDecember 14, 2010 at 5:12 am Thanks alot Reply
kachaala m. December 16, 2010 at 5:58 am its interesting, keep it up
22-Mar-2012
Page 13 of 19
Reply
Srinivasa RaoJanuary 5, 2011 at 4:22 pm I got a good information, Thank you Reply
nitin sharma January 5, 2011 at 8:31 pm it is very helpful to me.thanks a lot. Reply
FalakJanuary 22, 2011 at 7:28 pm It is very helpful to me Reply
bpadmanabham January 23, 2011 at 4:15 pm very nice website Reply
Chito Dizon February 6, 2011 at 3:51 pm Very informative. Big Thanks Reply
walter allen February 11, 2011 at 7:29 pm A VERY GOOD SUMMARY INDEED!! Reply
vibhanshuMarch 12, 2011 at 8:18 pm Thanks best procedure Reply
22-Mar-2012
Page 14 of 19
VincentMarch 15, 2011 at 8:31 pm Im really pleased Reply
nick karna April 7, 2011 at 5:42 pm its reaallyyyyy so nice to have such infos online. Reply
Gupta Hari NepalApril 18, 2011 at 2:20 pm I have got good information Reply
yogeswaranApril 24, 2011 at 5:11 pm it is very useful for me thanks., Reply
WileyApril 26, 2011 at 5:43 pm Gret stuff Reply
K.V.S.D. JayamaliMay 2, 2011 at 1:56 pm Thanks very much.. Bt there is a mistake in calculation of The volume of trial mix for 3 cubes; It is mentioned here as follows = [(0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1) x 3] + [25% contingencies of trial mix volume] = 0.006 + 0.00075 = 0.00375 m3 Bt it should be corrected as follows (in 2nd line it should 0.003 instead of 0.006) = [(0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1) x 3] + [25% contingencies of trial mix volume] = 0.003 + 0.00075 = 0.00375 m3 Bst Rgds Reply
22-Mar-2012
Page 15 of 19
Civil-GuyMay 14, 2011 at 7:09 pm Dear Friend, Firstly, so sorry for the significant mistakes. Thanks for correcting it in a nice and neat way. Cheers to the Civil Engineering community Reply
Hailualemu May 19, 2011 at 5:07 am 10q ,nice procedure Reply
PRAMOD CHAWADAMay 26, 2011 at 9:11 pm Dear Sir, Thanks a lot for very Good and Knowledgeable information. Hopes such information will receive further with new advance Technology. With Thanks & Regards, Pramod Chawada Reply
FRANK WAMBURAJune 5, 2011 at 3:27 pm I appreciate the way these steps have arranged to enhance the proper way of concrete mix design. But I wonder why the author didnot put the references of the tables and graphs/curves used. I would like to ask the author and my fellow readers to assist me on knowing the sources of these tables and graphs whether Manuals or Books Reply
nasrtullah June 6, 2011 at 4:50 pm very nice really is helpful thnx and cheer up for civil guyssssssss Reply
Mfinanga June 7, 2011 at 6:29 am It is very useful, thanks for this information online Reply
22-Mar-2012
Page 16 of 19
Boni Amin June 20, 2011 at 11:45 am Its very helpful to the practicing structural engineers..Thanks Reply
muhammad waqasJuly 5, 2011 at 3:41 am it is very good for fresh graduatesit helps to remind that topic.. Reply
Nauman Akram July 13, 2011 at 3:35 pm Thanks for the info. Nice informative site Reply
albanch mokamba nyang'araJuly 21, 2011 at 3:35 pm Thanks for the information, it is real important to our daily concrete works. Reply Leave a Comment Name * E-mail * Website
Submit
Previous post: Video: Geotechnical Investigation at Site Next post: Engineering Continuing Education Advertisement
22-Mar-2012
Page 17 of 19
Search via Google

Search
Recent Subjects The Facts of Having Construction Machinery Site Layout In Construction Engineering Continuing Education Steps of Concrete Mix Design Video: Geotechnical Investigation at Site The Elements of Site Investigation 3 Methods for Truss Analysis 2 Category of Rock Testing Article: Civil Engineering News Considering Factors For New Road Construction 3 Important Parameters of Water Quality Shear Force and Bending Moment as Structural Basics In The Lifes of Engineering Students Phase Relationships of Soil Conversion Factors for Soil Testing Subgrade, An Important Road Surface Construction Life Could Be Fun Particle Distribution for Soil Test The Basic Principles in Structural Mechanics Rocks in the Forms of Minerals The Typical Sections of Building Introductory of Fluid Mechanics Properties Insight Fundamentals of Hydrology Foundation In GeoTechnical Perspective Article: Civil Engineering Online Degree
22-Mar-2012
Page 18 of 19
Ads by Google
Concrete Mix Design
Concrete Mix
Ready Mix Concrete
Concrete Calculator
Civil Craft Structures - Civilization Awesome Builders
Content Categories on this Blog: Add-on Articles Civil Engineering Construction Workforce Civil Engineers Career Guide Technical Standards Education Guide Construction Materials Add-on Videos Reviews Materials Testing Civil Subjects Formulas and Units Computer-aided Software Construction Structures Construction Technology
Subject Tags
ASTM StandardsBritish StandardsBuilding ConstructionCareer Guide Civil ConsultantCivil Contractor
Civil EngineersCivil SubjectsConcrete and TestingConstruction

MaterialsConstruction WorkforceConversion and TestingSoil and TestingStructural Related
CompaniesConstruction HighwayRock
FactorsGeotechnical Google SketchupIntroduction Machinery And OperationsMaterials TestingReference and BooksRoad and
subjectsUniversities and CollegesWater Related Subjects

Authority Sites American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Get Civil Engineering Jobs American Society of Civil Engineers ASTM International International Society for Rock Mechanics British Standards Institution
Blog Partners Get Civil Engineering Jobs Blog Community
Follow this blog
22-Mar-2012
Page 19 of 19
Copyright 2011 CivilCraftStructures.Com - All Rights Reserved.
Home|About| Contact|Contents |Policy|Misc|Sitemap Powered by WordPress with Thesis Theme
22-Mar-2012

Mix Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mix Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Home About Contact Contents Guest Policy

To search, type and hit enter

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Objective of Concrete Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Theory of Mix Designs

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

defect ] s = The standard deviation (obtained from CCS 1).

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Procedures of Design Mixing

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

(32.37 + 33.54 + 35.70) / 3 = 33.87

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Discussions Upon Concrete Mix Designs

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Read More Constructive Posts:

A.parankunranJune 29, 2010 at 8:15 pm obviously thanks. Reply

FathiDecember 14, 2010 at 5:12 am Thanks alot Reply

kachaala m. December 16, 2010 at 5:58 am its interesting, keep it up

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

FalakJanuary 22, 2011 at 7:28 pm It is very helpful to me Reply

bpadmanabham January 23, 2011 at 4:15 pm very nice website Reply

vibhanshuMarch 12, 2011 at 8:18 pm Thanks best procedure Reply

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

VincentMarch 15, 2011 at 8:31 pm Im really pleased Reply

yogeswaranApril 24, 2011 at 5:11 pm it is very useful for me thanks., Reply

WileyApril 26, 2011 at 5:43 pm Gret stuff Reply

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Hailualemu May 19, 2011 at 5:07 am 10q ,nice procedure Reply

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Search via Google

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Concrete Mix Design

Ready Mix Concrete

Civil Craft Structures - Civilization Awesome Builders

ASTM StandardsBritish StandardsBuilding ConstructionCareer Guide Civil ConsultantCivil Contractor

Civil EngineersCivil SubjectsConcrete and TestingConstruction

subjectsUniversities and CollegesWater Related Subjects

Blog Partners Get Civil Engineering Jobs Blog Community

Follow this blog

Steps of Concrete Mix Design

Copyright 2011 CivilCraftStructures.Com - All Rights Reserved.

Home|About| Contact|Contents |Policy|Misc|Sitemap Powered by WordPress with Thesis Theme

You might also like