CHINA REVIEW Chronology of Chinas Political Development 1911- Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrows 2000 year old

imperial system and establishes the Republic of China. 1912- Sun Yat-sen founds the National Party to oppose warlords who have seized power in the new republic. 1921- Chinese Communist Party is founded. 1927- Civil war between Nationalists and Communists begins. 1934- Mao Zedong becomes leader of the CCP. 1937- Japan invades China, marking the start of WWII in Asia. 1949- Chinese Communists win the civil war and establish the PRC. 1958-1960- The Great Leap Forward 1966-1976- Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1976- Mao Zedong dies 1978- Den Ziaoping becomes Chinas most powerful leader and launches the nation on the path toward rapid eco growth. 1989- Tiananmen Massacre 1997- Deng Xiaoping dies; Jiang Zemin becomes Chinas top leader 2002-2003- Hu Jintao succeeds Jiang as head of the CCP and president of the PRC; re-elected to those positions in 2007 2008- Hosted the Olympic Games in Beijing Political Organization of China Political System: Communist party-state; officially a socialist state under the peoples democratic dictatorship Regime History: Established in 1949 after the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the civil war. Administrative Structure: Unitary system with twenty-two provinces, five autonomous regions, four centrally administrated municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macao) Executive: Premier (head of government) and president (head of state) formally elected by legislature, but only with approval of CCP leadership; the head of the CCP, the general secretary, is in effect the countrys chief executive, and usually serves concurrently as president of the PRC. Legislature: Unicameral National Peoples Congress; about 3,000 delegates elected indirectly from lower-level peoples congress for 5 year terms. Largely a rubber-stamp body for Communist Party policies, more assertive now. Judiciary: A nationwide system of peoples courts, which is constitutionally independent but largely under control of the CCP; a Supreme Peoples Court supervises the countrys judicial system and is formally responsible to the NPC, which elects the courts president. Party System: A one-party system, although in addition to the ruling Chinese Communist Party, there are eight politically insignificant democratic parties. The Economic Transformation of China The Chinese economy has been transformed since market reforms were introduced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. The amount of exports and imports have both dramatically increased. Rural and urban income per capita have dramatically increased. Key Terms Section 1: The Making of the Modern Chinese State Communist-Party: The PRC is a country in which the ruling party claims and enforced an exclusive monopoly on political power and proclaims allegiance to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism. Marxism-Leninism: Imperialism is the highest form of capitalism. An adaptation of Marxism developed by Vladimir Lenin, which led to the first successful communist revolution in Lenin's Russia in November 1917. As such, it formed the ideological foundation for the world communist movement centering on the Soviet Union. Autonomous Regions: In the PRC, a territorial unit equivalent to a province that contains a large concentration of ethnic minorities. These regions, for example Tibet, have some autonomy in the cultural sphere but in most policy matters are strictly subordinate to the central government. Guerilla Warfare: A military strategy based on small, highly mobile bands of soldiers who use hit-and-run tactics like ambushes to attack a better-armed enemy. When Japan invaded China, Mao and the Communists successfully used this method of fighting to attack the invaders. Collectivization: Process undertaken my Mao in the 1950s by which agricultural land was remove from private ownership and organized into large state and collective farms.

Socialism: Mao moved toward this; in this type of regime, the state plays a leading role in organizing the economy, and most business firms are publicly owned. Unlike a communist party-state, a socialist regime may allow the private sector to play and important role in the economy and be committed to political pluralism. Hundred Flowers Movement: Anti-rightist Campaign of 1957: Hundreds of thousands of people were accused of being enemies of the revolution (rightists) and punished by being demoted, fired, or sent to labor camps. This campaign completely stifled political debate in China and destroyed the hope that Chinas transition to socialism might proceed on the basis of popular democracy. Newly Industrializing Country (NIC): By the 1970s, Taiwan had become one of these, which is a term used to describe a group of countries that achieved rapid economic development beginning in the 1960s, largely stimulated by robust international trade and guided by government policies. The core NICS are Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore. Authoritarian: People expected Chiang Ching-kuo to be an authoritarian, when power depends not on popular legitimacy but on the coercive force of the political authorities, but instead he permitted some opposition and dissent. Great Leap Forward: A utopian effort by Mao from 1958-1960 to accelerate the countrys economic development by relying on the labor power and revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses while also propelling China into the era of true Communism. Communism: Mao brought China toward this, almost complete economic and social equality, with the Great Leap Forward which turned into one of the most extreme, bizarre, and catastrophic episodes in 20th century history. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976): This was a result of Maos uneasiness with the Soviet Union restoring capitalism and was an ideological crusade designed to jolt China back toward Maos vision of socialism and communism and prevent the PRC from falling prey to the kind of ideological degeneration that had infected the SU. This was a campaign of mass mobilization and utopian idealism, like the Great Leap Forward. Coup Detat A forceful, extra-constitutional action resulting in the removal of an existing government. Leaders who had survived the Cultural Revolution, but thought it had gone on long enough, staged one of these and arrested their radical rivals after Mao died in September 1976. Technocrats: Jiang and Hu were both technocrats, officials with an academic training who had worked their way up the party ladder of power by a combination of profession competence and political loyalty. Section 2: Political Economy and Development Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): A method of calculating the value of a countrys money based on the cost of actually buying certain goods and services in that country in the local currency, rather than calculating how many US dollars they are worth. China now has the second largest economy in the world. State Socialism: Once production had restored after the suffering by Chinas economy from rebellion, invasion, civil war, and bad government, the party turned its attention to economic development by following the Soviet model of state socialism, which is when the government controls most economic resources, including land, business, farms, factories, and banks. Command Economy: The essence of this model by the Soviets was command economy, in which the state owns or controls most economic resources, and economic activity is driven by government planning and commands rather than by market forces. The command economy of China was at its height during the first five year plan of 1953-57, when the government took control of the production and distribution of nearly all goods and serviced, and the market economy ceased to exist. Socialist Market Economy: This is what the PRC says it currently has. Tit is meant to convey the mix of state control (socialism) and market forces (capitalism) that China is now following in its quest for economic development. Household Responsibility System: Deng Xiaoping made the revival of the rural economy one of his top priorities and abolished collective farmed and established this in the early 1980s.The major decisions about agricultural production are mad by individual farm families based on the profit motive rather than by a peoples commune or the government. Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs): When agriculture was decollectivized in the early 1980s, these sprang up everywhere in the countryside. These rural factories and businesses varied greatly in size, from a handful of employees to thousands. They were initially owned and run by local government but operated outside the state plan, made their own decisions about all aspects of the business process, and were responsible for their profits and losses. For the 1980s-90s, TVEs were the fastest-growing sector of the Chinese economy and they dominated the production of consumer goods.

Iron Rice Bowl: A feature of Chinas socialist economy during the Maoist era (1949-1976) that provided guarantees of lifetime employment, income, and basic cradle-to-grave benefits to most urban and rural workers. Economic reforms beginning in the 1980s that aimed at improving efficiency and work motivation south to smash the iron rice bowl and link employment and income more directly to individual effort. Guanxi: A chinese term that means connections or relationships, and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances. Important factor in Chinas political and economic life. One Child Policy: The Chinese government refers to it under the official translation of family planning policy. It officially restricts married, urban couples to having only one child, while allowing exemptions for several cases, including rural couples, ethnic minorities, and parents without any siblings themselves. Sustainable Development: Balances economic growth and environmental concerns, and is a key part of the party-states current emphasis on building a harmonious socialist society. Section 3: Governance and Policy-Making Martial Law: Hu imposed martial law when he was the party leader in Tibet to suppress demonstrations in favor of Tibetan independence. It is a period of time during which the normal procedures of government are suspended and the executive branch enforces the law with military power. Cadres: people in positions of authority paid by the government or party. Cadres may or may not be communist members. In the PRC there are about 40 million. The vast majority of them work at the county level or below. Nomenklatura: A system of personnel selection under which the Communist Party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life. Section 4: Representation and Participation Socialist Democracy: What the PRC describes itself as. It is also called the peoples democratic dictatorship. The official view is that this type of system, under the leadership of the Communist Party, provides a democracy for the overwhelming majority of people and suppresses only the enemies of the people. Four Cardinal Principles: Core component of Dengs ideology, which is fully consistent with Maoist theory and practice. These principles- upholding the socialist road, the peoples democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the communist party, and marzism- were to me the foundation on which economic reform was to take place. The main purpose of these points was to proscribe any challenge to he ultimate authority of the Chinese Communist Party. Patron-Client Politics: An informal aspect of policy making in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients. Nongovernmental Organization (NGOs): Since the late 1990s, there has been a huge surge in NGOs that are less directly subordinate to the CCP than the official mass organizations. The government has found NGOs to be very useful partners in achieving some of its goals, specifically in social welfare. There are several hundred thousand national and local NGOs in China- some connected with international organizations, like Save the Children. Hukou: Chinese term for household residency permit and refers to the system in which all citizens of the PRC must have an official card that allows them to love, work, and receive benefits only in a specific location. Used as a means of social control and political surveillance. Danwei: Chinese term for unit and is the basic level of social organization and a major means of political control in Chinas communist party-state. A persons danwei is most often the workplace. Section 5: Chinese Politics in Transition Civil Society: a sphere of which independent public life and citizen association, which, if allowed to thrive and expand, could provide fertile soil for future democratization. The Tiananmen demonstrations of 1989 reflected the stirrings of civil society in post-Mao China. Totalitarianism: A system in which the ruling party prohibits all forms of meaningful political opposition and dissent, insists on obedience to a single state-determined ideology, and enforces its rule through coercion and terror. Such regimes also seek to bring all spheres of public activities and citizens private lives under the control of the party-state to modernize the country and to transform human nature. Developmental State: Recent rulers of the PRC have been successful in creating this, in which government power and public policy are used effectively to promote national economic growth.

Organization of the Chinese Communist Party (73 million members)

Organization of the Government of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC)

Notable People Sun Yat-sen: Chinese revolutionary and president. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood. Chiang Kai-shek: Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy, and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader. He served as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948. Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement and rejecting western democracy and the nationalist democratic socialism that Sun Yat-sen and some other members of the KMT embraced in favor of a nationalist authoritarian government. Chiang's predecessor, Sun Yat-sen, was well-liked and respected by the Communists, but after Sun's death Chiang was not able to maintain good relations with the Communists. A major split between the Nationalists and Communists occurred in 1927; and, under Chiang's leadership, the Nationalists fought a nation-wide civil war against the Communist Party of China (CPC). After Japan invaded China in 1937, Chiang agreed to a temporary truce with the CPC. Despite some early cooperative military successes against Japan, by the time that the Japanese surrendered in 1945 neither the CPC nor the KMT trusted each other or were actively cooperating. After American-sponsored attempts to negotiate a coalition government failed in 1946, the Chinese Civil War resumed. The CPC defeated the Nationalists in 1949, forcing Chiang's government to retreat to Taiwan. After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled the island securely as the self-appointed President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975. Mao Zedong: Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism. Mao rose to power by commanding the Long March, forming a United Front with Kuomintang (KMT) during the Second Sino-Japanese War to repel a Japanese invasion, and by later leading the Chinese Communist Party to victory against Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's KMT in the Chinese Civil War. Mao reestablished central control over China's fractured territories, with the exception of Taiwan, and successfully suppressed opponents of the new order. He enacted sweeping land reform by using violence and terror to overthrow landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes. The Communist Party's final victory came after decades of turmoil in China, which included a brutal invasion by Japan and a protracted civil war. Mao's Communist Party ultimately achieved a measure of stability in China, though Mao's reign was marred by the turmoil of events like his Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, and his efforts to close China to trade and market commerce, and eradicate traditional Chinese culture, have been largely rejected by his successors Deng Xiaoping: As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992. As the core of the second generation leaders Deng shared his power with the two most powerful men after him: Li Xiannian and Chen Yun. Born into a peasant background in Guang'an, Sichuan, China, Deng studied and worked in France in the 1920s, where he was influenced by Marxism. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1923. Upon his return to China he worked as a political commissar in rural regions and was considered a

"revolutionary veteran" of the Long March. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Deng worked in Tibet and other southwestern regions to consolidate Communist control. He was also instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s. His economic policies were at odds with the political ideologies of Chairman Mao Zedong. As a result, he was purged twice during the Cultural Revolution but regained prominence in 1978 by outmaneuvering Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. Jiang Zemin: Former Chinese politician, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2005. His long career and political prominence have led to him being described as the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party leaders. Jiang Zemin came to power following Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, replacing Zhao Ziyang as CPC General Secretary. With the waning influence of Deng Xiaoping and the other members of Eight Elders due to old age,and with the help of old and powerful party and state leaders, former President Li Xiannian and Chen Yun Jiang effectively became the "Paramount Leader" in the 1990s. Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad. His contribution to the Marxist doctrine, a list of guiding ideologies by which the CPC rules China, is called the theory of the Three Represents, which has been written into the party and state constitutions Hu Jin Tao: Cu rrent Paramount leader of the People's Republic of China. He has held the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2004, succeeding Jiang Zemin as the chief of the fourth generation of leadership of the Communist Party of China. Hu has been involved in the Communist party bureaucracy for most of his adult life, notably as Party secretary for Guizhou province and the Tibet Autonomous Region, and then later first Secretary of the CPC Secretariat and Vice-President under former leader Jiang Zemin. Hu is the first leader of the Communist Party without any significant revolutionary credentials. As such, his rise to the presidency represented China's transition of leadership from establishment communists to younger, more pragmatic technocrats. Wen Jiabao: the sixth and current Premier and Party secretary of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, serving as China's head of government and leading its cabinet. In his capacity as Premier, Wen is regarded as the leading figure behind China's economic policy. He also holds membership in the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, the country's de facto top power organ, where he is ranked third out of nine members. Wen has a professional background in geology and engineering. He holds a postgraduate degree from the Beijing Institute of Geology, where he graduated in 1968. He was subsequently sent to Gansu province for geological work, and remained in China's hinterland regions during his climb up the bureaucratic ladder. He was transferred to Beijing to work as the Chief of the Party General Office between 1986 and 1993, and accompanied General Secretary Zhao Ziyang to Tiananmen Square during the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. In 1998, he was promoted to the post of Vice Premier under Zhu Rongji, his mentor, and oversaw the broad portfolios of agriculture and finance. The Legislature Chinas constitution grants the NPC the power to enact and amend the countrys laws, approve and monitor the state budget, and declare and end war. The NPC is also empowered to elect and recall the president and VP, the chair of the state Central Military Commission, the head of Chinas Supreme Court, and the procurator-general. Has final approval over the State Council. Unicameral. Deputies elected for five year terms