Dhruv Patel 2/10/12 AP Government and Politics 5th period Vocab terms Unit 6 Vocabulary

1. Amend(ing)/ment A change made to a pending motion or bill by a motion to amend. May refer to a constitutional amendment, which is a change to the constitution. 2. Prior restraint - an attempt to prevent publication or broadcast of any statement, which is an unconstitutional restraint on free speech and free press. 3. probable cause - is the standard by which an officer or agent of the law has the grounds to make an arrest, to conduct a personal or property search, or to obtain a warrant for arrest when criminal charges are being considered. 4. Double jeopardy - is a procedural defense that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction. 5. Eminent domain - is an action of the state to seize a citizen's private property, expropriate property, or seize a citizen's rights in property with due monetary compensation, but without the owner's consent. 6. Establishment clause A clause that prevents Congress from making laws based off of religion and from congress actually having a specific religious affiliation. 7. Free exercise clause - Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise.

8. Due process - is the legal requirement that the state must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person. 9. Parochial school - is a school that provides religious education in addition to conventional education. 10. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Gave congress the power to enforce equal rights to everyone and should not be denied due to sex. 11. Exclusionary rule - is a legal principle in the United States, under constitutional law, which holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law. 12. Clear and present danger test - is a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press or assembly. 13. Civil liberties - are rights and freedoms that provide individual specific rights such as the freedom from slavery and forced labor. 14. Civil rights - are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from unwarranted infringement by governments and private organizations, and ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression. 15. Search warrant - is a court order issued by a Magistrate, judge or Supreme Court Official that authorizes law enforcement officers to conduct a search of a person or location for evidence of a crime and to confiscate evidence if it is found.

16. Symbolic speech - is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it. 17. Defamatory speech - is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government, or nation a negative image. 18. Seditious speech a speech that is deemed by the legal authority to tend toward insurrection against the established order. 19. Affirmative action - refers to policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin. 20. Civil rights Act of 1964 - was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women. 21. Voting rights Act of 1965 - is a landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices. 22. Indictment - is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. 23. Grand jury - is a type of jury that determines whether a criminal indictment will be issued. 24. Petit jury - hears the evidence in a trial as presented by both the plaintiff and the defendant. 25. Plea bargain - is an agreement in a criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor.