EFFECTS OF HEAT Heat affects materials in various ways: 1.

Generally when a substance absorbs heat, its temperature rises just like when water in a pot absorbs heat when placed over a fire. 2. Solids usually melt or change to the liquid state when heated. Candle wax melts when the candle is lighted and ice changes to water when heated. 3. Liquids may absorb enough energy when heated to change to the vapor state, At 100 C water has absorbed enough heat to vaporize. Alcohol rubbed on the arm quickly changes to vapor as it absorbs heat from the skin. 4. Almost all objects expand when heated. The mercury in a thermometer expands when the temperature rises. The expansion helps us to determine the change in the temperature. 5 A change in the heat content of a substance can cause chemical changes. When pork is barbecued, the heat from the burning charcoal causes a chemical change which makes the meat tenderer and tastier. 6. Heat causes many changes in bodily functions of living organisms. HEAT TRANSFER Heat Transfer - the study of heat flow within an object and from one object to another due to differences in temperature. WAYS OF HEAT TRANSFER In Radiation, heat energy travels as electromagnetic waves in the same manner and speed as light. Radiation can transfer heat from a source to another object even if there is a vacuum between them. This is how heat from the sun travels through empty space and warms the earth. In Conduction, heat travels when two objects at different temperature are in direct contact with each other. In Convection, the heat in fluids is transferred to cooler regions by currents. SOURCES OF HEAT 1. The interior of the earth. The earth's interior than its surface as proven by the hot springs in Albay and Laguna, the geysers in Yellowstone Park in USA. Buried hot rocks and lava that flow from craters and crevices of erupting volcanoes produce great amount of heat. 2. The sun. There is no doubt that much of the heat on earth is coming from the sun, It is because of the sun's heat that makes plants grow. It has been calculated that the earth is actually absorbing one two-billionth of all the heat given off by the sun. 3. Chemical Action. Fuels like coal, oil, gasoline, kerossene and wood are burned, they are used as artificial sources of heat. When we breathe in oxygen, this amount of oxygens burns

the food we eat thus, producing enough heat to keep our temperature case to 37.0 C. 4. Mechanical energy. This

HEAT ENGINES Heat engines are machines which convert heat energy into mechanical work. External Combustion Engines if the burning of fuel takes place outside the engine. Internal Combustion Engine if the fuel is burned inside the cylinder or turbine chamber. KINDS OF ENGINES 1. Steam engines all steam engines consists mainly of a boiler, a steam and a cylinder. The boiler holds water which is heated by burning fuel and transformed into stream. Boilers may be of two types: a. Water-tube type This type is common with stationary engines and turbines. b. Fire-tube type This is the boiler type used by steam locomotives. CLASSIFICATIONS OF STEAM ENGINES Condensing Type this type of energy is a stationary steam engine. Non-condensing Type this is the type used by steam locomotives.

2. Gasoline Engines the engine of the car is the most common example of an internal combustion engine. The fuel is mixed with air in the carburetor which is then drawn into an air tight cylinder where it is compressed and ignited by a spark plug. The energy of the expanding glasses resulting from the explosion forces to piston to move down. 3. Diesel Engines Diesel engines are also internal combustion engines which use diesel oil instead of gasoline. The diesel fuel is injected as a fine spray into the cylinder where air had been compressed air is sufficient to ignite the fuel. This eliminates the need for a sparkplug as in a gas engine. GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES MAY BE OF TWO TYPES: 1. Four-stroke the four-stroke engine has the intake, compression, power, and exhaust stroke. 2. Two-stroke the two-stroke type combines the first two strokes into one and two strokes into another stroke.