ANALOGELECTRONICS2 Lab

PROJECT NO. 1 TECHNICAL REPORT

BY MUHAMMAD FURQAN JAVED(100158) ABDUL RAUF(100326)

TITLE: Controlling a LED with relay switch which takes input from a current mirror. OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION:
The experiment given to us as lab project was to design a circuit which contains current mirror circuit practically on bread-board, controlled by relay switch, and electronics components such as resistors and LEDs. The core part of the circuit was to use a relay as a switch to turn on a LED and second part is using a variable resistor to control the flow of current to the relay. The basic
purpose of this project was to understand the basic operations of relays and current mirrors. The relay in this circuit can also be used to accomplish other tasks as well.

Apparatus:
Resistance (100,470 ohms) 6v Relay LED (Red) Connecting wires 12Vs DC power supply Variable resistance (1k) Q2N 2222 n-p-n Transistors (2) Bread Board

Relays:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Basic Design and principle:

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured) The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.

RELAY external and internal structures.

CIRCUIT BUILDING:
The emitter and base of the two npn transistors are made short. The collector of first npn is connected to one node of the coil of the relay while 12V is given to the other node of the relay. The open node of the relay switch is connected with the LED, the short node is made ground and 5V is given to the common node of the relay. The base and collector of the second npn is made short. A variable resister is also connected to the collector of the second npn.

WORKING:
When the circuit is connected to power-supply and made to operate, then current flowing through the collector of our second transistor will be replicated on the collector terminal of first transistor (current mirror) and the same current will pass through the relay which, in turn will operate LED. The resistance used at the second collector terminal is variable and by varying the resistance, we operate the relay on first collector terminal. When resistor is made maximum the LED will glow very dim while when the resistor is made minimum the LED will glow the brightest.

Calculations:
For calculating relay coil current using ohms law: Relay coil current =supply voltage/coil resistance Resistance of coil (R) =102.4 Voltage=6v Io=V/R=6/102.4=.0586A=58.59mA

CONCLUSION:
From the experiment we see that the relay acts as a switch, when no voltage or less then 5V is given at the common node then the LED does not glow because the path is open. The movable iron in the relay is connected to the short node, but when 5V is given, due to induction the path opens because movable iron in the relay changes position to the open node, and thus the LED Glows. We can also control the brightness of the LED glow with the variable resist by changing the resistance from minimum to maximum.