Chapter 26: Imperialism, Alliances, and War Reading and Study Guide (Divide and Conquer) Taking the

time to do a study guide well reduces the time to study well for the exam. As you invest, so shall you prosper. BIG QUESTIONS: (as you work through the chapter, keep these questions in mind 1. What were the economic, cultural, and strategic factors behind Europes New Imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? 2. How did the formation of alliances and the search for strategic advantage affect Europes major powers? 3. What were the origins and progress of World War I? 4. What was the Russian Revolution? 5. What peace treaties ended World War I? Background: Africa and Asia were divided among various European nations in their quest for natural resources, colonies, and empire-building. European dominance had brought every part of the globe into a single world economy. This dominance fostered competition and hostility that led to a terrible war that undermined Europes strength and its influence on the world. There are many maps in this chapter, please take time to examine them carefully.

Expansion of European Power and the New Imperialism Pages 887-897

1. ____________________ is the policy of extending a nations authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations. 2. TRUE FALSE Financially, the New Imperialism clearly was a losing proposition for Germany and Italy.

Hegemony: control or dominating influence by one person or group, especially by one political group over society or one nation over others Arbiter: somebody who can settle a dispute or decide an issue Cornerstone: something fundamentally important

3. TRUE FALSE The British politician Joseph Chamberlain believed profits from overseas should finance reform and welfare programs in the home country. 4. What was the PRIMARY motivation behind the New Imperialism?

5. What area was LEAST vulnerable to European expansion at the end of the 19th century? 6. Victory in the Spanish-American War of 1898 brought the United States an informal protectorate over _________ and the annexation of Puerto Rico.

Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance System (1873-1890) Pages 897-901
1. What three states made up the Triple Alliance? 2. What three states made up the Triple Entente? The Triple Entente, or the ______________________ as they called themselves, held superiority in numbers and financial resources, as well as command of the sea. 3. In June-July 1878, what was Otto von Bismarcks chief aim for wanting to become the international arbiter to review the Treaty of San Stefano?

4. Bismarck was successful at maintaining the complicated system of secret treaties in the face of rivalries among his allies until _____________ came to the German throne in 1888. 5. TRUE FALSE The effort to keep Italy isolated from other European powers was a cornerstone of Bismarcks policy. 6. Kaiser Williams (Wilhelm) mother was British, and his grandmother was _____________. Mobilization: to organize people or resources in order to be ready for action or in order to take action, especially in a military or civil emergency

World War I Pages 902-915

1. What was the Bosnian Crisis? 2. What was the second Moroccan Crisis? 3. What was the significance of the Italian victories against the Turks?

4. What lessons learned in 1908 influenced allied behavior in the final crisis in 1914? (see the last paragraph of column 2 on page 903) 5. On June 28, 1914, a young Bosnian nationalist shot and killed _________________________, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife as they drove in an open car through the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. (open carwhat a goofy thing to do!) 6. TRUE FALSE At the time of the outbreak of World War I, the mobilization of the armed forces of any country was interpreted as a bluff and not to be taken seriously. 7. What was the Schlieffen Plan? Did it work? 8. The most destructive weapon of the Great War was what? 9. What was significant about the Battle of the Marne in 1914? 10. Why did the United States enter the war in 1917? What idealistic crusade guided President Woodrow Wilson? 11. How was the war in the East different from the war in the West? 12. TRUE FALSE Of all the major powers involved, Russia and Austria-Hungary appear to have been the most responsible for the outbreak of World War I.

The Russian Revolution Pages 915-919

1. Why were all political factions discontented with Nicholas II? 2. Why did Russias Provisional Government fail in 1917? 3. Russian _______________ believed that a proletarian revolution could occur only after the bourgeois stage of development had run its course. 4. __________ are defined as councils of workers and soldiers.

5. Lenins chief collaborator in 1917, and later leader of the Red Army, was _____________. 6. TRUE FALSE Lenin and the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 because they could not wage war abroad and establish their rule at home at the same time. 7. Why did Lenin take Russia out of the war? Was this the right thing to do? What options did he have?

The End of World War I Pages 919-920

1. TRUE FALSE The French army mutinied in 1917.

2. In Germany, ____________ officially held the position of quartermastergeneral, but in reality he served as the effective ruler near the end of the war. 3. President Wilsons _____________________ were idealistic principles that had been declared as the U.Ss war aims. 4. When Germany signed the armistice on November 11, 1918 a. William II had already abdicated b. Most Germans were unaware of the extent of the German armys defeat c. The Social Democratic Party was in charge d. All of the above

Mutiny: a rebellion against legal authority, especially by soldiers or sailors refusing to obey orders and, often, attacking their officers Abdicate: to give up a high office formally or officially, especially the throne

5. Before World War II, the First World War was known as the ________________________. 6. TRUE FALSE Ataturk was the last ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

7. How did the German army avoid responsibility for Germanys defeat in World War I? Why did this occur?

The Settlement at Paris Pages 920-926

1. Who were the member states of the Big Four? 2. What were the factors that appeared to have influenced the peacemakers during the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles? 3. The ____________________ was to be a body of sovereign states that agreed to pursue common policies and to consult in the common interest, especially when war threatened. (sit down and discuss the issues) 4. TRUE Nations. FALSE Germany and the United States were both excluded from the newly formed League of

5. TRUE FALSE Bismarcks unification of Germany was very nearly undone at Versailles as the Big Four seriously considered separating Germany into its component parts. 6. With regard to eastern Europe, the Versailles Treaty included provisions for all of the following EXCEPT a. Bulgaria being enlarged with territory carved out of Greece and Serbia b. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania becoming independent states c. The complete disappearance of the Austrian-Hungarian empire d. The Magyar elite being left in control of the new Hungarian state

7. TRUE FALSE The tragedy of the Treaty of Versailles was that it was neither conciliatory enough to remove the desire for change, even at the cost of war, nor harsh enough to make another war impossible. 8. List the successes and failures of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and briefly explain each one. Practice TEST Multiple-Choice 1. Imperialism may have been profitable for some European states, but for these two states it clearly was a losing proposition (a) France and Russia. (c) Italy and Great Britain. (b) Germany and Italy. (d) Germany and Turkey. 2. Which of the following areas was the least vulnerable to European expansion at the end of the nineteenthcentury? (a) China (c) Ottoman Empire (b) South America (d) Africa 3. Which of the following is not a result of the Congress of Berlin of 1878? (a) Austria-Hungary gained the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (b) The Three Emperors League was dead. (c) Bulgaria was reduced in size. (d) All of these were results of the meeting. 4. The three states of the Triple Alliance were (a) Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. (b) Great Britain, France, and Russia. (c) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. (d) Russia, France, and Serbia. 5. The three states of the Triple Entente were (a) Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. (b) Great Britain, France, and Russia. (c) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. (d) Russia, France, and Serbia. 6. Of all of the major powers involved, which of the two appear to have been most responsible for the outbreak of the World War I? (a) Great Britain and France (c) Russia and Austria-Hungary (b) Germany and Great Britain (d) Germany and Austria 7. Throughout the war the most effective basic new weapon was the (a) machine gun. (c) submarine. (b) tank. (d) airplane. 8. Lenin and the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 because (a) Russia was not able to carry on the war effort. (b) Lenins government needed time to impose its will on the Russian people. (c) Lenin believed that communism would soon sweep through the warring states of Europe. (d) all of the above

9. One of the factors that appeared to hasten the peacemakers at Paris to conclude theTreaty of Versailles was (a) the threat of a renewed war with Germany. (b) the spread of Russian-inspired Bolshevism. (c) the near collapse of France. (d) President Wilsons political problems at home. 10. With regard to eastern Europe the settlements of the Paris Peace Conference included all of the following except (a) Bulgaria was enlarged from territory of Greece and Yugoslavia. (b) the complete disappearance of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. (c) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent states. (d) the Magyars were left in control of the new Hungarian state. True-False _____1. A novel aspect of the so-called New Imperialism was the efforts of the imperial power to integrate the native inhabitants into the managerial structure of the colony. _____2. During this period the English statesman Joseph Chamberlain advanced the idea of overseas empires serving as a source of profit that could be utilized to finance domestic reform and welfare programs in the home country. _____3. The effort to keep France isolated in Europe was a cornerstone of Bismarcks policy. _____4. The First Moroccan Crisis was temporarily resolved at a 1906 international meeting held at Algeciras, Spain. _____5. An integral part of the Second Moroccan Crisis was the British assumption that Germany was moving to establish a naval base there. _____6. When he was murdered in Sarajevo, Archduke Francis Ferdinand was considered one of the most popular figures in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. _____7. At the time of the outbreak of World War I the mobilization of the armed forces of any country was interpreted as a bluff and not to be taken seriously. _____8. Italy was lured into World War I against Germany and Austria-Hungary as a result of territorial promises made by the Western Allies. _____9. Russian Mensheviks believed, like Karl Marx, that a proletarian revolution could occur only after the bourgeois stage of development. _____10. At the end of World War I a right-wing group emerged under the name of Spartacus and challenged the newly established government of Germany. Completion 1. The English economist _______________ is one of the first to give an economic interpretation to imperialism in this era. 2. The phrase, My map of Africa lies in Europe, is associated with this statesman: _______________ . 3. The so-called _______________ brought the empires of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary together in 1873.

4. _______________ was the country that gained the least from the 1878 Congress of Berlin. 5. The expression, What kind of jackass will dare to be Bismarcks successor? is associated with ___________ . 6. The architect of the new German navy was _______________ . 7. It can be said that Britains isolation ended with her treaty with _______________ . 8. They shall not pass, is a slogan associated with the great battle of _______________ . (NOT the Black Knight) 9. _______________ and _______________ were nations both excluded from the newly formed League of Nations. 10. In the last analysis, it was _______________ which would have to defend the arrangements made at the Paris Peace Conference.

Using the map, match the following places with the appropriate letters _______Hamburg _______Kiev _______Minsk _______Moscow _______Munich _______Paris _______Warsaw _______Ypres

PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Multiple-Choice 1.B 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.A

True/False 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.F

Completion 1.J. A. Hobson 2.Otto von Bismarck 3.Three Emperors League 4.Germany 5.Leo von Caprivi 6.Alfred von Tirpitz 7.Japan 8.Verdun, France 9.Russia or Soviet Union/Germany 10.France Map HamburgH KievF MinskE MoscowD MunichA ParisC WarsawG Ypres--B