MBA

PM0050 Q3: a.Differentiate between

Census survey

and

Sample Survey.

a. Census Survey vs Sample Survey Sample survey and census survey are method to gather information from people Census survey takes each and every individual whereas sample survey takes a repr esentative sample Census survey is much bigger in proportion than sample survey Census survey takes more time and money However, there is margin for error in sample survey while census survey is more accurate.

b. Analyze multi-stage and sequential sampling b. analyze multi-stage and sequential sampling: Multi-stage sampling: In multi-stage sampling method, sampling is carried out in two or more stages. T he population is regarded as being composed of a number of second stage units an d so forth. That is, at each stage, a sampling unit is a cluster of the sampling units of the subsequent stage. First, as ample of the first stage sampling unit s is drawn, and then from each of the selected first stage sampling unit, a samp le of the second stage sampling units is drawn. The procedure continues down to the final sampling units or population elements. Appropriate random sampling met hods adopted at each stage. It is appropriate where the population is scattered over a wider geographical area and no frame or list is available for sampling. I t is also useful when a survey has to be made within a limited time and cost bud get. The major disadvantage is that the procedure of estimating sampling error a nd cost advantage is complicated. Sequential sampling: Sequential sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the research er picks single or a group of subjects in a given time interval, conducts his st udy, analyses the results then picks another group of subjects if needed and so on. This sampling technique gives the researcher limitless chances of fine tunin g his research methods and gaining a vital insight into the study that he is cur rently pursuing. There is very little effort in the part of the researcher when performing this sampling technique. It is not expensive, not time consuming and not workforce extensive. This sampling method is hardly representative of the en tire population. Its only hope of approaching representativeness is when the res earcher chose to use a very large sample size significant enough to represent a big fraction of the entire population. Due to the aforementioned disadvantages, results from this sampling technique cannot be used to create conclusions and in terpretations pertaining to the entire population MBA PM0050 : Q5: Select any topic for research and explain how you will use both secondary and primary sources to gather the required information. For performing research on the literacy levels among families, the primary and s econdary sources of data can be used very effectively. More specifically the pri mary sources of data collection is suggested in this regard. Because personal da ta or data related to human beings consist of:1. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of individuals: Age, sex, race, social class, religion, marital

status, education, occupation income, family size, location of the household lif estyle etc.2. Behavioral variables: Attitudes, opinions, awareness, knowledge, p ractice, intentions, etc.3. Organizational data consist of data relating to an o rganizations origin, ownership, objectives, resources, functions, performance an d growth.4. Territorial data are related to geo-physical characteristics, resour ce endowment, population, occupational pattern infrastructure degree of developm ent, etc. of spatial divisions like villages, cities, talks, districts, state an d the nation. The data serve as the bases or raw materials for analysis. Without an analysis of factual data, no specific inferences can be drawn on the questio ns under study. Inferences based on imagination or guess work cannot provide cor rect answers to research questions. The relevance, adequacy and reliability of d ata determine the quality of the findings of a study. Data form the basis for te sting the hypothesis formulated in a study. Data also provide the facts and figu res required for constructing measurement scales and tables, which are analyzed with statistical techniques. Inferences on the results of statistical analysis a nd tests of significance provide the answers to research questions. Thus, the sc ientific process of measurements, analysis, testing and inferences depends on th e availability of relevant data and their accuracy. Hence, the importance of dat a for any research studies The sources of data may be classified into: a. Primary sources b. Secondary sources. Primary Sources of Data

Primary sources are original sources from which the researcher directly collects data that have not been previously collected e.g.., collection of data directly by the researcher on brand awareness, brand preference, brand loyalty and other aspects of consumer behavior from a sample of consumers by interviewing them,. Primary data are first-hand information collected through various methods such a s observation, interviewing, mailing etc. Advantage of Primary Data: It is original source of data it is possible to capture the changes occurring in the course of time. It flexible to the advantage of researcher. Extensive resea rch study is based on primary data Disadvantage of Primary Data: ? Primary data is expensive to obtain ? It is time consuming ? It requires extensive research personnel who are skilled. ? It is difficult to administer Methods of Collecting Primary Data: Primary data are directly collected by the researcher from their original source s. In this case, the researcher can collect the required date precisely accordin g to his research needs, he can collect them when he wants them and in the form he needs them. But the collection of primary data is costly and time consuming. Yet, for several types of social science research required data are not availabl e from secondary sources and they have to be directly gathered from the primary

sources. In such cases where the available data are in appropriate, inadequate o r obsolete, primary data have to be gathered. They include: socioeconomic survey s, social anthropological studies of rural communities and tribal communities, s ociological studies of social problems and social institutions. Marketing resear ch, leadership studies, opinion polls, attitudinal surveys, readership, radio li stening and T.V. viewing surveys, knowledge-awareness practice (KAP) studies, fa rm managements studies, business management studies etc. There are various metho ds of data collection. A Method is different from a Tool while a method refers to th e way or mode of gathering data, a tool is an instruments used for the method. F or example, a schedule is used for interviewing. The important methods are (a) Observation, (b) Interviewing, (c) Mail survey, (d) Experimentation, (e) Simulation and (f) Projective technique.

Each of these methods is discussed in detail in the subsequent sections in the l ater chapters. Secondary Sources of Data: These are sources containing data which have been collected and compiled for ano ther purpose. The secondary sources consists of readily compendia and already co mpiled statistical statements and reports whose data may be used by researchers for their studies e.g., census reports , annual reports and financial statements of companies, Statistical statement, Reports of Government Departments, Annual reports of currency and finance published by the Reserve Bank of India, Statisti cal statements relating to Co-operatives and Regional Banks, published by the NA BARD, Reports of the National sample survey Organization, Reports of trade assoc iations, publications of international organizations such as UNO, IMF, World Ban k, ILO,WHO, etc., Trade and Financial journals newspapers etc. Secondary sources consist of not only published records and reports, but also unpublished records . The latter category includes various records and registers maintained by the f irms and organizations, e.g., accounting and financial records, personnel record s, register of members, minutes of meetings, inventory records etc.