TTP-2009 Cryo

4/29/2010 TTP-2009 Cryogenic Course_IPR 1
Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar - -382 428 382 428
Introduction Introduction
What is cryogenics:
What is cryogenic engineering:
At what temperature range:
What happens at such
low temperature to materials:
Systems which require
cryogenic:
What is cryonics:
The branch of physics relating to study the effects of very low
temperatures.
Technology of the production of very low temperatures or
processing materials at very low temperatures.
At temperature: (below 150 C, 238 F or 123 K)
(Temperature at which carbon segregate from mild steel).
At low temperatures, matter has unusual properties. Phase
transformation of matter occurs for example most metals
become brittle and hard.
All super conducting application, Space cryogenics
(Rocket Propulsion), Nuclear and high energy physics,
Electronics (microwave amplifiers), Biological and medical
applications, Food processing, Cryo-machining, recycling
of materials etc.
What is cryonics: Cryonics is the preservation of legally
dead humans or pets at very low temperature (below
200F, 130C) in the hope that future science can
restore them to life, youth and health.
Property diagram of a pure substance Property diagram of a pure substance
T T- -S Diagram of a substance (Water) S Diagram of a substance (Water)
Critical Temp ~ Normal boiling temperature x 1.6 Thumb rule
4630 2960 2780 2840 2810 ---- 3900 181 Sound speed
m/s
511.5 213 161.9 205 199.3
~200
85.9 443 20.9
~21
Latent Heat
kJ/kg or J/g
424.1 1141 1394 874 807.3 1206 70.79 124.8 Density
Kg/m
3
46.4 50.8 48.9 39.2 33.9 26.5 13.15 2.29 Critical Pr bar
(Pc)
190.7 154.6 150.7 133 126.1 44.4 33.2 5.2 Critical Temp K
(Tc)
111.7 90.18 87.28 78.8 77.36 27 20.27 4.214 Normal boiling
Temp K (T)
Methane Oxygen Argon Air Nitrogen Neon Hydrogen Helium
Fluids
Properties
Liquid Cryogen Properties at 1 atmospheric pressure Liquid Cryogen Properties at 1 atmospheric pressure
LNG: LNG:
~ ~ - -160 160
0 0
C C
or 113K or 113K
425 425
kg/m kg/m
3 3
510 J/g 510 J/g
When liquid helium is cooled to 2.172 K, it undergoes a
phase transition. Because of the characteristic profile of the
heat capacity curve, the temperature at which the transition
takes place is called the lambda temperature (Tl). There is
no specific volume change or latent heat involved in the
lambda transition. Keesom and Wolfke (1927) used the
terms He I and He II to distinguish the liquid above and
below Tl respectively. He I behaves like a Newtonian fluid,
while He II owing to its quantum effects has remarkably
strange properties. In 1938, Kapitza and independently Allen
and Misener reported that there is no measurable resistance
to the flow of He II through small capillaries with diameter of
the order of 10
-4
cm (Kapitza 1938, Allen and Misener
1938). Kapitza referred to He II as the "superfluid". On the
other hand, experiments using oscillating disks by Keesom
and MacWood (1938) demonstrated the existence of a
viscous drag, consistent with a viscosity coefficient not much
less than that of helium gas. It seems as He II is capable of
being both viscous and non-viscous at the same time. This
led to the formulation of the two fluid model by Tisza and
Landau. In addition to superfluidity, some of the remarkable
properties of He II include extremely high thermal
conductivity, the fountain effect, the mechano-caloric effect
and the Rollin Film.
Embrittlement of materials
Large displacements (due to the thermal expansion and contraction)
Icing around/between the cryogenic pipe support, pipe insulation and
steelwork
Rapid change of phase due to large heat fluxes (big delta T) and
Small latent heats of the fluids involved.
Two phase flow etc
Problems encountered in cryogenic system Problems encountered in cryogenic system
Unsuitable materials include: Unsuitable materials include:
Martensitic stainless steels Undergoes ductile to brittle transition when
cooled down.
Cast Iron also becomes brittle
Carbon steels also becomes brittle. Sometimes used in 300 K vacuum
vessels but care must be taken that breaks in cryogenic lines do not cause
the vacuum vessels to cool down and fail.
Rubber, Teflon and most plastics although plastic insulated wires are
frequently OK as long as the wire is not repeatedly flexed which could lead
to cracking of the insulation.
Must be compatible to low temperature and high vacuum. Must be compatible to low temperature and high vacuum.
METALIC: SS (Austenite) 304, 304L,316, 316L,321, INVAR, Copper ( METALIC: SS (Austenite) 304, 304L,316, 316L,321, INVAR, Copper (ETP, ETP,
OFHC), Aluminum (3000 to 6000 series) OFHC), Aluminum (3000 to 6000 series)
Nonmetallic: G Nonmetallic: G- -10/G 10/G- -11, Teflon, 11, Teflon, Kepton Kepton, VITON (Up to 77K),Nomex, Glass , VITON (Up to 77K),Nomex, Glass
fiber. fiber.
MATERIALS IN CRYOGENIC APPLICATION MATERIALS IN CRYOGENIC APPLICATION
Large amounts of contraction
can occur when materials are
cooled to cryogenic
temperatures.
Points to consider:
Impact on alignment
Development of interferences or
gaps due to dissimilar materials
Increased strain and possible
failure
Impact on wiring
Most contraction occurs above
77 K
goes to 0 at 0 slope as T
approaches 0 K
is T independent at higher
temperatures
For practical work the integral
thermal contraction is more
useful
Thermal Expansion Thermal Expansion
47 x 10 -5 279 x 10 5 Epoxy/ Epoxy/Fibre Fibre glass glass
57 x 10 -5 340 x 10 5 Brass Brass
- 40 x 10 -5 Invar Invar
18 x 10 -5 198 x 10 -5 Iron Iron
17 x 10 -5 134 x 10 -5 Titanium Titanium
47 x 10 -5 415 x 10 -5 Aluminum Aluminum
44 x 10 -5 326 x 10 -5 Copper Copper
35 x 10 5 296 x 10 -5 Stainless steel Stainless steel
L / L ( 100 4 ) L / L ( 300 100 ) Material
Integral Thermal Contraction Integral Thermal Contraction
Tends to increase at low
temperatures (as long as there
is no ductile to brittle
transition)
300 K values are typically
used for conservative design.
Remember all systems start
out at 300 K & may
unexpectedly return to 300 K.
Always look up values or test
materials of interest
Material Tensile and Impact strength Material Tensile and Impact strength
Cp = dU/dT or Q/mT
In general, at cryogenic
temperatures, Cp
decreases rapidly with
decreasing temperature.
This has 2 important
effects:
Systems cool down
faster as they get colder
At cryogenic
temperatures, small heat
leaks may cause large
temperature rises.
Specific Heat of Solids Specific Heat of Solids
Cp & for copper.
Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity
k for copper
Electrical Electrical Resistivity Resistivity
for copper
Where do we need cryogenic systems ? Where do we need cryogenic systems ?
What is the role of such systems in future power generation plan What is the role of such systems in future power generation plants ? ts ?
CERN : Cryogenic Test Station
Major components for cryogenic system Major components for cryogenic system
High Temp End : (Not a cryogenic system) High Temp End : (Not a cryogenic system)
Compressors
Oil removal systems
Gas storage tanks, Gas bags etc.
Recovery compressors
Warm gas lines, valves and other components.
All This comprises warm gas management
Low Temp End : Low Temp End :
Purifier
LN
2
Storage tanks (Dewars), pumps, transfer lines, vaporizers etc
Cold box: Different size heat exchangers, Turbines, valves, JT valves
Cryogen Storage tanks (Dewars)
Distribution network; Transfer lines, manifolds, vacuum vessels
Cold compressors
At All Points : At All Points :
Instrumentation and diagnostics : To measure Pressure, Temperature, flow,
speed, Level etc, and a complete SCADA system
Application
Distribution system
Cold box
Warm gas management
Auxiliary systems
ie LN2 system,
Chilled water, Power
Cryogenic system
User
Transfer lines (Cryogenic piping)
Vacuum vessels including thermal shield
Cryogenic valves
Transfer lines transfers the cryogen from a cryogen
source to the system that needs to be cooled
TYPES: RIGID & FLEXIBLE
Transfer lines are subjected to wind load,
fluid hammer, equipment vibration, weight of
attachments, weight of contents and weight
of piping and fluid, pressure load and
contraction forces. All these factors
contribute to two distinct forms of stresses
1. The Sustained Stresses The Sustained Stresses
Generated by pressure, dead weight of the
contents and attachments, which can be
expected to be present virtually at all time of
plant operation.
2. The Self Limiting Stresses The Self Limiting Stresses
Generated by thermal effects.
Other design considerations Other design considerations
Acceptable Pressure drop: Acceptable Pressure drop: From From
Hydraulic Analysis Hydraulic Analysis
Acceptable Heat in leak : Acceptable Heat in leak : From Thermal From Thermal
Analysis Analysis
Vacuum Considerations Vacuum Considerations
Design considerations from flexibility analysis Design considerations from flexibility analysis
point point
Behavior of cryogenic piping system
during initial start-up
Behavior of cryogenic piping system
during normal operation
Characteristics of cryogenic piping system
and pipe supports
Requirements & optimization for cryogenic
pipe supports
Requirement of vacuum barriers
Comparison with other type of cryogenic
pipe supports and
Other different loads
Sub Components of distribution network
Toroidal field magnet coil of ATLAS without Outer Jacket
Rigid Lines : Includes Bends and bellows
MANIFOLD T
Tr Lines WITH DIFFERENT CROSS SECTION
Flexible: Made from bellows
How To Design a How To Design a Cryo Cryo Tr. Line ? Tr. Line ?
What are design parameters ? What are design parameters ?
Is it Single phase fluid or Two Phase Is it Single phase fluid or Two Phase
fluid ? fluid ?
A Case Study: A Case Study:
Design a Liquid Nitrogen cryo transfer line with
maximum supply pressure at LN
2
Tank 2.25 Bar (a)
for 2000 ltr//hr with maximum pressure drop of 5
mbar /mtr and 3 Watt/ mtr for 200 mtr long line.
How to estimate Heat load:?
What are modes?
Radiation Heat load
Q
R
= A
c
(T
h
4
T
c
4
)
Conduction Heat load
Q
c
= kA (T
h
T
c
)/ L
Residual Gas conduction
) (
8 1
1
2
1
c h c g a Rgc
T T A P F
T
R
Q
(
+
=

How to minimize heat load?

How To minimize solid conduction How To minimize solid conduction
By Design and using low thermal
conducting and high strength material
( /k shall be very high)
To reduce conduction If Spacer/
Support is made of large size then
outer jacket size increase and radiation
load & cost of line will increase.
How to estimate Process line diameter and pressure drop ? (Sizing of line) ?
Is it a single phase or two- phase.?
Acceptable velocity of cryogen: <0.5 m/s (specially in two phase liquids) (As compared to water 2.1+
0.9)
Let us choose V= 0.25 m/s
A= Q/V =2/ (0.25x3600) d= 53.4 mm Nearest 2 Inch NPS but what thk ?
Let us go check mechanical integrity
Operating pressure: 2.25 Bar (a)
Pressure due to hammer load: P= V V
s
= 772*0.25*2860 Pa= 5.52 Bar
Net Pr: =7.77 bar
Pipe Thk.: As per B31.3 t= PD
0
/ (2SE +0.4P) + A
Here S=2/3(
y
) =110 MPa, E=1 and A=0 (Non corrosive) t= 0.211 mm ? (OK ) and t
n
= 0.211/(1-.125)
t
n
= 0.241 mm
Let us choose: Schedule 5S. 1.65 mm.
Recheck of Schedule No: SN=1000P/S =1000x7.77x10
5
/110x10
6
= 7.06 Next SN=10S
Go back to pressure drop estimation.
Pressure drop
2 2
2
V
K
D
fL
P
hy
(
(
+ =
Can any one explain what are advantages of lower thickness ?
Minor Losses K
One Gate valve : 0.2
Elbow: 0.9 x 6 (nos)= 5.4
Concentric Reducer/Expander: = 0.08 x2 (nos)
One Exit =1 Net Minor Losses K = 6.76
Estimation of f
Check Reynolds No: Re= 4 m/( P
cool
) or V D
hy
/ = 8.19E4
Go to Moody Chart or use empirical relation: f= 0.316 Re
-0.25
Find f= 0.0188
Net Pressure drop single phase P
l
= 164.7 Pa/ 6 m ~ 27.45 Pa/m
Is it acceptable ?
But what Quality ?
How to estimate two phase pressure drop ?
Heat load per meter ?
Let us assume selection of Process pipe diameter is OK.
Now Design support spacer For example as shown:
Let us decide Outer diameter : Outer Dia : 3 inch
And designed this outer
jacket against vacuum load
to estimate thickness from
Nomographs or ASME
section VIII DIV-1
GAME IS NOT OVER
Estimate:
Radiation Heat Load: With 20 Layer MLI: 0.821 W For 6 Mtr
Conduction Heat Load: Due to spacers: ~ 2 watt
( Each spacer Thk: 3-5mm)
Residual Gas Heat Load: 12.7 Watt
( For vacuum 5x10
-3
mbar= 0.5 Pa) (very High)
Standard Section: Near length 6 meter
Net Load= 15.4 W (for 6 mtr) +2.7 Watt (from vacuum Barrier)
(How to design a vacuum barrier ? )
Factor of margin: 2 (Thumb rule)
Now Estimate the quality at outlet of 6 mtr =36.2/ (189x 432)
= 4.4e04 (Nearly complete liquid)
Quality at outlet of 6 mtr= 0.044% Vapor
Let us go for two phase
where
) (
8 1
1
2
1
c h c g a Rgc
T T A P F
T
R
Q
(
+
=

Is it OK ? YES YES
( ) ( )
2
L
TP L
P P
L L

=

1
2
L
2
tt tt
C 1
1
X X
(
= + +
(

( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
G
G
L
eG
eL
G
L
L
n
eL G
G
m
eG L
G
L
tt
R
R
f
f
x
x
R C
R C
L
P
L
P
X
2 2
2
2
1
cool G
G
G
P
m
=
4
Re
cool L
L
L
P
m
=
4
Re
Here m
L
and m
G
are mass flow rate of liquid and vapor
fraction,
L
and
G
are the viscosity of liquid and vapor
respectively. Xtt is a dimensional less parameter, x is the
quality factor. The constants C
L
, C
G
, m and n are parameters
depend upon the flow regime (laminar or turbulent) for
individual phases and available in standard tables.
Here: Re
G
=766, Re
L
=8.39E4, X
tt
2
= 1.91E4
And P
TP
= 175 Pa (Only marginal increment, why ?)
Because Quality of out let is only 0.044%
HIGH PERFORMANCE TRANSFER LINE HIGH PERFORMANCE TRANSFER LINE
How To Estimate How To Estimate
Thickness of Thickness of
Outer Jacket Outer Jacket
against Vacuum against Vacuum
Load Load
By By
NOMOGRAPHS NOMOGRAPHS
Assume a thickness t
Estimate t/D
0
and L/D
0
Estimate P/E and S/E
Enter Figure1:At a given
P/E go to T/D
0
(Right
hand side )and go down
to find L/D
0
At a given P/E go to T/D
0
(left hand side) and find
S/E. Calculate S, if S<Sa
OK. Else change thk.
By ASME section VIII DIV-1
DIV-I : Assume a thickness t
Estimate D
0
/t
Estimate L/D
0
Enter Figure2:Estimate A for the above values of D
0
/t And
L/D
0
Enter Figure3:Estimate B for the above values of A And
operating temperature
Calculate P
c
= 4B/3A , If it is higher than 15 PSI or 1 Bar
(Design is OK) Else go for higher thickness
Components of Piping Components of Piping
system system
Pipe/tube
Fittings (e.g. elbows, reducers,
branch
connections, etc.)
Flanges, gaskets, bolting
Valves
Pipe supports
Flexible elements: Bellows,
bends
Flexible joints: Johnstons joint
, Bayonet Joint
Permanent joint
Element which provides Element which provides
flexibility: flexibility:
Bellows : Considered as compact elements,
provides flexibility in limited space but
more prone to failure, like leakage,
squirm etc.
Squirm of a bellow:
What next ? What next ? Material, Component selection and flexibility analysis Material, Component selection and flexibility analysis
Bends : Requires large space, used for
large thermal contraction and high
pressure applications like OMEGA loop.
Wavy thin wall tubes: For limited thermal
contraction and low pressure
application.
For safe design, flexibility analysis for cryogenic piping syste For safe design, flexibility analysis for cryogenic piping system is usually carried m is usually carried
out to meet the engineering requirements of ASME B31.3, Process out to meet the engineering requirements of ASME B31.3, Process Piping Code. Piping Code.
Static Analysis
Comprehensive Load Case Options
Dynamic Analysis
Mode Shape and Natural Frequency Calculations
Harmonic Displacement and Force Analysis
Shock Spectrum Analysis and Independent
Support Motion
Force Spectrum Analysis
Modal Time History Analysis etc
Available software's for flexibility analysis; CAESAR, CAEPIPE, AUTOPIPE,
SIMFLEX, ANSYS etc.
Flexibility also carries a danger.
Excessive flexibility as compared required, adds to the cost due to additional
pipes and take up costly space in result increases weight also.
Flexibility analysis of a cryogenic (LN2) transfer line Flexibility analysis of a cryogenic (LN2) transfer line
Input Parameters Input Parameters
For C A E S A R I I VER.5.00.0, (Build 051118)
PIPE DATA: Static Analysis (Isometric of process pipe along
with constraints.)
PIPE: Dia= 15.000 mm. Wall= 1.600 mm.
Insul= 0.000 mm.
Load: T1= -190
0
C (considered) P1= 130.0000 KPa
Mat= (154)A312 304L
E= 195,121,616 KPa
= .292
Thermal coefficient : 8.8 e-6 m/m/
0
C
Density= 8000 kg/cubic m
Fluid= .0001250 kg/ cm
3
.
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
B31.3 (2004) Sc= 130,000 KPa Sh1= 130,000 KPa
Dimensions and locations of Valves, elbows, reducers etc.
Pipe support locations
60 3720.0 220.0 0.0
55 3720.0 720.0 0.0
50 3120.0 720.0 0.0
45 2520.0 720.0 0.0
40 2450.0 720.0 0.0
35 2450.0 420.0 0.0
30 2400.0 420.0 0.0
25 2400.0 720.0 0.0
20 1800.0 720.0 0.0
15 600.0 720.0 0.0
10 0.0 720.0 0.0
5 0.0 0.0 0.0
NODE X Y Z
COORDINATE REPORT
/----------------(mm.)----------------/
Schematic View of process line location at node Schematic View of process line location at node
15,20 ,45 and 50 are Guide 15,20 ,45 and 50 are Guide
Output Parameters Output Parameters
CAESAR II Ver.5.00.0, (Build 051118) :CODE COMPLIANCE EVALUATION PASSED
Highest Stresses: ( KPa )
Code Stress Ratio is 28.5 at Node 5 LOADCASE: 3 (EXP) L3=L1-L2
Code Stress: 93139.1 Allowable: 324855.1 @Node 5 LOADCASE: 1 (OPE)
W+D1+T1+P1
Axial Stress: 923.0 @Node 9 LOADCASE: 1 (OPE) W+D1+T1+P1
Bending Stress: 92626.8 @Node 5 LOADCASE: 3 (EXP) L3=L1-L2
Torsion Stress: 0.0 @Node 33 LOADCASE: 3 (EXP) L3=L1-L2
Hoop Stress: 479.4 @Node 8 LOADCASE: 1 (OPE) W+D1+T1+P1
3D Max Intensity: 93139.1 @Node 5 LOADCASE: 1 (OPE)
Other out put including nozzle lodes (Fx,Fy,FZ) and moments (Mx,My,Mz), displacement
at each node, stress level at each node also can be calculated.
Deformed shape of transfer line.: Max def at bend locations Node Deformed shape of transfer line.: Max def at bend locations Node 9 & 10 9 & 10
(All dimensions are in mm) (All dimensions are in mm)
Rz Ry Rx Z Y X Node
7.2701
7.2749
-0.3330 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.5930 10
-0.4166 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.4692 9
Flexibility analysis of a cryogenic ( Flexibility analysis of a cryogenic (LHe LHe) transfer line ) transfer line
USING ANSYS USING ANSYS
Conclusion Conclusion
All cryogenic lines carrying saturated liquid shall be designed for two phase pressure drop.
Optimization for heat load against cost is very essential. Especially Residual gas heat load is
main culprit in LN2, LOX, LNG Lines.
Location of cryogenic pipe supports like guide, anchor etc. shall be designed to minimize
thermal conduction which could adversely affect the fluid in the pipe and/or the surrounding
structure.
Cryogenic supports shall be designed taking into account warm-up and cool-down conditions.
So piping flexibility analysis is necessary before cryogenic pipe support design. Adequate
systems shall be used in order not to induce additional stresses.
Because of large displacements (expansion and contraction) of material used for cryogenic
piping system, supports (specially made of material with large ratio of stress to thermal
conductivity ;/k) shall be selected and must be capable of accommodating movements.
Before actual installation, one should simulate the flexibility analysis of designed lines.
What next ? What next ?
A lot of about A lot of about
Liquid Helium, Super critical Helium and Liquid Hydrogen Liquid Helium, Super critical Helium and Liquid Hydrogen
Transfer lines, Process design calculation and selection of Transfer lines, Process design calculation and selection of
cryogenic valves, Vacuum calculation (Vacuum pump size cryogenic valves, Vacuum calculation (Vacuum pump size
estimation, conductance estimation) estimation, conductance estimation)
Thanks for your kind attention
Thanks for your kind attention
Next is Thermal shield :
Intermediate shield (LN
2
shields in helium and hydrogen cryogenics)
A case study: What to decide ? How to start?
Toroidal field magnet coil of ATLAS without Outer Jacket
TYPICAL CRYOGENIC VESSEL
Type of Shields
Conventional forced flow
Dimple panels
q
Kt
L

=
2
Design validation using Design validation using
ANSYS for LN ANSYS for LN
2 2
SHIELD DESIGN SHIELD DESIGN
Input BCs: Tubes Temp: 80K,
Flux: 36W/m
2
, Thermal
conductivity: 498 W/m-K and
Model
Element: Shell 57 Shell Thk: 2
mm
Output: Nodal Temperature
Distribution (Quite uniform
temperature distribution and in
agreement with analytical) Max
80.4K
Single Sided Embossed
Double Sided Embossed
Next is: Different kind of Different kind of vesels vesels /DEWARS /DEWARS
temporary on-site service or
transport of liquid loads on a truck.
Design drivers: Design drivers:
Type of cryogen
Storage/ Transport/ Poratble
Vertical/ Horizontal
NER
A Case Study: A Case Study:
Design a Liquid Nitrogen storage tank of 35 m
3
capacity. Operating conditions: Pr. Min/Max: 1bar (a)/ 3.5 bar(a)
and Temperature: Corresponding saturation
Design Drivers: Lowest possible Net Evaporation Rate (NER)
Double wall vessel
GAME STARTS FROM HERE:
Min Q means L/D ~1, means higher thk------Leads to higher cost.
Moreover L/D ~1 means higher thickness of outer vessels -----Leads to higher cost.
In general L/D ~3 to 5
Select L/D =3, Select Type of Dish ends: 2:1 Dish ends/ Torispherical dish ends
Estimate : D
Analysis for internal vessel: ASME section VIII Div I :
Estimate t
Analysis for External vessel: ASME section VIII Div I :
Estimate external pressure: Design is safe/ Not safe
Design of supports
Selection of insulation, Estimation of Heat load due to piping, conduction, convection, radiation etc.
Estimate m from Qx 24 x3600 = mx L
v
and finally NER= m/Net capacity
SHe and LN
2
distribution network at IPR
BFD PFD P&ID
Helium Plants Helium Plants
Liquefier Liquefier
Refrigerator Refrigerator
Combination Combination
Different Kind of Different Kind of
Cycle Cycle
Simple Simple Linde Linde
Cascade Cascade
Claude Claude
Collins Collins
Customized (like Customized (like
Plant at IPR) Plant at IPR)
Major components of Major components of
Cold box Cold box
Mainly plate fin Hx
Interconnection
piping
Turbine
Valves
Evaporators
Simple Simple Linde Linde
W W
Q Q
m m
f f
JT JT
m m
f f
m m
T
S
How this JT Works ? How this JT Works ?
T
P
h
dP
dT
|
.
|
\
|
=
T
P
dp
dh
dh
dT
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
T
S
T
dp
dpv
dp
du
Cp
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1

Online Purifier
Heat Exchanger for Gas cool down
from 300K to 80K
300K-200K Counter Current
Helium flow
200K-80K LN
2
flow
2 Charcoal bed adsorbers in push/pull
Normal Operation 500 hr regeneration
Also used for recovery gas purification
and cleaning of coils at beginning.
COMPRESSOR SKID:
3# MYCOM He 250 MUD-H Compressors (2 #
working 1# standby); Oil injected, screw type, with
slide valves with a total mass flow rate of 140 g/s.
HP controlled at 14 bara; LP controlled at 1.05 bara
A valves control panel for pressure regulation.
OIL REMOVAL :
Primary oil removal ; oil & He coolers
A final oil removal system ( 3 coalescing filters &
a charcoal adsorber)
High pressure storage system (HPSS) at 150 bar
2# of 25 m
3
SS tanks, associated valves, instrumentation and piping
Medium Pressure storage system (MPSS) at 14 bar.
4# of 68 m
3
tanks (1 SS; 3 CS), associated valves, instrumentation and piping.
The interconnecting pipe-lines, between the compressors, HPSS, MPSS, purifier and
cold-box ( over distance of ~250 m)
2# gas bags (40 Nm
3
each) and a recovery compressor for emergency He gas recovery
WARM GAS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
High Pressure He Gas Storage Tanks Medium Pressure He Gas Storage Tanks
He Gas Recovery System
He Gas recovery Compreesor ( 150 bar; 1 g/s )
Gas Bag 40 NM
3
Quench Recovery Tank
What next ? What next ?
& &
A lot of enjoyment and work for large size plant ~ 18kW capacity A lot of enjoyment and work for large size plant ~ 18kW capacity
Its process design calculation and system development. Its process design calculation and system development.
Current Leads, Bus bars , Joints etc. Current Leads, Bus bars , Joints etc.
THANKS

TTP-2009 Cryo

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4/29/2010 TTP-2009 Cryogenic Course_IPR 1

How to minimize heat load?

4/29/2010 TTP-2009 Cryogenic Course_IPR 58

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