Tori Berba Per. 1 1.

Organized human beings were able to rally radical antiwar movements which stopped the ruthless wartime dominated by " organized modern technology" It is surprising that they were able to accomplish this feat because people often favor technology. 2. French had enforced inhuman laws, built more prisons than schools, and slained a lot of Vietnamese according to 1945 Declaration of Independence. HoChi minh protested that the French had stolen all their food which caused people to starve to death. 3. HoChi minh had built Vietnam into an organization capable of resisting the japanese and the french. Also, he overthrew the japanese and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 4. The U.S did not want Vietnam to become yet another Communist country, thus triggering the Domino effect. 5. Tithe accords stipulated that the French would temporarily withdraw into the southern vietnam and the Vietminh would remain in the north. An election would take place in two years in an unified vietnam for selfdetermination; the U.S agreed to the elections and then prevent the election form occuring because of the fear for c communism. 6. Why was the Diem regime unpopular with the South Vietnamese? Most Vietnamese were Buddhist and many were peasants. Diem was Catholic, he didnt do much for land reform, put his own men in the place of selected provincial chiefs, and he imprisoned countless Vietnamese who criticized the regime for corruption and lack of reform. 7. What constituted the fundamental strength of the National Liberation Front (NFL)? The South Vietnamese peasants who saw it as a way of changing their lives. 8. Can you draw any parallels between the political activity of the NLF in the villages of South Vietnam and the American Communist partys work with American labor? What about between the NLF and the Farmers Alliance? They all include people joining together for a cause. The NLF involved the Vietnamese joining together to fight the corruption of the government. 9. What was Kennedys policy toward Vietnam? How was such policy consistent with his policy toward Cuba? When Kennedy took office in early 1961 he continued the policies of Truman and Eisenhower in Southeast Asia. Almost immediately, he approved a secret plan for various military actions in Vietnam and Laos, including the "dispatch of agents to North Vietnam" to engage in "sabotage and light harassment. No it was not consistent, the CIA had engaged in a secret operation attacking North Vietnamese coastal installations, under Kennedy. 10. Why did Vietnamese Buddhists immolate themselves? Were the Buddhist self-immolations an effective tactic? (Were American self-immolations equally effective?) Buddhist monks began committing suicide by fire to dramatize their opposition to the Diem regime. No because Diem's police raided the Buddhist pagodas and temples, wounded thirty monks, arrested 1,400 people, and closed down the pagodas. 11. Diem was becoming an obstacle for the US control over Vietnam. There were certain Vietnamese generals who plotted against Diem, including a CTA man named Lucien Conein. The US ambassador and Conein met secretly, plotting the impending coup. This was why Kennedy was so hesitant on whether to tell Diem about the coup or not. 12. President Johnsons administration told the American public that while on a routine patrol the U.S destroyer was attacked, unprovoked. This later turned out to be fake, the Maddox was the one who attacked North Vietnam. However this lie encouraged the US Congress to pass the Tonkin act giving the president freedom to wage war. 13. The US newspapers reported the uncompassionate brutality exhibited by the US military against the innocent citizens on Vietnam. This caused the American public to question the Americans actions.

14. The heavy bombings were intended to destroy the will of ordinary Vietnamese to resist, as in the bombings of German and Japanese population centers in World War IIdespite President Johnson's public insistence that only "military targets" were being bombed. 15. Large areas of South Vietnam were declared "free fire zones," which meant that all persons remaining within them-civilians, old people , childrenwere considered an enemy, and bombs were dropped at will 16. Villages suspected of harboring Viet Cong were subject to "search and destroy" missionsmen of military age in the villages were killed, the homes were burned, the women, children, and old people were sent off to refugee camps. 17.Operation Phoenix was a program in which twenty thousand civilians in South Vietnam were secretly executed without trial for being suspects of being members of the Communist underground. This was kept away from Americans to avoid controversial issues. 18. Chuck Norris and Sylvester Stallone, two retired CIA agents who have been through many life threatening missions together, are sent to South Vietnam by an underground organization to secretly sneak into the South Vietnamese prison camps and rescue as many prisoners as possible. Problems arise when the CIA and the Viet Cong find out about the secret rescue mission. Norris and Stallone have limited time and resources to rescue and escape South Vietnam. This may be their greatest challenge yet. 19.Napalm is a gel mixed with petroleum for use as a bomb. Napalm was used instead of conventional bombs because when an area was hit with napalm, the area would be covered in fire therefore causing a lot more damage. Napalm was also able to spread so it had an effect on large areas as well. 20. The chemical 2,4,5,T was used as a poisonous gas during the Vietnam War. The poisonous gas was distributed into large areas as big as Massachusetts. It affected the growth of trees and plants as well as pregnant woman. Pregnant mothers reported that this poisonous gas caused defects in their children. Americans used it because many vietnam soldiers hid in the trees so the poisonous gas easily cleared the foliage. 21. American soldiers went into an area, searched for civilians or suspects of communism and killed them. "They rounded up the inhabitants, including old people and women with infants in their arms. These people were ordered into a ditch, where they were methodically shot to death." 21. On March 16, 1968, a company of American soldiers went into the hamlet of My Lai 4, in Quang Ngai province. They rounded up the inhabitants, including old people and women with infants in their arms. These people were ordered into a ditch, where they were methodically shot to death by American soldiers. 22. The NLF thus launched a surprise offensive (that carried them into the heart of Saigon, immobilized Tan San Nhut airfield, even occupied the American Embassy briefly. The offensive was beaten back, but it demonstrated that all the enormous firepower delivered on Vietnam by the United States had not destroyed the NLF, its morale, its popular support, its will to fight. It caused a reassessment in the American government, more doubts among the American people. 23. The US press did not report the saturation bombing of the Plain of Jars because the CIA faced a rebellion in one of the most beautiful areas in the world. Even though its not reported, an American who lived in Laos, Fred Branfman told the story in Voices from the Plain of Jars. 24. The Americans want the government to stop in Vietnam so in spring of 1968, Johnson announced that hell start the peace with Vietnamese in Paris. Nixon began to withdraw troops but the bombing continued so hes not really ending the war. 25. Nixons order to invade Cambodia a tactical error in his pursuit of control over American foreign policy was because it led to a protest in US and the Congress resolved that Nixon could not use American troops without Congressional approval. 26. The connection made between civil rights activists and American domestic policies was that the experience of black people with the government led them to distrust.

27.The government sentenced those who criticized the war to prison. 28.In protest to the war, a man and a woman burned themselves to death. Hundreds of volunteers in the Peace Corps spoke out against the war. Writers rejected invitations to the White House; one person said the when the guns boom, the arts die. 29.The Pentagon Papers were printing selections that were printed by Times. Ellsberg and Russo both wanted to make the top-secret document about the Department of Defense history of the war in Vietnam, public. The government wanted to keep this information a secret because the information would reveal all the actions of the U.S. Ellsberg wasnt jailed because the Watergate events unfolding at the time revealed unfair practices by the prosecution. 30.Many were radicalized by the civil rights movement and others by their experiences in Latin America, where they saw poverty and injustice under governments supported by the U.S. 31.No, the government treated the antiwar protesters in a similar manner; it did not show mercy. 32.When Nixon ordered an invasion in Cambodia, students of the Kent State University in Ohio demonstrated against the war. A general student strike is when many students from different places protest against the same thing. 33. The media coverage of the Vietnam war protests biased toward middle-class intellectuals because Corporations began to wonder whether the war was going to hurt their long- range business interests; the Wall Street Journal began criticizing the continuation of the war. As the war became more and more unpopular, people in or close to the government began to break out of the circle of assent. The most dramatic instance was the case of Daniel Ellsberg. 34. Americans with a grade school education had much more to achieve as suppose to Americans with a college education. Evidence supporting this statement is a poll done by the University of Michigan, where 27 percent of individuals with a college education were in the immediate withdrawal section, while 41 percent with only a grade school education were also in the immediate withdrawal from Vietnam. 35. Many individuals sent to participate in the Vietnamese War viewed the war as simply a waste of time and not worth a human life. 36. The need that was being satisfied by the underground devices was the circulation of antiwar material. 37. In the Winter Soldier investigations, Vietnamese veterans publicly testified about atrocities they had either participated or seen in Vietnam. 38. Sam Choy was a Chinese-American, served as a cook in the army, was a target of abuse by GIs, called him chink and gook and said he looked like the enemy. One day he fired warning shots at his tormenters then taken by military police, beaten, and sentenced to 18 months of labor at Fort Leavenworth. 39. U.S. agree to settlement to withdraw American troops and leave revolutionary troops were they were until new elected government set up with Communist and non-communist elements. But North Vietnamese believed the could win the war so refused to agree. 40. In late April 1975 when North Vietnamese troops entered Saigon and the American Embassy and Vietnamese who feared communist rule fled. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City, both parts of Vietnam was unified as Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 41. There was a large anti-war movement in U.S. The supreme court turned away from cases challenging Constitutionality of the war. After intervention in Cambodia end and after nationwide uproar, Congress pass resolution that American troops should not be sent to Cambodia without its approval. After American troops removed from Vietnam then Congress passed a bill limiting President power to make war without congressional consent. Political leaders took last steps toward ending war.

42. McHaughtons memos show he was concerned with the intensity of public unrest and dissatisfaction with the war. He worried it may be beyond the limit which Americans and the world will not allow U.S. to go. It could produce a costly distortion in the American national consciousness. 43. Johnson refused Westmorelands request to slow down the escalation of the war, to diminish the bombing, and to go to the conference table. Johnson was advised by a small gropu of action officers in the Pentagon. 44. The ideas of antiwar movement had taken hold in the American Public and juries became more reluctant to convict antiwar protesters and local judges were treating them differently.