ROOTS OF A NATION

Institutions of Hispanization Spain promoted formal and informal education.

Informal education-was imparted through sermons during mass and other forms of preaching Formal education-done through schools and colleges

Problem of languages was solved when the missionaries composed the first PHILIPPINE GRAMMARS and DICTIONARIES. One of the earliest of these was: INTRODUCCION A LA LENGUA BISAYA-Fr. Cristobal Jimenez(one of the first Jesuit missionaries who went to Leyte in 1596) ESBOZO DE UN ARTE EN LENGUA TAGALOG-Fr. Juan de la Cruz (the Dominican who died in 1605) Fray Blancas de San Jose- Dominican priest who introduced printing to the Philippines. 1593: the Dominicans issued the first books ever printed in the country:

Doctrina Cristiana, in Spanish and tagalog and a Chinese tradition of the same work. The Real Traditional Propagation Of The True Religion-Fr. Juan Cobo (one of the first missionaries who tried to Christianize the Chinese in the Philippines)

At least 245 different books were published between 1593-1750.

The greatest number were devotional books, like: Reminders Of Christian Life, Tagalog Prayers For Communion And Confession.

1750: natives like TOMAS PINPIN of BATAAN and a few other Tagalog writers were writing or publishing books. TOMAS PINPIN

`began as Fr. Blancas de San Joses assistant, but soon learned to manage the printing press. Wrote the book on How Tagalogs May Learn The Spanish Language in 1610

Some of the recreational habits of the Filipinos: Gambling (both according to Chinese and Spanish systems) Cock fighting

Hispanic Philippines therefore, was HIERARCHICAL.

Social ranking was taken as matter of course. Spanish style of colonial administrator had its democratic elements.

TO inform the people of their obligations the ALGUACIL MAYOR (chief constable)in the provincial capitals summoned the gobernadorcillos, barangay heads, the principales and other important people to a meet with a visitor from manila. This happened in LINGAYEN, PANGASINAN (1744) Any amount left was for the celebration of the three big feasts: o o o Holy Thursday Corpus Christi Local Patron saints day

Nineteen year old males to pay 24 reales or 3 pesos as the fee for exemption from the POLO.

Stirring of nationalism 1825: Spanish American colonies have won their independence and the economic link between ACAPULCO and MANILA was severed. 1821: a manifesto signed by an INDIO AGRAVIADO complained that the indios were not taught Spanish, lest the people could argue on equal terms with the Spaniards. THREE DISGRUNTLED MILITARY OFFICERS:

Luis Rodriguez de Varela Jose Ortega Andres Novales -organized a countermove

JUNE 23, 1823, NOVALES unexpectedly surfaced won over a few people to his side and mutinied. About 800 soldiers joined him. NOVALES was executed. Apolinario de la Cruz was a donado or a volunteer aide at the San Juan de Dios hospital, 1832 he organized a pious confraternity under the patronage of Saint Joseph.

Among the earliest Filipino residents in sapin were: GREGORIO SANCIANCO, and the PATERNO brothers, PEDRO, ALEJANDRO and MAXIMO Jr. The paterno residence in Madrid was frequented by Spanish literary and political figures.

At these reunions PEDRO used to read his verses, which he later collected and published in books form titled: SAMPAGUITA. More important was the work by SANCIANO. He planned to wirte a trilogy but he finished only the first part to which he gave the title EL PROGRESO DE FILIPINAS. SANCIANOS book was what would be called a feasibility study for socioeconomic development program. Just like Paternos books of verses, Sancianos was an early expression of FILIPINISM. He disappeared from history in 1884

THE NATIVE CLERGY Native Candidates for the priesthood were immediately ordained, in the early years of Spanish rule in south America.

Philippines was under the jurisdiction of Mexico, and the native candidates were not accepted for priestly ordination. Conversion of pagans and unbelievers was in general rtask of the missionaries. The converts needed help for them to continue to lead true Christian lives and was the responsibility of the diocesan or secular priests in charge of parishes under the supervision of the bishops.

PHILIPPINE CHURCH WAS ORGANIZED. Bishops became responsible for consolidating the Christian church in the islands. Part of their duties was to visit parishes. But there were not enough secular priests, Friar missionaries remained in charge of the majority of the PHILIPPINE PARISHES. This led to the problem of visitation and secularization of the parishes. Naturally the missionaries refused to accept a second authority, the BISHOP.

Episcopal visitation or secularization of the parishes became a racial question. -visitation and secularization were thus identified as the FILIPINIZATION of the parishes. 1768: Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines. 114 missions and some schools which Jesuits had been forced to abandon. 1859: Jesuits returned to the Philippines mainly to resettle and evangelize the unbaptized tribes in Mindanao and the nearby islands.

1842: Recollects who owned land in Cavite, had asked for parishes there.

DEFINIDORES or councilors to stay there since they would be nearer Manila for their regular chapter meetings.

1862: Fr. PEDRO PELAEZ, the parish priest of Antipolo, a secular priest died. The vicar general assigned another secular priest the criollo FRANCISCO CHAMPMAS in his place. 1842: Antipolo one of the richest parishes and long administered by Philippine born priests, was transferred to SPANISH MISSIONARIES. 1810: a Mexican born secular priest had intigated the first successful revolution in latin America against spain. Fifteen years later, Latin America was completely independent. Only Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines remained in Spain.

Because of the patronato, it was cheaper and surer to hold on to the Philippines through the Spanish friars than through soldiers. Their leader was the Laguna born Fr. Pedro Pelaez. He organized the priests to collect funds to send a spokesperson before the Madrid government. Unfortunately he died buried under the ruins of the Manila Cathedral which was destroyed by a strong earthquake on June 3, 1863. His place was taken by Fr. Jose Burgos, a young priest born in Ilocos.