IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO.

3, MAY 2008

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Inter-Harmonic Identication Using Group-Harmonic Weighting Approach Based on the FFT

Hsiung Cheng Lin
AbstractThe fast Fourier transform (FFT) is still a widely-used tool for analyzing and measuring both stationary and transient signals with power system harmonics in power systems. However, the misapplications of FFT can lead to incorrect results caused by some problems such as aliasing effect, spectral leakage and picketfence effect. A strategy of group-harmonic weighting distribution is proposed for system-wide inter-harmonic evaluation in power systems. The proposed algorithm can restore the dispersing spectral leakage energy caused by the FFT, and calculate the power distribution proportion around the adjacent frequencies at each harmonic to determine the inter-harmonic frequency. Therefore, not only high-precision in integer harmonic measurement by the FFT can be retained, but also the inter-harmonics can be identied accurately, particularly under system frequency drift. The numerical examples are presented to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. Index TermsDiscrete Fourier transform (DFT), fast Fourier transform (FFT), group-harmonic, inter-harmonics.

I. INTRODUCTION OWER system harmonics have been of great concern since the early 1900s when alternating current was rst widely applied. Some of power electronic devices and industrial controllers, for instance, the cycloconverters, induction motors, arc furnaces, etc., produce inter-harmonics. Excess use of the electronic controlled equipment in power systems has caused an increasing pollution on both power line current and voltage. As a matter of fact, such devices can inject current harmonics into the power line that, in turn, produce voltage harmonics because of the mains impedance [1]. Inter-harmonics is a type of waveform distortion that may severely degrade the performance of a power system. The resulting symptoms include over heating, torsional oscillations, CRT icker, overload of conventional lters, interference in telecommunication, and so on. The health state of power network must be therefore closely monitored. Conventionally, Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method is efcient for signal spectrum evaluation because of the simplicity and easy implementation. The use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) can reduce the computational time required for DFT by several orders of magnitude. An improper use of DFT (or FFT) based algorithms can, however, lead to multiple interpretations of spectrum [2][4]. For example, if the periodicity of DFT data

Manuscript received March 1, 2007; revised April 16, 2007. Recommended for publication by Associate Editor V. Staudt. The author is with the Department of Automation Engineering, Chienkuo Technology University, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: hclin@cc.ctu.edu.tw). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPEL.2008.921067

set does not match the periodicity of signal waveforms, the spectral leakage and picket-fence effect will occur. Since the power system frequency is subject to small random deviations, some degree of spectral leakage can not be avoided. A number of algorithms, e.g., short time Fourier transform [5], least-square approach [6][8], Kalman ltering [9], [10], articial neural networks [4], [11], have been proposed to extract harmonics. The approaches may either suffer from low solution accuracy or less computational efciency. None is reported to perform well in subharmonic identication under system frequency variations though each demonstrates its specic advantages. Recent techniques for subharmonic estimation are based on Wavelet transform theory, which exploits time-frequency characterization of input signal to identify particular harmonics within subbands of interest. However, this technique requires a complex procedure, i.e., a calculation in the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) for the decomposition of waveforms, and also the analysis of nonzero decomposed components by continuous wavelet transform (CWT) [12][14]. These algorithms are complicated and require expensive computation. Also, only the low frequency bands are subdivided stepwise to achieve a high resolution in time, whereas low resolution in high frequency bands. For all above algorithms, the dilemma has not been resolved to reach the satisfactory solution in a practical application. That is why the improved FFT-based approaches are still called for as an important research eld even now [15][18]. IEC 61000-4-7 established a well disciplined measurement method for harmonics. This standard recently has been revised to add methodology for measuring inter-harmonics [19]. The key to the measurement of both harmonics and inter-harmonics in the standard is the utilization of a 10 or 12 cycle sample window upon which to perform the Fourier transform. However, the spectrum resolution with 5 Hz is not sufciently precise to reect the practical inter-harmonic locations for both 50-and 60-Hz systems. This paper presents inter-harmonic identication using FFT-based group-harmonic weighting approach which retains the merits of FFT analysis and extends to inter-harmonic identication under system frequency variation environments. This paper is organized as follows. Section II gives a background of signal analysis computations using Fourier transform as well as the concept of group-harmonic. Section III presents the proposed group-harmonic weighting approach. In Section IV, the model validation with a numerical example is demonstrated. Performance results under system frequency drift is also included and discussed. Conclusions are given in Section V.

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II. BACKGROUND OF POWER SYSTEM HARMONIC MEASUREMENT A. Signal Analysis Using Fourier Transform By Fourier theory, any repetitive waveform can be expressed as a series of various sinusoidal frequencies. Harmonics are dened as components of a waveform which are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Using Fourier series expansion, the distorted (nonsinusoidal) source current (or voltage) waveform can be expressed as a series of harmonics; therefore, the response to each harmonic can be determined by the following equations [20]: (1)

where

. The root mean square (RMS) value of source current is dened as shown in (3) and (4) at the bottom of the page, which is the RMS value of input harmonic current. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is well-known as the most important index to evaluate the power system quality. The THD factor is dened as the ratio of the RMS value of all the harmonic components and the RMS value of the fundamental component, shown as follows. (5)

where B. The Concept of Group-Harmonic The measurement of inter-harmonics is difcult with results depending on many factors. IEC 61000-4-7 suggests a method of inter-harmonics measurement based on the concept of the so-called group [19]. Therefore, initially the concept of group-harmonic is introduced as follows. is sampled as discrete points Suppose the waveform using the sampling rate , i.e., the truncation interval (second). With the digital signal processing (DSP) techcan be converted to a discrete nology, the continuous signal , and then can be transformed by DFT as signal (6) where frequency denotes the discrete Fourier transform of , i.e., , and . at

and is the dc component. In symmetrical systems, one nds symmetry usually so that , and can be expressed as (2)

(3) (4)

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The inverse DFT, which allows us to recover the signal from its spectrum, is given by

(7) By the Parseval relation in its discrete form, the power of the waveform, , can be expressed as [21], [22]

An interesting way to view this phenomenon is to observe the FFT results, for details in Section III-B. Most leakages can be collected into one group and are considered as though they were all at the dominant harmonic frequency. The amplitude of inter-harmonics (and/or subharmonics) can be thus identied. Additionally, the deviation of harmonic frequency adjacent to is proportional to the group-harmonic the centre frequency power distribution that creates a group-harmonic weighing method as the following section. III. PROPOSED GROUP-HARMONIC WEIGHTING APPROACH

(8) As above, both positive and negative values of spectral components are considered to transform the frequency domain sampled signal into a periodic time domain signal. In the case of actual signals spectral component relevant to symmetrical frequencies are complex conjugates each other. However, most real-world frequency analysis instruments display only the positive half of the frequency spectrum because the spectrum of a real-world signal is symmetrical around dc. Thus, the negative frequency information is redundant. can be exTherefore, the power at the discrete frequency pressed as [22] (9) where . The RMS value of the harmonic amplitude at the discrete is frequency (10) The power of the harmonic at may disperse over a fredue to the spectral leakage. Hence, quency band around the the total power of harmonics within the adjacent frequencies around can be restored into a group power [3]. Each group power, i.e., , is collected between and as the following equation: (11) where is an integer number and denotes the group bandwidth. Consequently, each harmonic amplitude can be estimated as (12) Indeed, amplitudes of the spectral components in the DFT (or FFT) analysis are related to the DFT algorithm. For this reason there is a correlation between spectral amplitudes and frequency of the actual spectral component. Applying the group power identication will solve the problems in dispersing spectral leakage energy, arising from measuring inter-harmonics or drifted system frequency in power systems.

Inter-harmonics in voltage and current waveforms are frequency components that are not integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Subharmonics are a special case of inter-harmonics for frequency components less than the power system frequency. Subharmonics or inter-harmonics analysis using FFT can not achieve an accurate outcome with the spectral leakages. Nevertheless, the linearity relationship between subharmonic (inter-harmonic) frequency and group-harmonic power distribution is found to be proportional according the induction of empirical observation, for some examples referring to Section III-B. This scientic background of deduction leads to the concept of the proposed group-harmonic weighting (GHW) method. A. Model of the Group-Harmonic Weighting Approach In this section, for the determination of inter-harmonics (and/or subharmonics) components, i.e., frequency and amplitude, the model of the group-harmonic weighting algorithm is developed with a deduction rule based on the empirical outcomes using FFT. This model also extends the basic idea of group concept that has been mentioned by IEC 61000-4-7 and some papers [3], [19], [21], [22]. For further illustrations, some typical examples are demonstrated on Section III-B. Initially, this model classies the frequency of inter-harmonics in the decimal point into two situations, i.e., in small frequency deviation and large frequency deviation. Small frequency deviation includes 0.1 to 0.5 Hz in the decimal point, e.g., 37.1 to 37.5 Hz. On the other hand, the large frequency deviation is the frequency that is larger more than 0.5 Hz in the decimal point, e.g., 37.6 to 37.9 Hz. Inter-harmonics in small and large frequency deviation are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. According to the effect of spectrum analysis using FFT, the second stronger amplitude is found to be located at the , right side of the dominant amplitude, i.e., for the small frequency deviation (less than or equal to 0.5 Hz). For the large frequency deviation (more than 0.5 Hz), the second stronger amplitude is located at the left side of the dominant amplitude, i.e., . The frequency of inter-harmonic can be dened as the centre frequency plus frequency deviation, i.e., , where denotes F.D.R., as shown in (13), at the bottom of the next page. Generally, the system frequency may be at a drift situation, i.e., the system frequency is not exact 50 Hz. As a result, the

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of system frequency drift, but R.A.S.F. is equal to with no system frequency drift. Additionally, normalization in this context is to unify the amplitude of system (fundamental) frequency. Consider a particular circumstance with no system frequency drift, i.e., the system frequency is exact 50 Hz. The R.A. can be therefore simplied as (14c)

B. Observation of SubHarmonic Frequency and Amplitude Analysis Using FFT

Fig. 1. Frequency spectrum of inter-harmonics for small frequency deviation.

Different cases of subharmonic frequency and amplitude analysis using FFT are investigated and discussed in this subsection. For easy demonstration, initially only one harmonic component is discussed as the following equation: (15) , and is a noninteger number. where amplitude, and is the phase. interval as The frequency lines occur at is the

(16) There is strong correlation between the sampling rate, sampling point and the accuracy of the FFT analysis. For the following discussions, the sampling rate is set as 1 kHz, and so that Hz. In deed, should be chosen as a higher sampling frequency, e.g., 4 kHz, to satisfy the Nyquist theorem according to IEC 60160 if the analysis of a power system signal should be performed up to the 40th harmonic. 1) Consider no System Frequency Drift: The system (fundamental) frequency, i.e., 50 Hz, is assumed as an ideal case, and its amplitude is normalized as 1.0 in the following case examples. , and Hz, for small Case 1: frequency deviation case. The results of spectrum analysis using FFT is shown in Fig. 3. Based on these results, frequency deviation ratio (F.D.R.) beyond the 23 Hz can be calculated as (17), shown at the bottom of the next page. The frequency of subharmonic in this case is thus equal to 23 Hz plus 0.1 Hz, i.e., 23.1 Hz, with consistency as the actual frequency.

Fig. 2. Frequency spectrum of inter-harmonics for large frequency deviation.

restored amplitude (R.A.) that is in fact a recovered amplitude of inter-harmonic is dened as

(14a) denotes the centre frequency of inter-harmonic. where The RA at the system frequency (R.A.S.F.) is dened as (14b) where it is a special case at Hz. Note that using FFT with normalization, R.A.S.F. is not equal to in case

(13)

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Fig. 4. Frequency spectrum at 23.5 Hz with no system frequency drift. Fig. 3. Frequency spectrum at 23.1 Hz with no system frequency drift.

R.A. in subharmonic can be calculated as (18), shown at the bottom of the page. The amplitude of subharmonic is almost equal to 0.5, with consistency as the actual amplitude. , and Hz, for middle Case 2: frequency deviation case. The results of spectrum analysis using FFT is shown in Fig. 4. Based on these results, F.D.R. beyond the 23 Hz can be calculated as (19), shown at the bottom of the page.

The frequency of subharmonic in this case is thus equal to 23 Hz plus 0.5 Hz, i.e., 23.5 Hz, with consistency as the actual frequency, shown in (20) at the bottom of the page. The amplitude of subharmonic is almost equal to 0.5, with consistency as the actual amplitude. , and Hz, for large Case 3: frequency deviation case. The results of spectrum analysis using FFT is shown in Fig. 5. Based on these results, F.D.R. beyond the 23 Hz can be calculated as (21), shown at the bottom of the next page.

FDR p 2 0 + 0 2 + 0 2 + 0142 0112 0092 = p0 0072 + 0 00862 + 0 0112 + 0 01520560 02320270 04420180 4920 + p0 + 0 2 + 0 + 0 2 + 0 0182 + 0 0142 + 0 0112 + 0 0092 + + + 056 027 0 067 = 0 120  0 1 = 0 493 + 0 067 (17) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

p R A = 0 0072 + 0 00862 + 0 0112 + 0 0152 + 0 0232 + 0 0442 + 0 492 + 0 0562 + 0 0272 + 0 0182 + 0 0142 + 0 0112 + 0 0092 = 0 497  0 5 (18) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

p 2 32 + 0 2 0 2 0 2 + 0 2 + 0 0262 F D R = p0 0282 + 0 0332 + 0 0392 + 0 0490 + 0 06721++ 1106++ 32042 p+00322 + 0 12 + 0 062 + 0 0422 + 0 0322 + 0 0262 2 32 0 2 0 2+ 0 345 = 0 497  0 5 = 0 349 + 0 345 (19) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

p R A = 0 0282 + 0 0332 + 0 0392 + 0 0492 + 0 0672 + 0 112 + 0 322 + 0 322 + 0 12 + 0 062 + 0 0422 + 0 0322 + 0 0262 = 0 491  0 5 =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

(20)

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Fig. 6. Frequency spectrum at 50.2 Hz. Fig. 5. Frequency spectrum at 23.9 Hz with no system frequency drift.

The frequency of subharmonic in this case is equal to 23 Hz plus 0.9 Hz, i.e., 23.9 Hz, with consistency as the actual frequency, shown in (22) at the bottom of the the page. The amplitude of subharmonic is almost equal to 0.5, with consistency as the actual amplitude. 2) Consider the System Frequency Drift: The system (fundamental) frequency is assumed with a small drift to 50.2 Hz, and its amplitude is normalized as 1.0. The results of spectrum analysis using FFT at this fundamental frequency is shown in Fig. 6. R.A. in system frequency (R.A.S.F.) can be calculated as (23) and (24), shown at the bottom of the page. The system frequency in this case is found to be 50 Hz plus 0.2 Hz, i.e., 50.2 Hz, with consistency as the actual frequency.

As can be seen, the R.A.S.F increases 0.06, compared with the actual amplitude. Accordingly, the R.A. needs to be modied. On the other hand, the calculation of F.D.R. still remains accurate without modication. This effect is closely investigated using the same case examples as above, for more details as follows. Case 1: , and Hz, for small frequency deviation case. The results of spectrum analysis using FFT that is inuenced by the system frequency drift is shown in Fig. 7. Based on these results, F.D.R. beyond the 23 Hz can be calculated as (25), shown at the bottom of the next page. The frequency of subharmonic in this case is thus equal to 23 Hz plus 0.1 Hz, i.e., 23.1 Hz, with consistency as the actual frequency.

FDR p 2 0 + 0 0452 + 0 0242 + 0 0172 + 0132 0 012 = p0 00632 + 0 00752 + 0 00922 + 0 012249 0 0162 + 0 0252 + 0 0542 + p00492 ++ 0452 + 0 0242 + 0 0172 + 0 0132 + 0 012 0 + 0 493 = 0 887  0 9 = 0 063 + 0 493 (21) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

p R A = 0 00632 + 0 00752 + 0 00922 + 0 0122 + 0 0162 + 0 0252 + 0 0542 + 0 492 + 0 0452 + 0 0242 + 0 0172 + 0 0132 + 0 012 = 0 497  0 5 (22) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

p R A S F = 0 0282 + 0 0352 + 0 0442 + 0 0592 + 0 0872 + 0 162 + 1 02 + 0 252 + 0 122 + 0 0752 + 0 0562 + 0 0452 + 0 0382 = 1 06 (23) p 2 2 + 0 0752 + 0 0562 + 0 0452 + 0 0382 0 + 0 12 F D R = p0 0282 + 0 0352 + 0 0442 + 0 059225 0 0872 + 0 162 + 1 02 + p0 252 + 0 122 + 0 0752 + 0 0562 + 0 0452 + 0 0382 + 0 300 = 0 201  0 2 = 1 192 + 0 300 (24) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

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Fig. 7. Frequency spectrum at 23.1 Hz under system frequency drift.

Fig. 8. Frequency spectrum at 23.5 Hz under system frequency drift.

R.A in subharmonic can be modied, i.e., divided by R.A.S.F., as (26), shown at the bottom of the page. The amplitude of subharmonic is thus obtained as 0.5, with consistency as the actual amplitude. , and Hz, for middle Case 2: frequency deviation case. The results of spectrum analysis using FFT is shown in Fig. 8. Based on these results, F.D.R. beyond the 23 Hz can be calculated as (27), shown at the bottom of the page.

The frequency of subharmonic in this case is thus equal to 23 Hz plus 0.5 Hz, i.e., 23.5 Hz, with consistency as the actual frequency. R.A in subharmonic can be modied, i.e., divided by R.A.S.F., as (28), shown at the bottom of the page. The amplitude of subharmonic is thus obtained as 0.5, with consistency as the actual amplitude. , and Hz, for large Case 3: frequency deviation case.

p 2 2+ 2 + 0092 + 0 2 + 0 0052 + F D R = p0 0122 + 0 0142 + 0 0162 + 0 0210 054 0290 023 0520 014 5320+ p0 05420064 0232 + 0 0142 + 0 0092 + 0 00642 + 0 0052 2+0 2+0 2+0 +0 0 062 = 0 533 + 0 062 = 0 104  0 1 (25) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

RA
:

p 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 0 012 + 0 014 + 0 016 + 0 021 + 0 029 + 0 052 + 0 53 F+ 0 054 + 0 023 + 0 014 + 0 009 + 0 0064 + 0 005 RAS 0 537 = 0 504  0 5 = 1 064 (26) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

FDR
: :

p 2 2+0 2+0 2 + 0292 0 2 = p0 0352 + 0 042 + 0 0462 + 0 0570 330 + 0 211 0 12206 0 35204 p00332 ++ 11023 0 062 + 0 042 + 0 0292 + 0 0232 2 + 077 + + + 0 2+ 0 356 = 0 386 + 0 356 = 0 480  0 5 (27) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

p 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 R A = 0 035 + 0 04 + 0 046 + 0 057 + 0 077 + 0 12R+ 0S35 + 0 33 + 0 11 + 0 06 + 0 04 + 0 029 + 0 023 A F = 0 526 = 0 494  0 5 = 1 064
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

(28)

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The results of spectrum analysis using FFT is shown in Fig. 9. Based on these results, F.D.R. beyond the 23 Hz can be calculated as (29), shown at the bottom of the page. The frequency of subharmonic in this case is thus equal to 23 Hz plus 0.9 Hz, i.e., 23.9 Hz, with consistency as the actual frequency. R.A. in subharmonic can be modied, i.e., divided by R.A.S.F., as (30), shown at the bottom of the page. The amplitude of subharmonic is thus obtained as 0.5, with consistency as the actual amplitude. For all above examples, similar outcomes are obtained using for F.D.R. and R.A. This effect a variety of phase angles is insensitive to this proposed conrms that the phase angle GHW model.
Fig. 9. Frequency spectrum at 23.9 Hz under system frequency drift.

IV. MODEL VALIDATION WITH A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE The proposed GHW algorithm has been tested by the synthesized line signal (voltage/current) to verify the effectiveness of inter-harmonic analysis. The following example is used to illustrate the harmonic analysis of a distorted waveform [23][25]. ences the traditional FFT-based spectrum analysis. The proposed GHW method is thus developed to extract not only interharmonic frequency but also its amplitude accurately even under system frequency drift. Note that the inter-harmonic phase angle was not involved in the estimation in this study. In this section, kHz, , i.e., Hz, as discussed note that in Section III. A. Spectrum Analysis With no System Frequency Drift (31) where and are 19.2, 50.0,98.7, 250, 350, 450 Hz, respectively. The line signal has a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz and a scaled amplitude of 1 V. A noninteger subharmonic (19.2 Hz) below the 50 Hz is to be considered, reecting a possible subharmonic case. Another inter-harmonic (98.7 Hz) beyond the 50 Hz is also included. The 250, 350, and 450 Hz components are covered in the synthesized waveform so that all possible worse situations in general power systems can be represented. Generally, the system frequency drift is another concern in power systems because it may vary slightly from time to time due to the change of system loads. This effect, in deed, inuInitially, the subharmonic, Hz, and , was tested by varying at Hz. The results, as shown in Table I, are found very close to the actual value, no matter in frequency and amplitude. However, as the group bandwidth increases, the amplitude identication is more accurate, but the extracted frequency may be slightly apart from the actual value with a larger . Furthermore, inter-harmonics, Hz, and , have been also tested for the case beyond the system frequency (50 Hz). Clearly, the results, shown in Table II, indicate a full consistency with Table I. Actually, a variety of situations covering all low and high frequency inter-harmonics have been examined for the evaluation of the proposed GHW algorithm. All performance results reveal highly accurate outcome that is similar as above.

FDR =p
: : :

p 2 2 0 53 + 0 0512 + 0 0292 + 0 022p + 0 0192 + 0 0172 0 00812 + 0 0092 + 0 012 + 0 0132 + 0 0172 + 0 0262 + 0 0562 + 0 532 + 0 0512 + 0 0292 + 0 0222 + 0 0192 + 0 0172 0 534 = 0 067 + 0 534 = 0 888  0 9 (29) =
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

p 2 2 2 2 2 2+0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 R A = 0 0081 + 0 009 + 0 01 + 0 013 + 0 017 + 0 026 R A 056 + 0 53 + 0 051 + 0 029 + 0 022 + 0 019 + 0 017 SF (30) = 0 538 = 0 505  0 5 = 1 064
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

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TABLE I RESULTS OF SUBHARMONIC SPECTRUM AT f = 50:0 HZ

TABLE III SPECTRUM RESULTS OF THE SYSTEM FREQUENCY DRIFT

TABLE II RESULTS OF INTER-HARMONIC SPECTRUM AT f = 50:0 HZ

TABLE IV RESULTS OF SUBHARMONIC SPECTRUM AT f = 49:8 HZ

B. Spectrum Analysis With the System Frequency Drift To verify the effectiveness of the proposed GHW algorithm in a real-world industrial application, the system frequency drift has been tested further in this subsection. Firstly, assume the worst cases that the system frequency may drift from 49.5 to , are shown in Table III. 50.5 Hz. The results, set The measured frequency is found very accurate as the actual one. Similarly to Section IV-A, the extracted frequency may be slightly apart from the actual value with a larger . On the other hand, R.A.S.F. will increase dramatically as the system frequency deviates considerably from the normal frequency, i.e., Hz. This phenomenon conrms the limitation of FFT analysis. R.A. using the R.A.S.F. modication, can achieve very accurate results, as shown in Table IV for the subharmonic frequency ( , and Hz) at Hz. Also, the inter-harmonic frequency ( , and Hz) identication beyond the system frequency presents the similar outcome, shown in Table V. The proposed GHW algorithm, indeed, has been veried using a wide range of system frequency
TABLE V RESULTS OF INTER-HARMONIC SPECTRUM AT f = 49:8 HZ

drift from 49.5 to 50.5 Hz. All performance results reveal that the GHW algorithm still carry out a successful performance.

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C. Selection of Group Bandwidths The power of the harmonic at may disperse over a frequency band around the if the FFT is used as a spectrum analysis tool. Therefore, each group power should be collected and to ensure satisfactory results achievbetween can restore all able. Obviously, the larger group bandwidth leakages and regain the actual amplitude. However, with a large bandwidth the group power may include considerable harmonic contents at distant frequencies because neighboring nominal harmonics may be dispersed widely. Additionally, the extracted frequency may be slightly apart from the actual value with a larger due to the inuence of neighboring harmonic should be contents. As a consequence, the group bandwidth chosen as large as possible for obtaining an accurate amplitude but small enough to avoid the overlap between two neighboring harmonic groups. Based on the results by this proposed GHW model, the group bandwidth is suggested to be chosen as to reach the compromise. D. Error Comparison With FFT Analysis and the GHW Model The error comparison between the FFT and the GHW algorithm using the same sampling rate ( Hz) and sampled point is concluded in Tables VIVIII, except chosen as 4 in the GHW model. Tables VI and VII indicate the error comparison of subharmonic and inter-harmonic spectrum using FFT and GHW at Hz and Hz, respectively. The measured frequency using is found as FFT can cause up to 0.5 Hz error. For example, 19.0 Hz using FFT when the actual subharmonic frequency is 19.5 Hz at Hz, shown in Table VI. The identied amplitude is found as 0.19 using FFT when its actual value is 0.3. On the other hand, is obtained as 19.51 Hz, and is 0.29 with the GHW model. Table VII, under system freHz, shows similar results as Table VI. quency drift at Table VIII shows the error comparison of spectrum analysis using FFT and GHW with a variety of system frequency drift, Hz. As can be seen, the measured amplii.e., tude using FFT is more far from actual value as the system frequency drift increases. Also, the identied frequency is found or Hz, but the actual frequency either may be located between 49.5 and 50.5 Hz. For example, is found as 50.0 Hz and using FFT when the system frequency is drifted as 50.4 Hz, and its actual amplitude is equal to 1.0. With the GHW model, it is evident that the amplitude and frequency identication of inter-harmonic is very close to the actual value. For instance as the above case, is extracted as 50.41 Hz, and its amplitude identication is correct, i.e., . E. Discussion About Industrial Implementation The proposed GHW algorithm is an advanced FFT-based method for inter-harmonic analysis. Accordingly, for the practical application of the methodology in industry, the GHW algorithm can be easily added to such FFT-based measurement devices that are still widely used currently. Alternatively, the

TABLE VI COMPARISON OF SUBHARMONIC AND INTER-HARMONIC SPECTRUM USING FFT AND GHW AT f = 50:0 HZ

TABLE VII COMPARISON OF SUBHARMONIC AND INTER-HARMONIC SPECTRUM USING FFT AND GHW AT f = 49:80 HZ

TABLE VIII COMPARISON OF SPECTRUM ANALYSIS USING FFT AND GHW WITH THE SYSTEM FREQUENCY DRIFT

GHW algorithm is suitable for online microprocessed implementation if the FFT is available with I/O interface capability in the chip. Based on the proposed group-harmonic process, the inter-harmonic amplitude and frequency under different system frequency drifts are found to be still within a very low error. This

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discovery indicates that the GHW algorithm is adaptive to any variation of system frequency in power systems. Consequently, most measurement devices that have some inherent errors caused by inter-harmonic leakages can be xed by using the GHW algorithm, and the robustness of the algorithm can be thus guaranteed. V. CONCLUSION Although the DFT (or FFT) has certain limitations in the harmonic analysis, it is still widely used in industry today. The inter-harmonic identication using FFT-based group-harmonic weighting approach has been developed to extract the inter-harmonic amplitude and frequency accurately and efciently. The test results conrm that the proposed GHW method can even adapt to a system frequency variation circumstance, which can never be done by conventional DFT/FFT. There is no theoretical restriction in the locations of inter-harmonic components of each inter-harmonic should while the group bandwidth be chosen appropriately. Moreover, the GHW methodology has been implemented successfully by a LabVIEW programming so that it can be easily extended to other software packages like microprocessor for online measurement. Additionally, the proposed GHW can provide an advanced improvement for most measurement devices with some inherent errors because of the spectrum leakages caused by inter-harmonics. REFERENCES
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[10] J. A. Macias and A. Gomez, Self-tuning of Kalman lters for harmonic computation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 501503, Jan. 2006. [11] H. C. Lin, Intelligent neural network based fast power system harmonic detection, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 4352, Feb. 2007. [12] T. Lin, M. Tsuji, and E. Yamada, Wavelet approach to power quality monitoring, in Proc. Ind. Electron. Soc. Annu. Conf., 2001, pp. 670675. [13] Z. Wenhui, L. Lili, Y. Xiuqing, and G. Weikang, Wavelet transform based new methods for voltage icker signal and harmonic detection, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Power Electron. Drive Syst., Nov. 1720, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 805810, PEDS 2003. [14] V. L. Pham and K. P. Wong, Wavelet-transform-based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveforms, Proc. IEE Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 249254, 1999. [15] D. Gallo, R. Langella, and A. Testa, On the processing of harmonics and interharmonics: Using Hanning window in standard framework, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 2834, Jan. 2004. [16] H. Xue and R. Yang, Optimal interpolating windowed discrete Fourier transform algorithms for harmonic analysis in power systems, Proc. IEE Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 583587, 2003. [17] D. Agrez, Weighted multipoint interpolated DFT to improve amplitude estimation of multifrequency signal, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 287292, 2002. [18] G. W. Chang, C. Y. Chen, and M. C. Wu, Measuring harmonics by an improved FFT-based algorithm with considering frequency variations, in Proc. 2006 IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., 2006, pp. 12031206. [19] Testing and measurement techniques: Harmonics and interharmonics: General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto, IEC Standard 61000-4-7, 2002. [20] H. C. Lin, An Internet based graphical programming tool for teaching power system harmonics measurement, IEEE Trans. Education, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 404414, Aug. 2006. [21] A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989. [22] W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical RecipesThe Art of Scientic Computing. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ., 1986, pp. 420429. [23] H. C. Lin and C. S. Lee, Enhanced FFT based parametric algorithm for simultaneous multiple harmonics analysis, Proc. IEE Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 148, pp. 209214, May 2001. [24] T. T. Nguyen, Parametric harmonic analysis, Proc. IEE Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 2125, 1997. [25] V. L. Pham and K. P. Wong, Wavelet-transform-based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveforms, Proc. IEE Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 249254, 1999. Hsiung Cheng Lin was born in Chang Hua, Taiwan, R.O.C., on September 3, 1962. He received the B.S. degreee from National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1986, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, in 1995 and 2002 respectively. His employment experience included Lecturer and Associate Professor at Chung Chou Institute of Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Automation Engineering at Chienkuo Technology University (CTU), Taiwan, R.O.C. His special elds of interest include power electronics, neural network, network supervisory system and adaptive lter design. Dr. Lin was honored an excellent teaching award from CTU in 2005, 2006 and 2007. He was also nominated and included in the First Edition of Whos Who in Asia 2007 and 10th Whos Who in Science and Engineering 2007.