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Urinary System

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circulatory system
The circulatory system sends your blood through your body. The heart, veins, arteries, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and capillaries make up your circulatory system. Click on the button to read.

INTRODUCTION:
The heart is a spectacular muscular organ that beats every second, of every day. It is positioned behind the ribcage and between the lungs. It tilts slightly to the left. It also supplies your body with what it needs to live, fresh oxygenated blood.

Blood that is rich in oxygen appears red. Blood that is poor in oxygen appears blue. Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry the blood to
The heart.

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow
of the blood. This process is called circulation.

THE HEART:
The heart is the most vital organ in the circulatory system. It is composed of 4 main sections: the right and left ventricle and the right and left atrium. The heart acts like a pump that forces the blood through an interconnecting system of vessels which eventually return to the heart. So this is your heart, your ticker, without it you wouldn't be here. It supplies your body with what it needs to live. You notice the heart in the picture above is two different colors: red and blue. The red is oxygen enriched blood from the lungs and the blue is oxygen deficient blood which has returned from the body. The heart is the pump that keeps this transport system moving.

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The structure of the heart is divided into four main sections the left and right atrium and the left and right ventricle. The blood enters the heart from its long journey around the body through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium. This blood has very little if any oxygen. Then it passes by the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. After the right ventricle contracts, the blood is forced past the pulmonary semilunar (crescent shaped) valve, and into the pulmonary trunk which is an artery. The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary artery where the still oxygen deficient blood travels through the lungs. The blood becomes enriched with oxygen and travels back toward the heart. The blood enters the heart via the right and left pulmonary vein which come directly from the lungs. The blood then enters the left atrium. The bicuspid valve opens up and the blood falls into the left ventricle. The ventricle contracts and the blood goes rushing passed the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta which is the largest artery in the body. Now the blood is on its way back to the body.

The heart pumps oxygen into the blood and collects carbon dioxide from it to be expelled through the lungs. To see how big your heart is, make a fist. Your heart beats about 60-100 times per minute. Your heart beats every second, of every day. In one year your heart beats more than 30,000,000 times. In an average lifetime a heart will beat over 2,000,000,000 times. Our heart never stops for rest or repair. The heart weighs about 10 ounces, about as much as one of your sneakers. It is located in the middle of your chest tilted slightly to the left.

BLOOD:
The blood is the transport system by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body's cells, and waste materials are carried away.

Blood that is rich in oxygen appears red. Blood that is poor in oxygen appears blue.
Blood is that sticky, red fluid that circulates throughout our bodies in veins and arteries. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body. White blood cells are like soldiers protecting the body.

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BLOOD VESSELS:
Blood leaves the left side of the heart and travels through arteries, which gradually divide into capillaries. In the capillaries, food and oxygen are released to the body cells, and carbon dioxide and other waste products are returned to the bloodstream. Veins and Arteries Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under less pressure. Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries. The blood vessles are an network of interconecting veins and arteries and their sub catagories. They provide the pathway in which blood travles. The catagories from largest to smallest and back to largest are as follows:
Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Vena Cava These are the different kinds of vessles in the body. The AORTA is the largest artery in the body. It pertrudes out of the top of the left vetricle of the heart. The ARTERIES are blood vessels which carry blood blood away from the heart. Usually the blood in arteries is deoxygenated except for in the pulmonary trunk. They have an elastic wall and their cell walls are thicker than veins. Arteries' walls are divided into three layers: the endothlium which is the innermost layer, see if you can guess the name of the middle layer... if you guesed the Middle layer then you are correct, it is a thick layer of muscle tissue. Alright go two for two; see if you can guess the name of the outer layer... that's right The Outer layer, and it is a tough elastic covering. As the arteries progressively get smaller and smaller they become called ARTERIOLES. The CAPILLARIES are the smallest of the blood vessels. It is in them which gas exchanges take place. The capilaries are the bridge from the arterioles to the venules. The membrane of capilaries is very thin and permeable. The VENULES are microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries to merge to form veins. ARTERIES are vessels that carry blood away from the heart. VEINS are vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

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PATH OF CIRCULATION:
Blood leaves the left side of the heart and travels through arteries which gradually divide into capillaries. The blood then travels in veins back to the right side of the heart, where it is pumped directly to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and this renewed blood flows back to the left side of the heart, and the whole process begins again. The majors parts of the circulatory system are the heart, arteries and veins. The heart pumps blood to the arteries. The arteries take the oxygenated blood to the muscles. The veins take blood back to the heart, which then releases carbon dioxide in the lungs How the Blood Gets Around the Body The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles. On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs. The circulatory system also known as the cardiovascular system is composed of the heart and blood vessels. Its function is to transport blood which contains oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. Also it carries cellular wastes away to be filltered out of the body. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels, and the respiratory system contains those organs which are responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the blood stream and expelling the waste product of carbon dioxide. Blood CIRCULATES--circles--all around your body in about one or two minutes. Inside the heart are four hollow chambers. Each chamber is a little pump. The pumping pushes blood all around your body. The circulatory system is like a water system because the pipes are like the veins and arteries and the water plant is like the heart.

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Parts and Functions:

Aorta largest artery of the body Arteries tough elastic tubes that take the blood away from the heart Arterioles microscopic vessels that merge into capillaries from arteries Bicuspid valve a cardiac valve consisting of two triangular flaps Blood sticky red fluid that circulates throughout our bodies in veins and arteries Capillaries the smallest of the blood vessels Carbon dioxide a waste product Cardiovascular system the system of our body having to do with the heart and blood vessels Circulation the movement of blood, through the vessels of the body caused by the pumping of the heart. Circulatory system system of blood, blood vessels and lymphatics and heart concerning the circulation of the blood and lymph Corpuscles a minute particle, a living cell. One red blood cell or one white blood cell Heart The pump and the most efficient organ in the body as it pumps it circulates the blood *** Left atrium the chamber in the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles *** Left ventricle a chamber of the heart which receives blood from the corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries Lungs thoracic organs which make up the basic respiratory organ of air breathing vertebrate Organ - body parts performing a function consisting of cells and tissues Oxygen a colorless tasteless odorless gas that every cell in your body needs to survive Platelets one of the minute disks of vertebrate blood that assists in blood clotting. Pulse your heart beat felt by your fingers at your neck or wrist Red blood Cells - carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body. B.F.

*** Right atrium - the chamber in the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles *** Right ventricle the chamber in the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles Semilunar valve crescent shaped valve Septum the muscular wall separating the chambers of the heart Ticker a nickname or slang word for heart. Tricuspid valve a cardiac valve consisting three triangular valves Veins are blood vessels, which carry blood back to the heart. Vena Cava the largest vein. Venules microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries, merge to form veins. Vessels a network of veins and arteries White blood cells are like soldiers protecting the body.

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Urinary System
How does the urinary system work? The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The urinary system keeps the chemicals and water in balance by removing a type of waste called urea from the blood. Urea is produced when proteins, found in meat products, are broken down in the body. Urinary system parts and their functions:

Two kidneys - a pair of purplish-brown organs located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:
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Remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine. Keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood. Produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells.

The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.

Two ureters - narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters. Bladder - a triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. Two sphincter muscles - circular muscles that help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder. Nerves in the bladder - alert a person when it is time to urinate, or empty the bladder. Urethra - the tube that allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs. B.F

By: Fortuna, Bernadeth L. Group 255 B