Body Building Science Journal

Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010

Measuring the Quality of Execution for Exercises in Bodybuilding

Prof. Ion IVAN, PhD Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania ionivan@ase.ro Mihai GEORGESCU Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania mihai.georgescu@europe.com Daniel MILODIN, PhD Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania daniel.milodin@ase.ro Abstract: Body building training exercises and programs are presented. The structure of an exercise is described. The quality characteristics for body building exercises are highlighted. Exercises and programs in bodybuilding are deeply analyzed. Indicators for measuring the quality of execution for exercises are computed. The correlation between the execution quality and the results obtained by athlets is analyzed. For a qroup of exercises the choosen metric is validated. Various measurements are gathered from the athlets on which different mathematical models are computed that show the evolution of an athlete over time. Keywords: exercises, quality, metric, correlation, bodybuilding, programs, training, indicator.

1. Training exercises and programs in bodybuilding Good training exercises and programs are hard to find and the majority of beginners are anxious to obtain quick results, thus they are looking for programs that promise miracle results. They want to train hard in order to be better than the other athletes. Most of the times, the initial enthusiasm leads to hard and difficult training programs without giving the body enough time to rest. These athletes are not aware that without enough time to rest the muscles are not growing. Many athletes that begin their trainings with such a high pace end up injuring themselves and using their energy before getting the desired results from these exercises. It is mandatory for the beginners to define a balanced training program that includes various types of exercises as well as enough time for resting. In order to maintain the body in shape, the right amount of proteins, healthy fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals must be consumed. Athletes must eat a higher quantity of proteins than regular people because protein is at the base of the muscle mass and it is required for the regeneration of the muscles that are broken during intense workout. Once the eating regime has been choose in order to do the trainings, it is time to select an exercise program to train the muscles without overworking them. In table 1, a variety of training exercises organized by muscle groups is presented: Table 1. Various muscle groups exercises [1] Muscle Group Exercise Neck Lying Face Down Plate Neck Resistance Lying Face Up Plate Neck Resistance 39

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Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010 Seated head harness neck resistance Arnold Dumbbell Press Barbell Shoulder Press Cable Seated Lateral Raise Cambered bar lying row Dumbbell Raise Front Dumbbell Raise Front Plate Raise Lying Rear Delt Raise Butterfly Barbell Bench Press - Medium Grip Cable Crossover Dumbbell flies Pushups Smith Machine Bench Press Wide-Grip Barbell Bench Press Wide-Grip Decline Barbell Pullover Alternate Hammer Curl Barbell Curl Concentration Curls Drag Curl Dumbbell Bicep Curl Incline Dumbbell Curl One Arm Dumbbell Preacher Curl Plate Pinch Seated One-Arm Dumbbell Palms-Up Wrist Curl Palms-down dumbbell wrist curl over a bench Palms-down wrist curl over a bench Dumbbell Lying Supination Plate Pinch Seated One-Arm Dumbbell Palms-Up Wrist Curl Cross-Body Crunch Ab crunch machine Cable kneeling crunch Cable lying leg-hip raise Cable lying stability ball crunch Cable lying straight leg-hip raise Cable seated crunch Lever seated crunch Lever seated crunch grip less Lever seated hip raise crunch Weighted ball crunch Weighted crunch Weighted crunch up Weighted hanging leg-hip raise Barbell Full Squat Barbell Lunge

Shoulders

Chest

Biceps

Forearm

Abs

Quads

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Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010 Barbell hack squat Dumbbell Squat Front Barbell Squat Narrow Stance Leg Press Seated Calf Raises Donkey Calf Raises Dumbbell Seated One-Leg Calf Raise Rocking Standing Calf Raise Standing Dumbbell Calf Raise Standing Dumbbell Upright Row Dumbbell Shrug Upright Cable Row Upright Row - With Bands Calf-Machine Shoulder Shrug Triceps Pushdowns Decline EZ Bar Triceps Extension Dips - Triceps Version Close-grip bench press Lying triceps press Bench dips Incline Barbell Triceps Extension Seated Bent-Over Two-Arm Dumbbell Triceps Extension Smith Machine Close-Grip Bench Press

Calves

Traps

Triceps

The exercises are different depending on the muscle group, for arms and abdomen much more are presented. The final component of a training program is rest. Rest is essential in order to allow the regeneration of muscular fibers that wore thorn during intense workout. If you dont allocate enough time for regeneration between trainings, the muscular fibers will tore much faster than regenerate. In this way the athlete will feel tired and the results will not be as expected. As a rule, the athlete must have at least 48 hours of rest between intense workouts. This will lead to higher energy and higher muscular mass. Based on the exercises, training programs are created, organized by days having their primary goal to help the athlete obtain the desired results. These programs vary depending on the level of each athlete, from beginners to professionals. A training program for beginners is presented in table 2. In order to obtain the desired results, it is recommended to use appropriate weights to be able to obtain a number of 10 to 12 repetitions. Table 2. Workout training for beginners [1] Muscle Group Exercise Repetitions Upper Body Dumbbell Bench Press 10-12 Butterfly 10-12 Military Press 10-12 Triceps Pushdowns 10-12 Lying Triceps Press 10-12 Side Lateral Raises 10-12 Seated Dumbbell Curls 10-12 Lat Pulldowns 10-12 One-Arm Dumbbell Rows 10-12 41

Day Monday

Sets 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Body Building Science Journal Dumbbell Shrugs Leg Press Leg Extensions Seated Leg Curls Lying Leg Curls Standing Calf Raises Seated Calf Raises Ab Crunch Machine Crunches Rest Chinups Seated Cable Rows Upright Cable Rows Lateral Raises EZ-Bar Curls Hammer Curls Incline Dumbbell Press Cable Crossovers Military Press Dips Rope Pushdowns Donkey Calf Raises Standing Calf Raises Seated Leg Curls Standing Leg Curls Leg Press Hack Squats Ab Crunch Machine Crunches Rest Rest

Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 15-20 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 15-20 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

Tuesday

Lower Body

Wednesday

Thursday

Upper Body

Friday

Lower Body

Saturday Sunday

A beginner must be interested of doing the exercise correctly and not of how big the weights he can lift. Some types of exercise are more demanding for the muscles than others, thats why it is recommended that the rest time between sets to be longer. In the next chapters it will be demonstrated how the quality of exercises influences the obtained results.

2. Quality characteristics of exercises The quality of exercise execution is very important because it contributes in reaching the following targets: - growing the muscles targeted by an exercise: many athletes quit trainings because they didnt obtain the desired results; the execution of exercises doesnt guarantee the growth of muscular mass; - avoiding accidents: the incorrect alignment of shoulders as well as back pain are very common among athletes that are not executing correctly the exercises;

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the usage of body energy in an efficient way: because of an incorrect execution of exercises, the results are not as expected, thus a big part of the used energy is wasted. Correctness of execution defines the way an exercise is executed correctly in order to obtain a high level of performance. Any exercise when is defined, it must specify the correct way of execution. As it is described in [3], the level of correctness is evaluated using images. Any position that differs from the correct image is considered correct in a degree directly proportional with the distance (difference) between the correct position and the incorrect one. In figure 1 it is schematically presented the correct position, both starting position and final position, of executing a pushup. In order to consider the execution of a pushup with a high degree of correctness, it must meet the reference positions.

Fig. 1. Correct pushup starting and finishing posture In order to consider correctly a training program, the number of repetitions must be defined correctly to obtain the best results. Moreover, each set of repetitions must be executed based on the correct posture. The correct sitting position, which is at the base of a lot of exercises, is presented in figure 2.

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Fig. 2. Different standing posture The complexity of exercises and training programs represents the degree of difficulty needed for correctly executing the exercise or program. The complexity of exercises must be adapted to the level of experience that every athlete has. The inexperienced athletes are tempted to execute complex exercises hoping for obtaining quick results. This approach is not recommended because it leads to accidents and incorrect executions. An example of an indicator that measures the complexity of exercises is C, computed with the following formula:

C = n1 log 2 n1 + n2 log 2 n2 where: n1 - the number of body moves to perform that exercise n2 - the number of muscle groups involved in the exercise
Flexibility of training programs and exercises is the quality characteristic that defines the level in which a program is able to adapt but still giving the same results. Intelligibility of an exercise represents the necessary effort required to understand the logical concepts by which an exercise is composed as well as their role in obtaining the desired results. An example of an indicator that measures the intelligibility of exercises is I, computed with the following formula: N I= M where: N - represents the number of athletes that correctly understood the exercise

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Repeatability of executing an exercise during a training program defines the optimal number of executions in order to obtain a high level of performance. To obtain high results for the same group of muscles, the exercises are grouped in sets, every set containing a number of repetitions. Reproducibility of an exercise represents the easy by which an exercise is executed according to its definition. An example of an indicator that measures the reproducibility of exercises is R, computed with the following formula:

N athletes M executions where: N - represents the number of athletes that executed the exercise M - total number of correct executions R=
Progressivity of exercises, the athlete moves from one exercise to another increasing the weights. It this way, it obtains an intense workout of the muscles, following a well defined training program. Similarity of two or more exercises is the characteristic by which the exercises manage to give the athlete similar results for the targeted muscle group. Continuity and discontinuity during the execution of exercises represents the moment of time at which the maximum levels of concentration are reached and when the athlete must maintain the statically position for a period of 2 to 4 seconds.

Fig. 3. Correct movement for executing biceps exercise [4]

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In figure 3, the correct execution, including the starting and finishing posture of a biceps exercise is presented. Following this movement the highest results are obtained, the level of execution being the highest.

3. Indicators for measuring the quality characteristics of exercises The level of quality is analyzed using the following indicators: - the number of repetitions for each exercise; - the number of sets included in each training program; - the way in which the athlete executes the exercises taking into consideration the correct position in each key stage of the execution; - the weights used for each exercise. Based on these indicators, grades are given for each exercise like very good, good, satisfactory and unsatisfactory. Based on these grades, a trainer or referee evaluates and differentiates the athletes. Depending on the deviations from the correct execution, the corresponding grade is given. Table 3. Example of describing the very good grade for pushups exercise Characteristic Description for very good Execution errors Number of repartitions 30 Number of sets 3 Correct position as in figure (not available) The deviation between the optimum execution indicator and the real one is computed as a distance (difference) between the optimum value of the indicator and the measured value:

i = Ni M i i = 1, n (1) where: N i - the number of optimum repetitions of the training M i - the number of measured repetitions of the training
Starting from the formula (1), the grades in table 4 are defined for a pushups training program. Table 4. Grade definition for several characteristics of a pushups training program Characteristic Very good Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Number of repetitions 5 [1,2] [3,4] =0 Number of sets =0 =3 =1 =2 Correct position 5 [1,2] [3,4] =0
Using the above grades it is demonstrated how two athletes are compared, both executing a pushups program.

Table 5. Giving grades for a pushups training program Characteristic Optimum Grade for Athlete 2 Athlete 1 value athlete 1 Number of 30 28 Good 27

Grade for athlete 2 Satisfactory

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Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010

3 not available

Very good not available

Very good

Based on the reference tables for giving grades, athlete 1 obtains better results than athlete 2. The athlete is analyzed and the following variables are computed: P1 - the weight of the number of trainings; P2 - the weight of the execution quality of the training; A - the planned number of trainings; B - the performed number of trainings; C - the planned grade of the trainings; D - the real grade of the trainings; The aggregate indicator is defined as: N min(C i , Di ) 1 N min( Ai , Bi ) IA = P1 + P2 N i =1 max( Ai , Bi ) i =1 max(C i , Di ) where: N - the number of training days IA [0,1]

The value of indicator IA for an athlete with the following values is computed: A = 20 trainings; B = 15 trainings; C = 9 grade; D = 6 grade; N = 10 days of training; P1 = 0.4; P2 = 0.6; Applying the formula: 1 min( 20,15) min(9,6) 1 15 6 1 IA = 0.4 + 0. 6 = 10 0.4 20 + 0.6 9 = 10 [0.3 + 0.4] = 0.07 10 max(20,15) max(9,6) The indicator belongs to interval [0,1] thus confirming the formula.

4. Measuring the performance of athletes

In order to compute the level of performance of athletes, various parameters are evaluated, like the ones: - the circumference - arms, trunk, thighs, legs; - the definition - how well the muscle are observed; - the symmetry - how symmetric the muscles are. In table 6, the evolution of arm size of an athlete measured during a time frame, is presented.
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Table 6. The evolution of arm size of an athlete based on the execution quality of exercises Interval Execution Arm size (cm) quality January 1st - March 1st 32 0.7 March 1st - May 1st 32.5 0.8 May 1st- July 1st 32.7 0.8 July 1st - September 1st 33 0.9 September 1st - November 1st 33.2 0.8 November 1st - January 1st 33.5 0.9
Correlation between Biceps size and Execution Indicator
1 0.9 0.8 Execution Indicator (I) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 31.8

32

32.2

32.4

32.6

32.8

33

33.2

33.4

33.6

Biceps size

Fig. 4. Correlation between arm size and execution indicator

In figure 4, one can observe that there is a positive correlation between the arm size and the quality of execution. If the quality of execution is higher than the arm size will develop more.

5. Metric validation
An indicator that estimates the growth of an athletes arm is defined. The period on which the indicator is analyzed is 1 month and 6 month of execution of exercises presented in table 7.

Table 7. Program for working biceps Exercise Repetitions Standing Barbell Curls 12-15 Alternating Dumbbell Curls 12-15 Concentration Curls 12-15 EZ Bar Curls 8-12

Sets 3 3 3 3

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Fig. 5. Arm muscles [1]

There are several approaches for the training programs that vary from athlete to athlete. These variations are adapted during trainings. Arnold Schwarzenegger trained using the program in table 8. Results show that planning the training increases the obtained results. Now, more than ever, the athletes must analyze the efficiency of a training program.

Table 8. Arnold Schwarzenegger training program [10] Mon, Wed, Fri Chest: Bench press 5 x 6-10 Flat bench flyes 5 x 6-10 Incline bench press 6 x 6-10 Cable crossovers 6 x 10-12 Dips (body weight) 5 x failure Dumbell pullovers 5 x 10-12. Back: Wide-grip chins (to front) 6 x failure T-bar rows 5 x 6-10 Seated pulley rows 6 x 6-10 One-arm dumbell rows 5 x 6-10 Straight-leg deadlifts 6 x 15 Legs:

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Squats 6 x 8-12 Leg press 6 x 8-12 Leg extensions 6 x 12-15 Leg curls 6 x 10-12 Barbell lunges 5 x 15 Calves: Standing calf raises 10 x 10 Seated calf raises 8 x 15 Oneplegged calf raises (holding dumbells) 6x12 Forearms: Wrist curls (forearms on knees) - 4 sets, 10 reps Reverse barbell curls - 4 sets, 8 reps Wright roller machine - to failure Abs: hour of a variety of nonspecific abdominal exercises, done virtually nonstop. Tues, Thurs, Sat Biceps: Barbell curls 6 x 6-10 Seated dumbell curls 6 x 6-10 Dumbell concentration curls 6 x 6-10 Triceps: Close-grip bench presses 6 x 6-10 Pushdowns 6 x 6-10 French press (barbell) 6 x 6-10 One-arm triceps extensions (dumbell) 6 x 6-10 Shoulders: Seated barbell presses 6 x 6-10 Lateral raises (standing) 6 x 6-10 Rear-delt lateral raises 5 x 6-10 Cable lateral raises 5 x 10-12 Calves , Forearms & Abs: Same as Monday, Wednesday, Friday workout

Table 9. Arnold Schwarzenegger top form measurements [11] Arms: 22 inches Chest: 57 inches Waist: 34 inches Thighs: 28.5 inches Calves: 20 inches Weight: 235 pounds Height: 6 feet 2 inches
Based on the statistical analysis on a lot of 25 athletes, the following indicator is computed. Its role is to estimate the arm size of an athlete after 1 month of training: Lets consider the indicator Arm size estimated = f( Qex , C current ). The indicator is defined as a function having the following formula:
2 C estimated = a C current + b * Qex + c

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Based on the measurements of the arm size of 25 athletes, the values for a, b and c are computed as:
2 C estimated = 0.015 C current + 4.249 * Qex + 14.118

where: Cestimated - the increase of arm size Qex - the execution quality of biceps exercises Qex [0.6,1] the accepted quality must be in this interval C measured - effective arm size, obtained by direct measurements The indicator is computed on a lot of athletes presented in table 10.

Measurement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Table 10. Measurement values for arm size in 1 month interval Qex C current C measured Cestimated C estimated C current 10% MAX (C estimated , C current )
0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 33 35.5 34 33 30 30.2 31.3 36.1 33.2 32.1 34.2 38 37.1 28 31.6 32 39 34 32 33.2 31.7 33.1 33.5 32.6 34.2 33.7 36.2 34.9 33.5 30.9 31 32.1 36.8 33.8 33 35 39 37.4 28.1 32.8 33.4 41 34.8 32.5 33.8 31.8 34.2 34.6 33.7 35
33.4273 36.42095 34.4323 33.0024 31.0172 31.1978 32.21255 36.21555 33.6259 33.39825 34.6369 39.1772 37.31355 28.0025 32.4956 32.8772 40.7571 34.4323 32.4523 34.0508 31.74075 34.37625 34.77585 33.4586 34.212

-0.2727 0.22095 -0.4677 -0.4976 0.1172 0.1978 0.11255 -0.58445 -0.1741 0.39825 -0.3631 0.1772 -0.08645 -0.0975 -0.3044 -0.5228 -0.2429 -0.3677 -0.0477 0.2508 -0.05925 0.17625 0.17585 -0.2414 -0.788

3.37 3.642095 3.49 3.35 3.10172 3.11978 3.221255 3.68 3.38 3.339825 3.5 3.91772 3.74 2.81 3.28 3.34 4.1 3.48 3.25 3.40508 3.18 3.437625 3.477585 3.37 3.5

The estimated arm size and the effective measured arm size after 6 months after the first training are compared. The results show that the estimated values are similar to the measured ones.

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Comparison between arm size and estimated arm size - 1 month

43 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Measured arm size Estimated arm size

Sportives

Fig. 6. Evolution of estimated and measured arm size for 1 month interval
Cross-Correlation (1 month)
43 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43

Estimated arm size (cm)

Measurement arm size (cm)

Fig. 7. Cross-Correlation between estimated arm size and measurement arm size for 1 month interval
Based on the statistical analysis on a lot of 25 athletes, the following indicator is computed. Its role is to estimate the arm size of an athlete after 6 month of training: Lets consider the indicator Arm size estimated = f( Qex , C current ). The indicator is defined as a function having the following formula:
2 C estimated = a C current + b * Qex + c

Based on the measurements of the arm size of 25 athletes, the values for a, b and c are computed as:
2 C estimated = 0.017 C current + 4.249 * Qex + 14.118

where:

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Body Building Science Journal Cestimated - the increase of arm size Qex - the execution quality of biceps exercises Qex [0.6,1] the accepted quality must be in this interval C measured - effective arm size, obtained by direct measurements The indicator is computed on a lot of athletes presented in table 11.

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Table 11. Measurement values for arm size in 6 month interval Measurement Qex C current C measured Cestimated C estimated C current 10% MAX (C estimated , C current )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.9 33 35.5 34 33 30 30.2 31.3 36.1 33.2 32.1 34.2 38 37.1 28 31.6 32 39 34 32 33.2 31.7 33.1 33.5 31.2 34 35.6 38.6 36.8 35.2 33 33.4 33.9 38.6 35.5 35.4 36.8 41.8 40.1 29.7 34.1 34.8 42.5 36.2 34.7 36.3 33.8 36.5 36.9 32.9 36.8 35.6053 38.94145 36.7443 35.1804 32.8172 33.02188 34.17193 38.82197 35.83038 35.45907 36.97618 42.0652 40.06637 29.5705 34.49272 34.9252 43.7991 36.7443 34.5003 36.25528 33.75053 36.56747 37.02035 33.21588 37.5941 0.0053 0.34145 -0.0557 -0.0196 -0.1828 -0.37812 0.27193 0.22197 0.33038 0.05907 0.17618 0.2652 -0.03363 -0.1295 0.39272 0.1252 1.2991 0.5443 -0.1997 -0.04472 -0.04947 0.06747 0.12035 0.31588 0.7941 3.56053 3.894145 3.68 3.52 3.3 3.34 3.417193 3.882197 3.583038 3.545907 3.697618 4.20652 4.01 2.97 3.449272 3.49252 4.37991 3.67443 3.47 3.63 3.38 3.656747 3.702035 3.321588 3.75941

The estimated arm size and the effective measured arm size after 6 months after the first training are compared. The results show that the estimated values are similar to the measured ones.

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Comparison between arm size and estimated arm size - 6 months

45 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Measured arm size Estimated arm size

Sportives

Fig. 8. Evolution of estimated and measured arm size for 1 month interval
Cross-Correlation (6 months)
45 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 Estimated arm size (cm)

Measurement arm size (cm)

Fig. 9. Cross-Correlation between estimated arm size and measurement arm size for 1 month interval
In order to validate the indicator, the difference between C estimated C current is computed and compared to 10% din MAX (C estimated , C current ) . If the difference C estimated C current < 10% * MAX (C estimated , C current ) then the indicator is valid. As shown in table 10 and 11, the above condition is met for all 25 athletes, which demonstrates that the defined indicator is valid.

6. Conclusions
Training exercises and programs were presented for various groups of muscles based on which analysis was performed to observe if a correlation exists between high performance results and execution quality. It was shown that for best results, each exercise must be

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executed correctly. In this matter, techniques for comparing athletes were presented by comparing the correctness of exercises. The quality of an exercise influences the obtained results. The higher the execution quality the higher the results obtained by the athlete. Based on the execution quality, an aggregated indicator was defined, that is able to estimate the growth of arm size of an athlete. This indicator is very useful for athletes in order to estimate the arm size over 1 to 6 months of training.

References
[1] http://www.bodybuilding.com [2] http://www.ironage.us/virtual/index.html [3] D. Palaghita, Demonstrating the Correctness of Bodybuilding Exercises, Body Building Science Journal, Vol. 2, No 2. 2010, ISSN 2066 8007. [4] http://www.stayfitbug.com/the-fitness-bug/building-muscles-for-tall-men-vs-buildingmuscles-for-short-men/ [5] http://muscleandbrawn.com/mr-olympia-jay-cutler-training-routines/ [6] D. Milodin, Risk Management in Body-Building, Body Building Science Journal, Vol. 1, No 2. 2009, ISSN 2066 8007. [7] C. O. Manescu, Training Competition Winners Mr. Olympia, Body Building Science Journal, Vol. 2, No 1. 2010, ISSN 2066 8007. [8] http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/bmi_tbl.htm [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding [10] http://www.schwarzenegger-interactive.com/workout.html [11] http://www.bodybuildinguniverse.com/arnold.htm [12] M. Georgescu, Ideal Body Development, Body Building Science Journal, Vol. 2, No 2. 2010, ISSN 2066 8007. [13] http://muscle-building-review.com

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Authors Ion IVAN has graduated the Faculty of Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics in 1970. He holds a PhD diploma in Economics from 1978 and he had gone through all didactic positions since 1970 when he joined the staff of the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, teaching assistant in 1970, senior lecturer in 1978, assistant professor in 1991 and full professor in 1993. Currently he is full Professor of Economic Informatics within the Department of Computer Science in Economics at Faculty of Cybernetics, Statistics and Economic Informatics from the Academy of Economic Studies. He is the author of more than 25 books and over 75 journal articles in the field of software quality management, software metrics and informatics audit. His work focuses on the analysis of quality of software applications. He has participated in the scientific committee of more than 20 Conferences on Informatics and he has coordinated the appearance of 3 proceedings volumes for International Conferences. From 1994 he is PhD coordinator in the field of Economic Informatics. His main interest fields are: software metrics, optimization of informatics applications, developments and assessment of the text entities, efficiency implementation analysis of the ethical codes in informatics field, software quality management and data quality management.

Mihai GEORGESCU has graduated the Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology Politehnica University Bucharest in 2005 and also completed a master program at the Faculty of Economic Cybernetics, Statistics and Informatics from the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies in 2007. He has experience in the development of software products using various programming languages like C/C++, C# both Windows Forms and Web.

Daniel MILODIN graduated the Economic Informatics department of the Faculty of Economic Cybernetics, Statistics and Informatics in 2005. He followed the master program Projects Computerized Management" between 2005 and 2007. He has published several articles in specialized magazines, articles focused mainly on studying and implementing the concept of orthogonality: the orthogonality of the alphabets, of the Arabic digits, of the Latin alphabet, of the distributed informatics applications and of the structured entities. The dissertation paper within the master is placed on the same line of research, "The projects orthogonality, conditions of entry into the assessment program, proposing to define the projects concept of orthogonality, methods for determining the degree of similarity between two projects, and also to develop software products for identifying similar projects. He is a PhD graduate of the Academy of Economic Studies, specialization "Economic Science", with the thesis "The orthogonality of the structured entities.

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