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Other sugar my arise by reactions described in chapter 18 Operation of the pathway may be considered bring about conversion of six

molecules of carbon dioxide to one molecules of fructose-6-phospate. the overall equation for operating of the calvin cycle can be obtained by adding together the steps shown in the cycle.
pengoperasian jalur dapat dianggap membawa konversi dari enam molekul karbon dioksida ke salah satu molekul fruktosa-6-Phospate. persamaan keseluruhan untuk operasidari siklus calvin dapat diperoleh dengan menambahkan bersama-sama langkah-langkahyang ditunjukkan dalam siklus.

The equation which result is 6co2+ 12 NADPH+12H

17.7 control of photosynthesis Many factors influence the rate of photosynthesis. Light is the most important of these, and some of its effects are listed below:

A direct effect on the light reactions, leading to increased availability of ATP, NADPH, etc; A long-term effect on the development of chloroplast and the induction of photosynthetic enzymes; Effect on the activity of calvin cycle enzyms (rubisco,glyceraldhyde-3-phosphatase, sedophetase bisphosphatase and phosphoribulokinase) are activated by light. Several factors may contribute to his activation; for example, changes in pH resulting from proton movement from the stroma into the lumen of the choloroplasts may active enzymes such as rubisco . in addition, compounds ssuch as NADPH and ATP formed in the light reactions are positive allosteric effectors of rubisco and of glycerdehyde-3-phospate dehydrogenase. A futher very important effect is brought about through the action of the light effect mediators.these are protein containing cyteine residus that can exists either in the SH form or in the oxidized-S-S_form. The best known of these is called thioredoxin.in the light, reduced ferredoxin converts thioredoxin into its reduced (-SH) form. This activates a number of calvin cycle enzymes, including glyseraldehd-3phosphate dehydrogenase,fructose biophosphate,sedopheptulose bisphosphatase and phosphoribulokinase.it may also inhibit enzymes involved in sugar breakdown. The rate of conversion of triose phosphates into sucross in the cytoplasma is also regulated by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate,which has a similar role in controls of glycolisis and gluconeogenesis in animals. This regulation appears to be complex, but in general the compound accelerates conversion of fructose -6-

phosphate into fructose-1,6-bhisphosphates and inhibits the reverse reaction catalyzed by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. By this mechanism the relative rates of sugar synthesis and break down changed.

17.8

photorespiration

Plant celss containing mitochondria and therefore respire to produce ATP. In the process they consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. This occurs in both green and non green tissue and is not dependent on light (exept indirectly, in that photosynthesis provides sugars which substrates for respiration). However, in many plants another type of respiration, photorespiration is dependent on light and is often much faster than mithocondrial respiration. Photorespiration involves the production and metabolism of glycote by a process which is sometimes called the glycolate cycle photorespiration is closely linked to the calvin cycle, as the enzymes rubisco is common to both pathways. Rubisco can catalyzed the reactions of either carbon dioxide or oxygen with ribulase 1,5-bisphosphates. Reaction wit carbon dioxide (carboxylase activity) produces two molecules of-3-phosphoglycerate, but reaction wih oxygen (oxygenase activity ) produces 3- phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycolate (figure 17.7). the erate and phosphoglycolate synthesis of sugars. But the later undergrounds oxidation in which carbon dioxide is produced. This oxidation involves the clorophlasst, peroxisomes and mithocondria, as shown in figure 17.7 During photorespiration oxygen is consumed an caron dioxide is produced.some of ribulose 1,5-bhisphosphate which could have been used I the calvin cycle to produce sugars is converted back to carbon dioxide. Photorespiration therefore acts in the opposites sense to photosynthesis, and the operation of this pathway reduces the net efficiency of conversion of carbon dioxide into sugar. Under many circumstances, be an attempt by the cell to convert some phosphoglycolate back into sugars In photorespiration, one molecules of NH4- is produced from glycine fr each molecule of co2 released. This nh4- is rapidly reassimilated into organic compounds by the reactions described In chaper 20, and this constitutes the photorespiration nitrogen cycle. much of the ammonia converted into organic compounds orginates in this way.

17,8. 1 FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF PHOTORESPIRATION

Reducing the oxygen content of the air reduces the rate f photorespiration because rubisci has a low affinity for oxygen and is not satured even at concentrations of oxygen found in the air . in mithocondrial resspiraton, however, cytochrome oxidase, which catalyses te reaction between cytocromes and molecular oxygen, has a very high affinity for oxygen and is completely saturated even at very low oxygen concentrations, rates of photorespiration can be reduced without affecting mitochondrial respiration. Young plants grown in he 2-5 %

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