TS/2401/1/2011-2012

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
MATH2401 Analysis I
Tutorial 1 19-9-2011
(Time to do: 30mins)
Let d, be 2 metrics on a nonempty set X. We say d, are equivalent if
x X, > 0, > 0 such that
Bd (x, ) B (x, ) and B (x, ) Bd (x, ),
where B (a, r) := {x X : (a, x) < r} for metric on X.
Q1. Draw Bd (0, 1) and B (0, 1) for the following metrics on R2 :
d(x, y) = |x1 y1 | + |x2 y2 |
(x, y) = max{|x1 y1 |, |x2 y2 |}
Q2. Show that d and are equivalent.
Q3. Let U be the collection of all open sets of (X, d), V be the collection of
all open sets of (X, ).
Prove that if d, are equivalent, then U=V. That is, any set open in
(X, d) is also open in (X, ), and vice versa.
Q4. For each of the following statements, determine if it is true or false. If
it is true, porve it; if not, give a counterexample.
(a) (S)o S o
0

(b) (S o ) = S
0

(c) (S) = S

Tutorial 1 (MATH2401)
Suggested Solution
1. Bd (0, 1) = {(x, y) R2 : |x| + |y| < 1}
= {(x, y) R2 : x 0, y 0, x + y < 1}
{(x, y) R2 : x 0, y < 0, x y < 1}
{(x, y) R2 : x < 0, y 0, x + y < 1}
{(x, y) R2 : x < 0, y < 0, x y < 1};
B (0, 1) = {(x, y) R2 : max{|x|, |y|} < 1}
= {(x, y) R2 : |x| < 1, |y| < 1}.
Hence the open balls Bd (0, 1) and B (0, 1) look like:
(0, 1)
(1, 1)

(1, 0)

@
@

@
@

(1, 1)

(1, 0)

@
@

@
@

(1, 1)

(1, 1)

(0, 1)
Bd (0, 1)

B (0, 1)

2. (i) We have Bd ((x1 , x2 ), r) B ((x1 , x2 ), r), because

(y1 , y2 ) Bd ((x1 , x2 ), r) |x1 y1 | + |x2 y2 | < r |x1 y1 |
|x1 y1 | + |x2 y2 | < r. Similarly |x2 y2 | < r.
Hence max{|x1 y1 |, |x2 y2 |} < r, and (y1 , y2 ) B ((x1 , x2 ), r).
(ii) We have B ((x1 , x2 ), r/2) Bd ((x1 , x2 ), r), because
(y1 , y2 ) B ((x1 , x2 ), r/2) max{|x1 y1 |, |x2 y2 |} < r/2
|x1 y1 |+|x2 y2 | max{|x1 y1 |, |x2 y2 |}+max{|x1 y1 |, |x2 y2 |} <
r, and hence (y1 , y2 ) Bd ((x1 , x2 ), r).
2

Therefore, given x R2 , > 0, let = /2, then

Bd (x, ) Bd (x, ) B (x, ),
B (x, ) = B (x, /2) Bd (x, ).
We conclude that the metrics are equivalent.
3. Suppose U is open in (X, d). Then x S, there exists an open ball
Bd (x, r) such that x Bd (x, r) U . Now d, equivalent > 0
such that B (x, ) Bd (x, r).
Hence x B (x, ) Bd (x, r) U .
This implies U is open in (X, ). By symmetry the proof is complete.
4. (a) False. Consider X = R, S = Q. (S)o = (R)o = R, while S o = =
.
0

(b) False. Consider X = R, S = {1/n : n N}. (S o ) = () = ,

0

while S = {0}.
(c) True, because:
0

i. S S S (S) ;
0

ii. Let x (S) . We want to show x S , which is equivalent to

saying that, for any > 0, (B(x, ) S) \ {x} 6= . Now x
0
(S) (B(x, )S)\{x} 6= . Let y (B(x, )S)\{x}. Then
y B(x, ) \ {x}. such that B(y, ) B(x, ), x
/ B(y, ).
(By taking = min{d(x, y), d(x, y)}). Also y S, so
B(y, )S 6= . Let z B(y, )S, then z (B(y, )S)\{x}
z (B(x, ) S) \ {x}. Done.