ENGLISH SOFTSKILL TASK

TENSES

NAME : YUSNIARI SINAGA NPM : 17211693

CLASS : 1 E A 2 6

GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY OF KALIMALANG 2011/2012

CHAPTER I
THE TENSEs DEFINE

When we want to use English, of course we must know about the rule before. Certainly we were taught from the basic till the big step that is be an English Master. Absolutely we are going to find the grammar while learn English. There are so many people dont understand about the grammar, therefore, some people thought that this subject had a fairly high level of difficulty. However, the real is there is a will there is a way. We will discuss one of the grammar subject, that is about THE 16 TENSES. Before we are having a deep continue, we should be know what the TENSE is. There are several meanings of the tenses from the different sources. Check this out please!!

(Hariyono, Rudy dan Andrew Mc. Carthy. 2008. ABC Plus English Grammar. Surabaya: Gita Media Press) Tense is defined by changing verb based on the description of the time (Hartanto, John .S ,dkk. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya) At the simple way, tense means the verb which is showing the action time (www.englishleap.com/grammar/tenses) The tense of a verb shows the time of an event or action (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense) A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation time, to indicate when the situation takes place.

By seeing all the means of the TENSES above we get the point of the TENSES means is the verb as the key on sentence to show the time of an action. The Tense shows: a. The time of an action or event b. The complete level The verb will tell us when the action takes time now (present), past or in future. There is so important for us to know when the action on sentence happens. For example, the delivery goods in a business letter, we need to know if we deliver the goods now, last month or shall deliver the goods next month.

CHAPTER II
THE KINDS OF TENSES

There are many kinds of tenses we ever known. Its called four fundamental tenses that are the present tense, the past tense, the future tense and the past future tense. All the other tenses come from this fundamental tense, there are consist of four tenses one another. The kinds of tenses consist of sixteen (16) tenses based on the rules of the time. Here we go..!!

I.

PRESENT TENSE

A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE This tense describes the event at this time in a simple form or an action carried over and over again, or the daily activity, or an event theres not related to time.

A.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject (I/you/we/they) + infinitive (V1) Subject (she/he/it) + infinitive (V1) + s/es

The Simple Present Tenses rule using on the sentences: a) Showing the action as always done b) To show the truth on earth Notice: by using the singular subject (she/he/it), the infinitive getting change: a. Generally added suffix s to the infinitive Ex. to speak to help speaks helps

b. Added es suffix if theres o suffix infinitive Ex. to do to go does goes

c. Added es suffix if theres consonant(s) suffix infinitive, like ch, sh, s, x, or z Ex. to teach to fix teaches fixes

d. Added es suffix if theres e suffix infinitive although ended by z or j voice Ex. to speak to help speaks helps

e. Change consonant y suffix to be i after the other consonant, then added es suffix Ex. to fly to study flies studies

f. If theres consonant suffix infinitive after vocal letter, added suffix s directly Ex. to buy to play buys plays

You should be know there is nothing change of infinitive after an auxiliary verb, although uses singular as the subject. 2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + do + not + infinitive (V1)

Subject + does + not + infinitive (V1)

Notice: a. There must be used do/does + not before infinitive b. In this section s/es suffix must be gone 3a. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: do + Subject + infinitive (V1) ? Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

does +

Notice: a. There must be using do/does in the beginning of an interrogative sentence b. Theres no need to added s/es suffix on interrogative sentence c. Using the rule above when you need yes/no answer or a short answer only 3b. The Rule of interrogative pronoun sentence is: What;where;when;why;which;how + do/does + Subject + infinitive (V1) ? who + infinitive + s/es?

Notice:

The answer of the rule question above need more explanation.

In a verbal sentence on Simple Present Tense, theres often using The Adverb of Frequency, such as Always Usually Often sometimes seldom rarely never ever

A.2 Nominal Sentences (using non-verb) 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + To be + Non Verb

Notice: a. non-verb similar to noun, adjective or adverb b. using To be based on the Subject c. change To be with be after an auxiliary verb in each Subject

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + To be + not + Non Verb

3a. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: To be + Subject + Non Verb ?

3b. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Question Word + To be + Subject (S) ?

Notice: 3a rule needs yes/no answer or a short answer; 3b needs a long answer A.3 Time Signal There are many time signals used in Simple Present Tense: Every hour Every minute Every afternoon Every morning Every night Everyday Every week Every month Every year In the morning In the afternoon Twice a week Twice a day On Sunday On Monday At five oclock At seven oclock

In the evening Three times a week At night At noon Once a week Four times a week Once a month Twice a month

B. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Present Continuous Tense or Present Progressive Tense is describe an action or event which is occurring while it be spoken 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + To be + infinitive + ing

Notice:

Infinitive + ing is called Present Participal

The Present Continuous Tenses rule using on the sentences: a) To show the action which is happening b) To show the temporary action c) To claim the act referred to next time

Notice: the things need to pay attention: a. Generally added ing suffix to infinitive directly Ex. to read to apply Reading Applying

b. If suffix of infinitive is e, remove it. Then added ing directly (exception for ee) Ex. to write to see Writing Seeing

c. If infinitive consist of one or two syllables with consonant suffix after the vocal letter and the pronounciation on the last word, making double the last consonant then plus ing Ex. to cut to begin Cutting Beginning

d. Also the l suffix of invinitive in two syllables after vocal letter Ex. to cancel to expel Cancelling Expelling

e. There is no double l if preceded by two vocals letter Ex. to sail to seal Sailing Sealing

f. If there is ie suffix, change it with y then added ing Ex. to die to tie Dying Tying

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + To be + not + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: To be + Subject + infinitive + ing

QW + To be + (Subject) + infinitive + ing

Exception: Theres no all of infinitives can be used in Present Continuous Tense although that event is happening. There are infinitives which are unusual in present continuous, there are: a. Verbs of emotion To like To dislike To refuse To want

b. Verbs of the senses To feel To hear To see To smell To taste

c. Verbs of thought or opinion To believe To prefer To expect To realize To forget To think To know To understand

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Present Continuous Tense: This evening today This morning nowdays At this moment now For the time being At present Right now This afternoon

C. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Present Continuous Tense is the time which is used to show an indefinite time action on the past. And while speak that action had done.

The Present Perfect is used to indicate: a. An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past b. An action that happened more than once in the past c. An action that began in the past and is still occuring in the present

C.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3)

Notice: generally, when form have or has joined with subject, it could be briefed: I have We have They have You have She has He has It has Ive Weve Theyve Youve Shes Hes Its

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + have/has + not + Past Participle (V3)

3. The Rule of inteerrogative verbal sentence is: Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle (V3) QW + have/has + (subject) + Past Participle (V3)

Notice: a) The first rule for asking above need the yes/no answer or short answer b) The second rule above (using QW) need an explanation answer c) If on the second rule need the subject as an answer then remove the subject from the rule, instead using the subject on the rule when asking out of subject.

C.2 Nominal Sentences (using non-verb) 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + have/has + been + Non Verb

Notice:

non-verb similar to noun, adjective or adverb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + have/has + not + been + Non Verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Have/has + Subject + been + Non Verb ? QW + have/has + (Subject) + been + Non Verb ? Notice: a) The first rule for asking above need the yes/no answer or short answer b) The second rule above (using QW) need an explanation answer c) If on the second rule need the subject as an answer then remove the subject from the rule, instead using the subject on the rule when asking out of subject.

Generally an adverb of time of present perfect tense in a sentence used: a. To show an action has just happen so there is still seeing its effect till the time it is spoken b. To show the finished action indefinite time in the past, but there was not importance while it happened instead the result of for now c. To show an unfinished of the past action d. To show the reaction indefinite time before now. Generally the sentence followed by before, already, ever, never, and yet word e. To show a past action and still happen till now and next time f. To show a finished action in a short time. Its often to using the at last, finally, just word

C.3 Time Signal

There are many signal of time used in present perfect tense: Since Since yesterday For two years For four days Since five years ago for Since last week For nine months Since two days ago

D. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE For an action that began in the past and is still occuring in the present (present perffect rules, third time), it is alsi possible to use the present perfect progressive (continuous). Use the following rule to form this aspect 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + have/has + been + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + have/has + not + been + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Have/Has + subject + been + infinitive + ing ? QW + Have/Has + (subject) + been + infinitive + ing ?

Notice: a) The first rule for asking above need the yes/no answer or short answer b) The second rule above (using QW) need an explanation answer c) If on the second rule need the subject as an answer then remove the subject from the rule, instead using the subject on the rule when asking out of subject. Time Signal There are many time signals used in Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Since September 1992 Long For twenty days For ten years Anymore Lately For five weeks Anylonger Recently Since 1969 Stiil This week Since The whole days For

II.

PAST TENSE

A. SIMPLE PAST TENSE The Simple Past is used for a completed action that happened at one specific time in the past. The italicized words in the previous sentence are important because they show that simple past is not the same as past progressive or present perfect

A.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + infinitive (V1) Notice: itll be found past tense (Verb2) on Irregular and Regular Verb

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + did + not + infinitive (V1)

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Did + Subject + infinitive (V1) ? QW + Did + Subject + infinitive (V1) ? QW + Past Tense (V2) ? A.2 Nominal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + was/were + Non Verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + was/were + not + Non Verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Was/were + Subjec + Non Verb ?

Generally an adverb of time of present perfect tense in a sentence used: a. To describe an occured action in the past b. To show an usual thing in the past but it is not happen anymore The rule is: Subject + used to + infinitive

c. To show the past event

A.3 Time Signal There are many time signals are used in Simple Past Tense: Yesterday Yesterday morning An hour ago A few minutes ago Last year Last night A few days ago Last Sunday Last March Last January Last week Last Friday This morning Several ago days Just now A year ago Two days ago Last month A month ago This noon Yesterday afternoon A week ago The day before yesterday A moment ago

Two weeks ago

B. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE The Past Progressive is used to indicate: a. An action which was occuring in the past and was interrupted by another action b. Two actions occuring at the same time in the past c. An action which was occuring at some specific time in the past 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + were + infinitive + ing 3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: 2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Was/were + subject + infinitive + ing ? Subject + was/were + not + infinitive + ing QW + was/were + subject + infinitive + ing ? QW + was/were + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal The Time Signal which is often to use in the past continuous tense: Time Signal when while The Rule Past Continuous Tense + when + Past Tense Simple Past Tense + while + Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense + while + Past Continuous Tense as Simple Past Tense + as + Past Continuous Tense

Time signals else: All day yesterday At seven oclock yesterday Last afternoon At this time yesterday At ten oclock last night Yesterday At that time At seven oclock last morning

C. PAST PERFECT TENSE The Past Perfect is used to indicate: a. An action that happened before another action in the past, there usually are two actions in the sentence b. A state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before now. Note that there is no connection with the present

C.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + had + Past Participle (V3)

Notice: generally, when form had joined with subject, it could be briefed: I had We had They had You had She had He had It had Id Wed Theyd Youd Shed Hed Itd

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + had + not + Past Participle (V3)

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Had + subject + Past Participle (V3) ? QW + had + (subject) + Past Participle (V3) ?

C.2 Nominal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + had + been + Non Verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + had + not + been + Non Verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Had + subject + been + Non Verb ?

C.3 Time Signal There are many time signals are used in Simple Past Tense: Time Signal when before after until The Rule Past Perfect Tense + when + Simple Past Tense

Past Perfect Tense + before + Simple Past Tense Simple Past Tense + after Simple Past Tense + until + Past Perfect Tense + Past Perfect Tense

D. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE This past perfect concept can also be conveyed by past perfect progressive (continuous) 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + had + been + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + had + not + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Had + Subject + been + infinitive (V1) + ing ?

Time Signal There are two time signals are used in Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Time Signal when after The Rule Past Perfect Continuous Tense + when + Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense + after + Simple Past Tense

III.

FUTURE TENSE

A. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE The Future Tense is used to indicate: a. to show the next action on next future b. to make a deal for next time c. showing the requisite d. to beg someone to do something

A.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + infinitive

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + infinitive

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Shall/will + subject + infinitive ? QW + Shall/will + (subject) + infinitive ?

To be going to 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + to be + going to + infinitive

Notice: a) make sure tu join the subject with to be each other correctly b) generally, using will/shall if the plan is for sure

c) using to be going to if the plan like a intention only

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + to be + not + going to + infinitive

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: To be + Subject + going to + infinitive QW + to be + (subject) + going to + infinitive ?

A.2 Nominal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + be + non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + be + non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Shall/will + be + non verb QW + shall/will + (subject) + be + non verb ?

A.3 Time Signal There are many time signals used in Simple Future Tense: tomorrow Tomorrow morning Next week Next Sunday Next month Tomorrow afternoon Next year

This afternoon

tonight Tomorrow night

This morning later The day after tomorrow

This weekend Two days latter soon

Next January

immediately

B. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Used to show the action will happen next time if other action occured 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + shall/will + be + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + be + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Shall/will + subject + be + infinitive + ing ? QW + Shall/will + (subject) + be + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Future Continuous Tense: At this time tomorrow At this time next year At five oclock tomorrow morning At nine oclock tonight

C. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE To show the finished action on next time C.1 Verbal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + have + past participle

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + have + past participle

Notice: a. Shall not is briefed to be shant b. Will not is briefed to be wont 3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Shall/will + subject + have + past participle ?

C.2 Nominal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + have been+ non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + have been+ non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Shall/will + subject + have been + non verb?

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Future Perfect Tense: By four p.m. today By next Sunday By next week tonight By the end of this week tomorrow Next week This evening

D. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE To show the action which is happening next time if other action occured

1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + shall/will + have been + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + have been + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Shall/will + subject + have been + infinitive + ing? QW + Shall/will + (subject) + have been + infinitive + ing?

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Future Perfect Continuous Tense: By ten a.m. tomorrow By seven oclock tonight By the end of this year By next January

IV.

FUTURE PAST TENSE

A. FUTURE PAST TENSE To showing the action will done or did in the past. It has planned but it was often failed. A.1 Verbal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + infinitive

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + infinitive

Notice: a. Shall not is briefed to be shouldnt b. Will not is briefed to be wouldnt 3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Should/would + subject + infinitive

To be going to 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + was/were + going to + infinitive

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + was/were + not + going to + infinitive

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Was/were + Subject + going to + infinitive ?

A.2 Nominal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + be + non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + be + non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Should/would + Subject + be + non verb ?

A.3 Time Signal yesterday Last week Last night Just now

B. FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + should/would + be + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + be + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of positive sentence is: Should/would + subject + be + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal In March last year At seven oclock yesterday In July last year In Monday last week At five oclock yesterday

C. FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSE C.1 Verbal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + have + past participle

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + have + past participle

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Should/would + subject + have + past participle ?

C.2 Nominal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + have been + non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + have been + non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Should/would + subject +have been + non verb?

C.3 Time Signal The time signal in this tense is : .... if ...

Rule: Future Past Perfect Tense + if + Past Perfect

D. FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: 2. The Ruleshould/would + have been + infinitive + ing Subject + of negative sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + have been + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Should/would + subject + have been + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal By last January By last year By last week

CHAPTER III
THE EXAMPLES

I.

PRESENT TENSE

1. Simple Present Tense + ? He works hard every day He does not work hard every day Does he work hard every day? She is a doctor She is not a doctor Is she a doctor?

2. Present Continuous Tense + ? I am reading a magazine I am not reading a magazine am i reading a magazine?

3. Present Perfect Tense + ? She has thaught this class for ten years She hasnt thaught this class for ten years Has she thaught this class for ten years? We Have been in Surabaya for eight years We Have not been in Surabaya for eight years Have we been in Surabaya for eight years?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense + ? She has been studying for 2 hours She has not been studying for 2 hours Has she been studying for 2 hours?

II.

PAST TENSE

5. Simple Past Tense + ? She studied English last night She didnt study English last night Did She study English last night? They were happy last night They werent happy last night Were They happy last night ?

6. Past Continuous Tense + ? I was writing a letter when the bell rang I was not writing a letter when the bell rang Was I writing a letter when the bell rang?

7. Past Perfect Tense + ? She had slept when I came last night She had not slept when I came last night Had she slept when I came last night? I had been there when the accident happened I had not been there when the accident happened Had I been there when the accident happened?

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense + ? They had been living here for two years when I came They had not been living here for two years when I came Had They been living here for two years when I came?

III.

FUTURE TENSE

9. Simple Future Tense + ? We shall go to Tokyo tomorrow We shall not go to Tokyo tomorrow Shall we go to Tokyo tomorrow? I shall be at home tonight I shall not be at home tonight Shall I be at home tonight?

10.Future Continuous Tense + ? I shall studying if you come at sevenoclock tonight I shall not studying if you come at sevenoclock tonight Shall I studying if you come at sevenoclock tonight ?

11.Future Perfect Tense + ? I shall have finished my work tomorrow night I shall not have finished my work tomorrow night Shall I have finished my work tomorrow night? I shall have been a doctor next month I shall not have been a doctor next month Shall I have been a doctor next month?

12.Future Perfect Continuous Tense + ? I shall have been studying for two hours when you come tonight I shall not have been studying for two hours when you come tonight Shall I have been studying for two hours when you come tonight?

IV.

FUTURE PAST TENSE

13. Future Past Tense + ? I should come here for a luch yesterday, but it was raining I should not come here for a luch yesterday Should I come here for a luch yesterday? I should be here in time to talk about our business I should not be here in time to talk about our business Should I be here in time to talk about our business ?

14.Future Past Continuous Tense + ? She would be teaching at the class by seven oclock tomorrow morning She would not be teaching at the class by seven oclock tomorrow morning Would she be teaching at the class by seven oclock tomorrow morning?

15.Future Past Perfect Tense + ? We should have graduated if we had studied hard We should not have graduated if we had studied hard Should we have graduated if we had studied hard? She would have been a doctor if she had studied hard She would not have been a doctor if she had studied hard Would she have been a doctor if she had studied hard?

16. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense + ? I should have been studying English for three months by last January I should not have been studying English for three months by last January Should I have been studying English for three months by last January?

REFERENCES

(Hariyono, Rudy dan Andrew Mc. Carthy. 2008. ABC Plus English Grammar. Surabaya: Gita Media Press) (Hartanto, John .S ,dkk. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya) (www.englishleap.com/grammar/tenses) (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense)